Dizajn danas Hrvatska

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Dizajn danas Hrvatska 4 maroje mrduljaš Design Today Croatia

časopis za suvremena likovna zbivanja Tijekom zadnjih dvadesetak godina dizajnerska struka u Hrvatskoj djelovala je u nestabilnim uvjetima, na koje su utjecale i globalna kretanja i lokalne okolnosti. Tranzicijska i posttranzicijska situacija toj je struci donijela dvije važne novine: nestanak gotovo bilo kakvog suradničkog odnosa između masovne proizvodnje i produktdizajna, s jedne strane, te uspon oglašivačke industrije, s druge. Uzroke zastoja u razvoju produktdizajna jednostavno je dijagnosticirati izostankom razvojnih privrednih strategija i nepostojanjem svijesti o dodatnoj vrijednosti koju dizajn kao kulturna i tehnička disciplina pridaje proizvodu. No, usprkos tim nepovoljnim okolnostima, blisko povezanima s povijesnim procesima nedovršene ili nepotpune modernizacije hrvatskog društva, ni sama dizajnerska zajednica dosad nije našla načina kako unaprijediti integraciju dizajna i proizvodnje, na što dodatno utječe i nedovoljan broj angažiranih i educiranih stručnjaka koji bi se sustavno bavio 5 In the past twenty years, the designer profession in Croatia has been operating in precarious circumstances as a result of both global and local processes. The transitional and posttransitional situation has introduced two main novelties into the profession: the end of almost all collaboration between mass production and product design on the one hand, and the rise of advertising industry on the other. The causes of this rupture in the advance of product design can be easily identified they consist in the absence of development strategies in economy and the lack of awareness about the value that design adds to the products as discipline that is both cultural and technological. However, despite these adverse circumstances, which have been closely linked to the historical processes of uncompleted or imperfect modernization of the Croatian society, it must be said that even the designer community itself has not yet found the way of improving the integration of design and magazine for contemporary visual arts

zagovaranjem dizajna u privredi ili politici. U slučaju dizajna vizualnih komunikacija, lukrativna oglašivačka industrija apsorbira znatan dio školovanih grafičkih dizajnera i stimulira percepciju dizajna kao poželjne i privlačne profesije. Iako oglašivanje uglavnom slijedi utvrđene žanrovske norme i preuzima već gotove, generičke obrasce, pojedina rješenja koja se pojavljuju unutar takozvanog korporativnog dizajna po svojoj nekonvencionalnosti predstavljaju specifičnost čak u međunarodnom kontekstu. Osim dizajna vezana uz oglašivačku industriju i druge komercijalne zadatke, u Hrvatskoj se zadržao i povijesno potvrdio kontinuitet dizajna za kulturu, gdje se institucionalnim naručiteljima pridružuje i propulzivna nezavisna scena kao naručitelj nekih od najzanimljivijih dizajnerskih radova. Mnogi protagonisti dizajnerske scene djeluju u oba područja komercijalnog dizajna i dizajna za kulturu pa se vizualni 6 maroje mrduljaš production, which has been additionally aggravated by the insufficient number of involved and educated experts that would systematically endorse design in economy and politics. In the case of visual communications design, lucrative advertising industry is absorbing a considerable number of trained graphic designers and promotes the perception of design as a desirable and attractive profession. Even though advertising mostly follows the preestablished norms of the genre by adopting readymade, generic patterns, occasionally there are individual solutions emerging within the socalled corporate design, which can be rather unconventional and idiosyncratic, even in the international context. Besides design that is associated with the advertising industry and other commercial fields, Croatia has a historical continuity of design for culture, in which institutional commissioners are joined by a propulsive

