Journal of Eat Aian Librarie Volume 1990 Number 90 Article 4 6-1-1990 National Bibliographic Control of Current Publication in Japan Kenji Niki Follow thi and additional work at: http://cholararchive.byu.edu/jeal BYU ScholarArchive Citation Niki, Kenji (1990) "National Bibliographic Control of Current Publication in Japan," Journal of Eat Aian Librarie: Vol. 1990: No. 90, Article 4. Available at: http://cholararchive.byu.edu/jeal/vol1990/i90/4 Thi Article i brought to you for free and open acce by the All Journal at BYU ScholarArchive. It ha been accepted for incluion in Journal of Eat Aian Librarie by an authorized adminitrator of BYU ScholarArchive. For more information, pleae contact cholararchive@byu.edu.
NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIC C O N T R O L O F C U R R E N T PUBLICATIONS IN JAPAN Kenji Niki Columbia Univerity Preently there i no national union catalog available in Japan. In ubtance that i the reaon tor thi hort paper. During the time allotted, I will attempt to preent to you the hitorical background of national bibliographic control in Japan and what rofeional tool are at our dipoal for ue today. Thi i the main theme of my paper, have prepared a diagram that chronologically analyze the National Diet Library' (NDL) national bibliographie and other baed on commercial bibliographie. It would pleae me to learn tnat you find it a ueful a I have. See page 13 to 15 below. F The ytem of national-level book collection tarted in Japan in the Meiji period. Ear lier, according to the official record in the early E d o period, Kanbun 13 (1673), there were report of the regitration of publication to official a part of the legal code. In Kyoho / (1722), the publication tatute wa announced. It wa then that the ytem be gan by which publication were officially cenored from their draft and collected after they were publihed. In Tempo 13 (1842), "Zenkoku Shuppanbutu Aratame" (National Publication Cenorhip) wa announced. Thi wa the beginning of control at the na tional level in Japan. Then in 1868 Japan drew back and opened her curtain of iola tion to the outide world. In April of the firt year of the Meiji period, the Cabinet announced that the govern ment had agreed upon a ytem to be ued for all publication. In January 1869 an ex ecutive official proclamation wa announced which required all publiher to end a pecimen copy of each work to the authoritie after they had been granted permiion to print and publih that work. During that ame year, the New Publication Statute were made known and the newly etablihed Minitry of Education tarted to control the collection of publication on a nationwide bai. There were many other change. In Meiji 13 (1899), the Copyright Act wa announced. Thi act tated the regulation for the copyright of book, playbook and muical core, and photograph. Later, in Meiji 4z (1910), a Newpaper Code wa etablihed and included in the Copyright A c t Thi wa the end of many change made to control publication in the Meiji period. But, fortunately, in the in terim of collecting reource, more or le eventy percent of the publication were col lected by the former Imperial library, now the National Diet Library. During the Taiho period (1912-1925) and to the end of World War II, there wa no further legal movement to control publication on a national level, becaue from Meiji (1893) to Showa 24 (1949), the exiting code of publication had controlled freedom of expreion in many way in Japan. From the feudal era to the imperialitic era the government kept numerou publication in the official torage library away from public view at a great price in uffering for many generation of reader and intellectual. However, after World War II, without any notice of what had gone before, General Headquarter of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Power took over the prewar regulation of publication. New publication had to ubmit four copie to the Civil In- 9
formation and Education Service. Two copie were ubmitted to the Aociation for Publication and two copie to the Government Office of Stationery Supply. Thi i a hort hitory of the prewar collecting ytem of publication in Japan. Today' national-level book collecting ervice tarted in Showa 24 (1949) by the newly promulgated National Diet Library Statute. N D L tatute no. 24 regulate the national and local regitration of publiher who are required to end copie of their publication to the N D L Statute no. 25 regulate and control all other. The item covered in thee tatute are: monograph, pamphlet or leaflet, periodical, muical core, map, motion picture and related product, phonorecord and related product, etc. All of thee collected item are: (1) treated a cultural property, (2) made available for public ue, (3) ued for parliament and general citizen' reearch purpoe, (4) ued to create catalog for nation-wide publication, (5) cataloged a machine-readable record from which card are produced to end to public univeritie and reearch intitution and to foreign countrie, (6) ued a a major ource of information for collecting Japaneelanguage material. NDL tatute no. 25 actually wa intalled to handle commercial-baed publication, which are very important to dicu. The new regulation tarted in 1949 but, according to the NDL, the ituation wa not o imple for national-level book collection. T o fur ther upport thi fact, I will provide you with four illutration from Tohokan kenkyu erie no. 28 iued by NDL> dated March 1989. (See page 13.) Thee illutration how u that the ytem, which wa etablihed in 1949, doe not work perfectly well yet. One of the librarian at N