MLA Format This document is available online at http://www.stmarys-ca.edu/sites/default/files/attachments/files/mlaguide_2.pdf Every scholarly field has its preferred citation format or style. The MLA style, as presented in this handout, is widely accepted in most disciplines in the Humanities. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has released the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (2009). General paper formatting (margins, headings, etc.) and in-text citations remain the same, but all Works Cited entries are different from the 6 th edition guidelines. Some of the most significant changes are listed here: No more underlining. MLA now recommends italicizing titles of published works (books, periodicals, films, etc.) No more URLs. Website entries still require authors, article names, website names, etc. URLs are encouraged only if the citation information is insufficient to easily find the source. Identification of publication medium required. The MLA no longer recognizes a default medium although most entries will be listed as Print or Web. These markers will appear at the end of the entry and markers for Web sources are followed by the date of access. New abbreviations. Web site entries now require a publisher name, a date of publication, and/or page numbers. When this information is not available, write n.p. for no publisher given, n.d. for no date, and n. pag. For no pagination. CREATING PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS In the Text of Your Paper The Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format requires citation within the text rather than endnotes or footnotes. Citation in the text provides information, usually the name of the author and the page number(s), to lead the reader to the accompanying bibliographical entry. Complete information about each source cited in the text is supplied in a list of Works Cited, which is placed at the end of the research paper. For example: In the text of a research paper: Americans expansive food choices at the supermarket may be making them sick. Our bewilderment in the supermarket is no accident; the return of the omnivore s dilemma has deep roots in the modern food industry (Pollan 5). At the end of the same research paper, in a section called Works Cited, this entry is included in correct alphabetical order together with other entries for works cited: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore s Dilemma. New York: Penguin, 2006. Print. Only a few of the MLA citation rules can be demonstrated in the brief space, which follows. For more detailed information you need to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (on Reserve and in Reference, 808.02 G350e). 1
MLA SAMPLE ENTRIES Use the heading Works Cited Double Space your citations List each entry in alphabetical order by the first letter of each citation (skip a, an, or the if it is the first word). Give each entry a hanging indent of ½ inch. Keep publisher information minimal, e.g. UP for University Press. Omit Inc., Books, Publisher, etc. Include the medium for each item, e.g.print, Web, DVD, Radio, etc. BOOKS In citing BOOKS, normally arrange the information in the following order: (1) author s name; (2) title; (3) city of publication (4)publisher s name; (5)publication date; (6)medium of publication No Author The Smithsonian: A History. New York: Smithsonian, 1993. Print. By a Single Author McConnell, Frank. Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature. New York: Oxford UP, 1979. Print. By Two or Three Authors Berry, Jason, Jonathan Foose, and Tad Jones. Up from the Cradle of Jazz: New Orleans Music Since World War II. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1986. Print. By More Than Three Authors Belenky, Mary Field, et al. Women s Ways of Knowing. New York: Basic, 1986. Print. Two or more books by the same author Johnson, Carol M. and Paul V. Wright. Jungle Room Jubilee. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978. Print. ---. A World Far, Far Away. New York: Norton, 1998. Print. By a Corporate or Group Author American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. New York: Random, 1998. Print. American Library Association. Intellectual Freedom Manual. 2nd ed. Chicago: ALA, 1983. Print. Editor in place of author Wall, Cheryl A., ed. Changing Our Own Words: Essays on Criticism, Theory, and Writing by Black Women. New Brunswick: Rudgers UP, 1989. Print. A Translation Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Viking, 1996. Print. Reference book with no author The Times Atlas of the World. Rev. ed. London: Times, 1984. Print. Edition other than the first Clinton, Barb S. Politics and the Religious Right. Ed. F.G. Patterson. 2nd ed. Toronto: Pegasus, 1999. Print. Bible or other Sacred Text New Jerusalem Bible. Henry Wansbrough, gen. ed. New York: Doubleday, 1985. Print. 2