časopis za suvremena likovna zbivanja kodovi koji se primjenjuju u tim načelno različitim poljima ponekad preklapaju. Štoviše, radovi u oba dizajnerska područja u međusobnoj su interakciji; među njima se odvija protok ideja komercijalne estetizacije i kulturne konceptualizacije, ponekad s uspješnim, a ponekad sa semantički problematičnim rezultatima. U međuprostoru korporativnih medijskih kampanja i izoliranih enklava dizajna za kulturu vlada opsežna svojevrsna siva zona dizajnerske neuređenosti koja se tek djelomično konsolidira. Na strukovnom planu, ekspanzija informatičke tehnologije i široka dostupnost digitalnih dizajnerskih alata bitno je utjecala na zanatske temelje discipline s dvojakim učinkom. Autori ozbiljno posvećeni dizajnu dobili su mogućnost za nova istraživanja, dok su produkcijski uvjeti postali uglavnom podudarni s međunarodnom scenom. Kao protuučinak računalne revolucije, u dizajn se uključio velik broj priučenih autora, dizajn danas h rvat ska 7 design today croatia independent scene as the commissioner of some of the most interesting achievements. Many protagonists of the designer scene are active in both fields commercial design and design for culture and the visual codes applied in these basically different fields may occasionally overlap. Moreover, these two designer areas tend to interact, revealing a flow of ideas in terms of commercial aesthetization and cultural conceptualization be it with successful or with semantically problematic results. In the space between corporate media campaigns and the isolated enclaves of design for culture, there is an extensive grey zone of designer disorder that is being resolved only gradually. In the professional field, the expansion of information technologies and the wide accessibility of digital designer tools have significantly influenced the discipline s foundations in terms of craft, with a double impact. Authors who are seriously dedicated to design have gained magazine for contemporary visual arts

što je brzo dovelo do uspostave digitalnog vernakularnog izraza i uzrokovalo kakofoniju u vizualnom okolišu, dok je tek u rijetkim primjerima demokratizacija dizajnerskih alata dovela do kulturno vrijednih dostignuća. Okolnosti u kojima se dizajn kao disciplina restrukturira na različitim razinama od profila naručitelja, preko uvođenja novih medija i tema, pa do samog profila dizajnera koji postaje heterogen prouzročile su određenu dezorijentaciju u shvaćanju toga što je to dobar dizajn, koji su njegovi ekonomski potencijali te kakva je njegova društvena uloga. Također je očit velik procjep između intelektualne i estetske kohezije, nastao unutar dizajnerske zajednice, i izrazito niskog stupnja opće percepcije pojma dizajna koji je u medijima slabo popraćen i uglavnom uopće nije objektivno kritički vrednovan. Istovremeno s tim procesima dizajnerska struka radi na profesionalnoj 8 maroje mrduljaš access to new types of research, while the conditions of production have reached the level of the international scene. The countereffect of the computer revolution is the emergence of a large number of superficially trained designers joining the field, causing the emergence of a vernacular digital expression and a cacophony in the visual environment. It is only in some rare examples that this democratization of designer tools has resulted in culturally valuable achievements. The circumstances in which design has been restructured on various disciplinary levels with changes in the commissioner profile, introduction of new media and topics, and an altered, now heterogeneous profile of the designer have caused a degree of disorientation in understanding what good design actually is, including its economic potentials and its social function. One can also observe a large gap appearing within the designer community regarding its

časopis za suvremena likovna zbivanja emancipaciji i izgradnji intelektualne infrastrukture putem visokoškolskog obrazovanja, djelovanjem Hrvatskoga dizajnerskog društva i drugih, često individualnih inicijativa, nastojeći izgraditi dizajnerski diskurs. Zahvaljujući tim naporima, podržan je kontinuitet dizajnerske kulture. Kvaliteta edukacije postepeno se razvija, na što produktivno utječe paralelno djelovanje i latentna polemika između dviju škola čija konceptualna polazišta pokazuju određene razlike u shvaćanju osnovne zadaće odgoja dizajnera. Tako se Studij dizajna pri Arhitektonskom fakultetu u Zagrebu temelji na klasičnoj i pragmatičnoj strukovnoj izobrazbi, dok je Odsjek za dizajn vizualnih komunikacija Umjetničke akademije u Splitu naglašenije usmjeren prema elektroničkim medijima i dizajnu interakcije, nastojeći osposobiti buduće dizajnere za kritički odnos prema društvenoj stvarnosti. Ako se dizajn promatra kao evolutivna disciplina koja reagira na dizajn danas h rvat ska 9 design today croatia intellectual and aesthetic cohesion, as well as an exceptionally low level of general perception regarding the idea of design, which is poorly covered in the media and only rarely critically evaluated. Simultaneously to these processes, the designer profession has been working on its professional emancipation and on constructing an intellectual infrastructure through university education, the Croatian Designer Society, and other, often individual initiatives, in an attempt of building up a genuine designer discourse. Owing to these efforts, the continuity of designer culture has been sustained. The quality of education is slowly increasing, positively influenced by the parallel activity of, and the latent polemic between, two schools, whose conceptual foundations reveal differences in their understanding of the basic task of designer education. Whereas School of Design at the Faculty of Architecture in Zagreb has based its programme on magazine for contemporary visual arts