D L told me in February of thi year, when he viited Columbia Univerity, that it i difficult to ay jut what percentage of one year of publication are collected by N D L He aid it could be between thirty to eventy percent. I expreed my urprie at thi becaue tatitically the uggeted range eemed too wide. To illutrate how difficult it i to be more p r e c i e, n e explained the reaon for uch a phenomenon occurring today. It i becaue there are o many kind of internal publication of variou enterprie and ton of their report, and there are the proceeding of many conference, and o on, all of which have been privately publihed. Thee are typical example of o-called "grey literature." The method of exhautively collecting and preerving the publication of Japan through the ubmiion of pecimen copie to the authoritie ha, to the preent day, had many hortcoming and i not limited to the publication of the Meiji period. T h e olution to thi problem obviouly i the need for cooperation between N D L and other librarie on a national level. It i through ongoing dialogue and the application of today' technol ogy that a harmoniou and beneficial olution can be achieved. Bridging the pat with the preent i very eential to achieve a ytem that can not only be helpful but infor mative to everyone in the field. 10
Next we will conider the mot correct and ueful information to be contained in bibli ographie. Baically, we want to know what kind of material are available and where thee material can be found. Firtly, the kind of material available are referenced in the national bibliography. Secondly, where they are located can b e determined by the union catalog. In the pat national bibliography and union catalog were treated a ep arate entitie. If we cooperate with each otner, contemporary technology can be very ueful by toring the data in machine-readable format; information can then be ex changed through the method of an online ytem. Thi could, in effect, very well be come Japan' national bibliographical control. Thi cooperative information ource can be extremely helpful to all who make ue of it. It can become the core of national bib liographic control. There are two way to how what kind of material are available: (1) commercial bib liographie or book catalog, (2) book catalog baed on the ytem of book ubmiion to NDL. During the prewar era there were everal kind of commercial book cata loging: (1) Shuppan nenkan (publihing yearbook), (2) Teikoku tohokanpo (Imperial Library report), (3) Kanchokankobutu toho mokuroku (government publication cat alog) which baed it ytem on the former N D L book ubmiion ytem. Even after World War II, NDL' national bibliographie and commercial ytem unfor tunately never completely merged. Therefore, the "cataloging in publication" ytem never reached a level of perfect atifaction in Japan. However, after 1970, machinereadable technology wa developed and finally computerized generation urfaced. At thi point, national-level bibliographic control applied tate of the art technique to merge all the poibilitie into a computerized online network. Since then, N D L ha iued everal national bibliographie. In the coure of time, NDL' national bibliography ha made ome ubtle change in it contruction and in it collecting cope. A you can ee from the diagram I have pre pared below, NDL' national bibliography could be merged with Nihon zenkoku hohi (Japanee national bibliography weekly lit) and Zahi kiji akuin (Japanee periodical index). Thi cumulative index, Zenkoku hohi, wa releaed in 1961 under the title, Zen Nihon huppanbutu omokuroku. It purpoe wa to function a a retrieval bank and information ervice. On the other hand, commercial bibliographie could be made compatible with Shuppan nenkan which began in 1951 and with Nihon hoeki omokuroku (Japanee book in print) which tarted in 1953. Thee are publihed annually. Shuppan nenkan reflect the publication of monograph and periodical of the previou year. Nihon hoeki omokuroku, on the other hand, apprie u of the tock catalog of the publihing market. Both of thee ource offer prompt new about the field, along with many indexe, tatitical data, etc. A I mentioned earlier, N D L ha high hope of etablihing a national-level project to create a national union catalog. Thi ha not been achieved yet becaue of the numer ou complication and hitorical phae involved. The prime concern of N D L i the e tablihment and development of the national bibliography and the national union cata log. But N D L cannot accomplih thi objective without the unified upport and cooper ation of librarie nationwide. Through uch univeral cooperation, librarie would be able to erve many client beyond their own area imply by the act of networking with the other librarie within the field. The only way to eliminate and reduce the problem within the ytem i by mean of adopting a common concept or philoophical approach. Collaboration on the work of framing the ytem and building an ideology are eential to the development of a ytem which would certainly be profitable and reourceful to many. 11