ARTICLES IN ANTHOLOGIES OR COLLECTIONS Dawes, Greg. Pablo Neruda 1904-l973, Chilean poet. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature. Ed. Verity Smith. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1977. 582-5. Print. Rubinstein, Arye. Children with AIDS and the Public Risk. AIDS: Facts and Issues. Ed. Victor Gong and Norman Rudnick. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1986. 99-103. Print. Viviano, Benedict T. The Birth of Jesus (1:18-25). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Eds. Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1990. Print. Moraga, Cherrie and Gloria Anzaldua. Speaking in Tongues: The Third World Woman Writer. Excerpt from This bridge called my back: Writings by Radical Women of Color. Moraga, Cherrie and Gloria Anzaldua, Eds. 1981. Rpt. in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Thought. 3rd ed. Moraga, CA: St. Mary s College, 2011. 94-106. Print. ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS In citing SCHOLARLY JOURNAL ARTICLES, normally arrange the information in the following order: (1) author s last name, first name; (2) article title ; (3) journal title; (4) volume number; (5) issue number; (6) date of publication (year); (7) inclusive page numbers; medium of publication (print). Example: Graves, Philip El, and Donald M. Waldman. Multimarket Amenity Compensation and the Behavior of the Elderly. The American Economic Review 81.5 (1991): 1374-1381. Print. For journals that have consecutive page numbering across all issues in a single volume, include only the volume number in the citation: Example: Copeland, Eleanor. Fictions of Employment: Jane Austen and the Woman s Novel. Studies in Philology 85 (1988): 114-24. Print. Citing MAGAZINE ARTICLES is similar to the scholarly journal (above) but include the exact date (no parentheses) and do not include volume and issue. Example: The New Politics of Abortion. Time 17 July 1989: 96-109. Print. [If the article in not printed on consecutive pages, include only the first page number followed by a plus sign.] 3
Example: Jacobs, Paul V., and Mary K. Peters. Killing Time: Prisoners in America s Toughest Prisons. U.S. News and World Report 10 May 1999: 78+. Print ARTICLES IN NEWSPAPERS When citing newspapers: Omit the initial article of the title in English-language papers, e.g. New York Times, not The New York Times, but retain articles before the names of non-english-language papers, e.g. Le monde. If the newspaper is not a nationally recognized paper, e.g. USA Today, Wall Street Journal, etc., include the city name of the newspaper in square brackets [ ] after the newspaper name. Do not include the volume and issue numbers even if they are present. Abbreviate all months according the handbook except for May, June, and July. If an edition is listed, include this after the date If each section of the paper has separate page numbers, include the section number or letter with the page numbers. If the article is not printed on consecutive pages, include only the first page number followed by a + sign. Examples: Smith, James P. Build It and They Will Come. New York Times 2 May 1987, late ed.: C2+. Print. Alaton, Salem. So, Did They Live Happily Ever After? Globe and Mail [Toronto] 27 Dec. 1997: D1+. Print. ELECTRONIC RESOURCES Web Site You will need some or all of the following information. Follow the general rules as for print sources, i.e. authors, titles, and publication information and follow the format below including as much information as is available. Author, editor, or name of person creating site (if given and relevant). If no person is named, begin with the title of the work. Title of work (in quotations if work is part of a larger work). Untitled works may be identified by a genre label, e.g. Home page, Introduction, etc. Title of the overall