kulturna, tehnička i znanstvena kretanja čiji je cilj zadovoljavanje aktualnih društvenih potreba, današnja situacija u Hrvatskoj nije fundamentalno drugačija nego u ranijim modernim razdobljima. Hrvatska povijest dizajna obilježena je pojedinačnim autorskim iskoracima (Boris Bućan, Mihajlo Arsovski, Ivan Picelj), a tek je u rijetkim situacijama dizajn ostavio značajniji trag na život šire društvene zajednice (primjerice, namještaj Bernarda Bernardija, radovi u području vizualnih komunikacija Mirka Ilića ili Borisa Ljubičića). Među institucionalno organiziranim inicijativama samo je Centar za industrijsko oblikovanje, koji ove godine obilježava 45. obljetnicu, na znanstvenim osnovama i potpuno profesionalizirano ulagao napore u sustavni pristup dizajnu i njegovu široku implementaciju, no također s ograničenim dosegom, dok dizajnerske prakse u osnovi ostaju parcijalne, a njihov društveni domašaj je u prvom redu kulturalan. 10 maroje mrduljaš traditional pragmatic training, Visual Communications Department at the Arts Academy of Split is more explicitly oriented towards the electronic media and interactions design, seeking to train the future designers to establish a critical relationship with the social reality. If we look at design as an evolutional discipline, which reacts to cultural, technological, and scientific processes and aims at satisfying the actual needs of the society, then the present situation in Croatia is not fundamentally different from that of the earlier modern periods. Croatian design history has been marked by isolated, individual achievements (Boris Bućan, Mihajlo Arsovski, Ivan Picelj) and it is only in rare cases that design has left a significant trace in the life of a broader social community (e.g. furniture designed by Bernardo Bernardi, work of Mirko Ilić and Boris Ljubičić in the field of visual communications). Among the institutionally organized initiatives, the Centre for Industrial Design,

časopis za suvremena likovna zbivanja Opseg i domašaj dizajnerskih praksi u Hrvatskoj se u zadnjih pedesetak godina nije esencijalno promijenio bez obzira na različite dominantne ideologije unutar kojih su se te prakse razvijale i s kojima su nastojale pronaći zajednički jezik. Uloga dizajna u modernizaciji društva u Hrvatskoj tako ostaje trajno ograničena, bez obzira da li je riječ o socijalističkom projektu izgradnje egalitarističkog društva ili pokušaju ostvarivanja suživota s tržišnom privredom i iskorištavanja potencijala njezine dinamike. No, polemika o dizajnu u Hrvatskoj nikada nije zamrla, a akumulirano znanje i iskustvo opravdano je promatrati kao određeni optimizam u smislu stvaranja temelja za budući razvoj dizajnerskih praksi. Koji nedovoljno iskorišteni potencijali postoje unutar te razmjerno marginalne, no ipak prisutne uloge dizajna u konstituiranju suvremenog hrvatskog društva? U potrazi za tim odgovorom, ovaj dizajn danas h rvat ska 11 design today croatia which is celebrating its 45th anniversary this year, is the only institution that has invested scientific and highly professional efforts in developing a systematic approach to design and its broader implementation. Nevertheless, its scope has remained rather limited, its designer practices partial, and its social achievements primarily related to the domain of culture. The range and the scope of designer practices in Croatia has essentially remained the same during the past fifty years, regardless of the different prevailing ideologies that gave birth to these practices and sought to find a common language with them. The role of design in modernizing the Croatian society has thus remained permanently limited, regardless of whether it was linked to the socialist project of building up an egalitarian society or an attempt at achieving coexistence with the market economy in order to use its potential and its dynamics. magazine for contemporary visual arts

