RELIGIOUS LIFE AND ENGLISH CULTURE IN THE REFORMATION
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Religious Life and English Culture in the Reformation Marjo Kaartinen Senior Research Fellow University of Turku Finland
Q Marjo Kaartinen 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 978-0-333-96924-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2002 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin's Press LLCScholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-42905-9 ISBN 978-0-230-59864-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230598645 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data Kaartinen, Marjo, 1964- Religious life and English culture in the Reformation / Marjo Kaartinen p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-349-42905-9 1. Monasticism and religious ordersðengland. 2. Reformation. 3. Monasticism and religious ordersðhistoryðmiddle Ages, 600±1500. 4. EnglandÐChurch historyð1066±1485. I. Title. BX2592.K37 2002 271 0.00942 0 09031Ðdc21 2001058068 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
To my son
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Contents Acknowledgements Introduction viii 1 Part I Obedientia 11 1 Obedience ± Renouncing the Will and Pride 13 2 Questioning the Power of the Sovereign 23 3 MonasticObedience and the Religious Houses 30 Part II Paupertas 47 4 The Problem of Having Nothing and Owning Land 49 5 Crystal Palaces of the Voluntary Poor 63 Part III Castitas 71 6 Mortifying MonasticFlesh 73 7 Wearing the Monk's Hood 84 8 Nourishing the Flesh 90 9 Renouncing Sexuality 97 Part IV Stabilitas 119 10 Stability and Mobility 121 11 Lanterns of Light 126 12 The Duties of Christian Love ± Charity in Action 142 Conclusions Notes Bibliography Index 149 157 182 204 vii
Acknowledgements I owe a great debt to a number of people and institutions for their encouragement and support. This book would not have been possible without my inspiring academic partnership with Anu Korhonen. Keijo Virtanen, Veikko Litzen, Kari Immonen, Natalie Zemon Davis, Sally M. Miller, Keith Battarbee, and the anonymous readers of my manuscript all enriched my vision in the process of writing this book. It goes without saying that I am deeply grateful to all my colleagues and students at the Department of Cultural History of the University of Turku. Several institutes and their staff deserve my deepest gratitude. I wish to thank the British Library, the University Libraries at Turku, AÊ bo Akademi, Helsinki, Groningen and the University of London, as well as the Warburg Institute Library, and the 1995 staff of the Finnish Institute in London. I am also grateful for the help I have received at the School of Eastern European and Slavonic Studies and the Historical Institute of the University of London, the Warburg Institute, and the Department of English of the University of Helsinki. For generous financial support I wish to thank the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Oskar OÈ flund Foundation, the Alfred Kordelin Foundation, the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, the Ella and Georg Ehrnrooth Foundation, and especially the Academy of Finland. I also want to thank the Finnish National Gallery for their kind permission to use Turku-born LaureÂus's painting on the jacket. Without my family and friends, however, nothing would have been possible. A warm thank you is due to my encouraging mother, and no words are enough to express my gratitude to my partner Sanna-Kaisa Tanskanen. I wish to dedicate this book to our son, Lauri Tanskanen. Marjo Kaartinen Pasadena, California, December 2001 viii