Web site (italicized). Version or edition used. Publisher or sponsor of the site; if not available, use n.p. Date of publication [day, month, and year, as available]; if nothing is available, use n.d. Medium of publication, i.e. Web. Examples: Date of when the researcher accessed the site [day, month, and year]. URLs are now optional. However, you should include a URL if your instructor requires it or if needed if your reader may not be able to locate the resource without one. If you include it, add it immediately following the date of access, a period, and a space. Enclose the URL in angle brackets, and conclude with a period. Example: <http://www.blakearchive.org/blake/>. Article from an Online Database (e.g. JSTOR, Academic Onefile, etc.) Herold, Niels. Pedagogy, Hamlet, and the Manufacture of Wonder. Shakespeare Quarterly 46.2 (1995): 125-134. JSTOR. Web. 31 Dec. 2000. Chan, Evans. Postmodernism and Hong Kong Cinema. Postmodern Culture 10.3 (2000): n. pag. Project Muse. Web. 5 June 2008. [if no page numbers, use n.pag.] 4
Cloning. Bioethics for Students: Issues in Medicine, Animal Rights and the Environment. 1999. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 9 June 2009. Snyder, Howard N., and Melissa Sickmund. Challenging the Myths: 1999 National Report Series. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. 2000. ERIC. Web. Article from an Online Encyclopedia Boughton, Barbara. Dance Therapy. The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health. Ed. Jacqueline L. Longe. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale. 713-716. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. Scholarly Articles West, Darrell M. The Costs and Benefits of Immigration. Political Science Quarterly 126.3 (2011): 427-43 Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. Magazine Articles Vargas, Jose Antonio. Not Legal Not Leaving. Time 25 June 2012: 34-44. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. Electronic Book Lucking, David. Making Sense in Shakespeare. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2012. ebrary. Web. 22 October 2013. Electronic Video "Martin Luther King Clip Reel, 1986." Films Media Group, 2007. Web. 22 July 2014. Films On Demand. Web. 22 Dec. 2013. Web Page Burt, Sharon. Maya Angelou. Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color. Department of English and Program of American Studies, University of Minnesota, 23 Aug. 2000. Web. 16 October 2008. YouTube Performance West, Kanye, perf. Mercy.YouTube. KanyeWestVEVO, 6 June 2012. Web. 20 Oct.2012 Blog Gay, Roxanne. How We All Lose. The Rumpus. n.p. 26 Oct. 2012. Web. 30 Oct.2012 [if no publisher or sponsor, use n.p.] Audio Interview Iraq Vet Seeks Atonement for Early War Tragedy. Fresh Air. Hosted by Terri Gross. Natl. Public Radio. WHYY, Philadelphia, 23 Oct. 2012. NPR. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. Art or Image Naaxein (Chilkat Robe). Seattle Art Museum: Permanent Collection. Seattle Art Museum, n.d.. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. [if no pub. date, use n.d.] E-mail Communication Bruggink, John. Occurrence of Black Bears in the U.P. Message to Kevin McDonough. 23 Aug. 1999. E-mail. 5
OTHER SOURCES Film or Video (e.g. DVD) Gallipoli. Dir. Peter Weir. Perf. Mel Gibson and Mark Lee. 1981. Paramount, 1999. DVD. Electronic Video "Martin Luther King Clip Reel, 1986." Films Media Group, 2007. Web. 22 July 2014. Films On Demand. Web. 22 Dec. 2013. TV Programs Frederick Douglass. Civil War Journal. Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Haffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 Apr. 1993. Television. Performance of a Play Heartbreak House. By George Bernard Shaw. Dir. Robin Lefevre. Perf. Philip Bosco and Swoosie Kurtz. Roundabout Theatre Company. Amer. Airlines Theatre, New York. 1 Oct. 2006. Performance. Sound Recording Holiday, Billie. God Bless the Child. Rec. 9 May 1941. The Essence of Billie Holiday. Columbia, 1991. CD. Interviews Rosser, James. Personal Interview. 20 Nov. 1992. Work of Visual Art Bearden, Romare. The Train. 1974. Photogravure and aquatint. Museum of Mod. Art, New York. For other examples, changes in MLA citation style, or additional information consult the latest MLA Handbook (in Ref 808.02 G350e) or the official MLA Web site at http://www.mla.org. HowToUse\MLA Format. SW: rev.7/2014 6