To further upport thi theory, in 1986 the National Center for Science Information Sytem (NACSIS) wa founded in Japan. It wa the Japanee anwer to organization like the Online Computer Library Center and the Reearch Librarie Information Network (RUN) in the United State. Both NDL and NACSIS are national intitution reflecting ome very unique problem today. NACSIS wa founded a one of the National Inter-Univerity Reearch Intitute in April 1986. The major objective of the NACSIS foundation are: (1) planning, liaion and coordination of the cience information ytem, (2) reearch and development, (3) contruction and ervice of catalog data bae of primary information, (4) proviion of information retrieval ervice, (5) promotion of data bae formation, (6) deployment of information utilitie, (7) development of educational and public relation activitie. Among thee objective, the ervice of catalog data bae on primary information ha been ued by ixty-two univeritie, a of the end of 1987. The data bae which have been created are introduced below on page 16 to 18. A you can ee from the lit, over the pat four year NACSIS ha developed and accumulated an enormou amount of information and i continuing to combine thi information with many other data bae in foreign countrie. Some foreign intitution, for example, are RLIN, the Britih Library, and other. It goe without aying, NACSIS technology for computing and networking i uperb. It appear to be trouble-free in creating, conolidating, and unifying all of the information from ancient time to contemporary Japan and to be able to produce a real national union catalog or national bibliography. Even though NDL and NACSIS are nationally-funded intitution (etablihed with a common objective in mind), I regret to ay they do not cooperate very well in achieving a univeral goal. Therefore, until there i a meeting of mind, only time will tell what the future will offer a technology carrie u on our journey toward the etablihment of a univeral information data bae. 12
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NACSIS Update Table 1. NACSIS Union Catalog Databae a of July, 1988 Monograph Japanee European Language Title 185,017 Holding 422,164 Title 332,600 Holding 456,969 Serial Japanee European Language Title 40,597 Holding 981,588 Title 98.157 Holding 835,641 Name authoritie 194,664 Title authoritie 484 Title change map Japanee Serial 5,254 European Serial 12,639 Table 2. Source MARC on NACSIS-CAT a of July, 1988 Japan MARC Book 754,832 TRCMARC Book 139.585 Book 2.883,633 LC MARC Serial 386.935 Name Authoritie 1,819,009 Title Authoritie 10.245 UK MARC Book 1,028,795 Table 3. Uer Intitution and Terminal a of July, 1988 Uer Intitution 62 Terminal 428 16
Table 4. Databae on NACSIS-IR a of July, 1988 Databae (Update frequency) Content and the intitution Number of Record. Life Science Collection { i 9 8 2 - : monthly) compiling the databae Abtract of life cience literature. Compiled by Cambridge Scientific Abtract, inc. 602.334 MathSci ( 1 9 8 5 : monthly) Abtract of mathematical literature covered by 'Mathematical review' 148.675 C O M P E N D E X ( 1 9 8 1 - : monthly) by American Mathematical Abtract of engineering literature covered by 'Engineering 831.673 Ei Engineering Meeting (i984-:monthly) 403.328 Harvard Buine Review(1927-:bi-monthly) Engineering Information, Compiled Society. Index'. Compiled by Inc. Abtract of proceeding paper and thee in engineering covered by Conference Index". Compiled by Engineering Information, 'Engineering Inc. Fulltext databae of "HarvardBuine Review". Compiled by John Wiley 8 Son. Inc. 2.159 ISTP&B (1982-: monthly) Content information of multi-authored book and conference proceeding covered 1.021.960 EMBASE(i987-:weekly) by "ISTP'ind "ISBC. Compiled by ISI, Inc. Abtract of medical and pharmaceutical literature covered by "Excerpt* Medica '. 290.084 Compiled by Elevier Science Publiher. Citation Index to literature of cience. Compiled by ISI, Inc. SciSearch(i987-:weekly) 797.307 Citation Index to literature of ocial cience. Compiled by ISI, Inc. Social SciSearch 0987-:week1y) 151.577 Citation Index to literature of art and humanitie. Compiled by ISI. Inc. A & H Search (i987-:weekly) 140.925 Abtract of annual report of reearch project ubidized by Grant-in-aid for Grant-in-aid Reearch Report (1985-:annually) 13.630 Scientific Reearch. Minitry of Education. Science and Culture. Compiled by NACSIS Index to doctoral thee ubmitted to Japanee univeritie. Compiled by NACSIS. Index to Diertation (i984-:monthly) 21.350 Abtract of paper preented at conference and meeting of the even ocietie in Conference Paper of A c a d e m i c electricity, electronic, information proceing and control field. Compiled by NACSIS Societie and Aociation (Serie l ) (1987-:monthly) 1.031 National bibliography on book publihed in Japan. Compiled by National Diet Library J a p a n M A R C (1969-: monthly) 735.974 National bibliography on book publihed mainly in the U.5. Compiled by the U.S. L C M A R C (Book) (1968-: monthly) 2,261.887 Library of Congre. National bibliography on Journal publihed mainly in the U.S. Compiled by the U.S. L C M A R C (Serial) (1973-: quarterly) 266,558 Union Catalog of J a p a n e e Periodical Bibliography :40.001 / Holding: 979.492 Union Catalog of F o r e i g n Periodical Bibliography :91.560/Holding: 595.573 Library of Congre. Union lit of periodical in Japanee language held by univerity librarie in Japan Compiled by NACSIS in collaboration with 888 univerity librarie. Union lit of periodical in Wetern language held by univerity librarie in Japan. Compiled by NACSIS in collaboration with 926 univerity librarie. Directory of databae created and"/or erved at Japanee univeritie. Compiled by Databae Directory (i987-:annually) 607 NACSIS 17
The lit of ource CO-ROM formatized * 6 cd-romte ft**mm t.n m*m (^mbp»j») mm ftfftt M*A (HUtt: CD-Word (H*tt; E#«JRttffiSflaMMTJJI (SEfcHKtt) frhiehi (HBtrM «&«Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia NTT r - ^ - x Cemical Abtract (flut Diertion Abtract ERIC ^ff B a»1f* LC MARC J-BISC BOOK CD-NOCS (BJR) MttfUH Ulrich' international Periodical Directory 18