broj Života umjetnosti posvetili smo raspoznavanju raznih inicijativa i praksi koje svoje metodološke i konceptualne temelje izvode iz vrlo heterogenih polazišta, od primijenjenih umjetnosti, koje se možda i previše olako diskreditiraju kao arhaične, do najsuvremenijih tendencija vezanih uz dizajn interakcija i novih socijalnih mreža stvorenih na internetu. Namjera uredništva nije pružanje odgovora na problem marginalizacije i određene samodovoljosti dizajna u Hrvatskoj, nego ocrtavanje kontura istraživačkih, teorijskoedukacijskih ili oblikovateljskih praksi koje nisu opterećene niti tradicionalističkim niti suvremenim dogmatizmima i isključivostima, nego otvaraju nove horizonte ili daju svoj vrijedan doprinos na područjima koja su dizajnu komplementarna. Pretpostavka je da će se sinergijom i proširivanjem shvaćanja dizajnerskog djelovanja otvoriti nove mogućnosti njegove progresivnije i imaginativnije primjene koja nadilazi puko davanje 12 maroje mrduljaš And yet, the polemic on design has never entirely subsided, while the accumulated knowledge and experience can be viewed with optimism as a basis for the future development of designer practices. Which are the yet insufficiently employed potentials within that relatively marginal, yet positively present role of design in constituting the contemporary Croatian society? Searching for an answer to that question, we have dedicated this issue of Život umjetnosti to identifying various initiatives and practices that derive their methodologies and conceptions from very heterogeneous fields, beginning with the applied arts, which have often been undeservedly discredited as archaic, and ending with the latest tendencies related to interactions design and the emergence of new social networks on the Internet. The intention of the editorial board was not to offer answers to the problem of marginalization and perhaps selfsufficiency of Croatian design, but to draw the outlines of those

časopis za suvremena likovna zbivanja forme proizvodu, komunikaciji ili okolišu. Nadamo se da će mapiranje raznorodnih, na žalost još fragmentarnih inicijativa, barem donekle pripomoći da se dizajn aktualizira i preuzme aktivniju i samostalniju ulogu u cjelovitijem doprinosu društvenoj zajednici. Maroje Mrduljaš arhitekt i krtičar, živi u Zagrebu. Piše o arhitekturi, produktdizajnu i grafičkom dizajnu. Urednik je brojnih publikacija i bio je kustos više izložbi. Njegova do sada najznačajnija publikacija je Suvremena hrvatska arhitektura Testiranje stvarnosti. dizajn danas h rvat sk a 13 design today croatia researchoriented, theoretical/educational, and creative practices that are unburdened both by traditional and contemporary dogmatisms and exclusions, thus opening up new horizons and giving its valuable contribution to those fields that are complementary to design. It is to be supposed that this synergy and the broadening of the idea of designer activity will open up new possibilities for its progressive and imaginative application, which should go beyond the mere shaping of a product, communication, or the environment. We hope that this mapping of heterogeneous and, unfortunately, still rather fragmentary initiatives will contribute, at least to some extent, to an actualization of design, helping it to take on a more active and independent role in the overall evolution of the society as a whole. Maroje Mrduljaš architect and critic based in Zagreb. Writes on topics related to architecture, product design, and graphic design. Editor of numerous publications and curator of various exhibitions. His most significant publications include Contemporary Croatian Architecture Testing the Reality. magazine for contemporary visual arts