DOLLY S POSSESSIVENESS IN RUTH RENDELL S THE KILLING DOLL

DOLLY S POSSESSIVENESS IN RUTH RENDELL S THE KILLING DOLL A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S) in English Language By: Linda Ardianing Sutjipto C11.2012.01345 ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2016 i

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MOTTO - So verily, with every difficulty, there is relief. (The Qur an, 94:5) - Once you stop learning, you start dying. (Albert Einsten) vi

DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to: 1. Allah SWT, who always gives me the best things I have experienced. 2. My beloved father Mr. Sutjipto, My super mother Mrs. Hermien Pudjiardiningshih, My brother, Norman Ardiansyah Sutjipto. vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah SWT, for His grace, wisdom and strength by letting me finish this thesis well. My great and sincere gratitude also belongs to: 1. Dean of Faculty of Humanities of Dian Nuswantoro University, Dr. Ir Dwi Eko Waluyo, M.M., who has made a cozy environment in learning English; 2. Head of English Study Program, Dr. Drs. Jumanto, M.Pd., who has always given me a big support to finish my study. 3. Mr. Haryati Sulistyorini, S.S., M.Hum., my advisor, for allowing me to conduct this research and guiding me in finishing this thesis with his excellent advices; 4. All lecturers at the English Study Program of Faculty of Humanities of Dian Nuswantoro University, who have enriched me with bunch of knowledge; 5. My deep gratitude goes to my beloved father and mother, for their never ending love, prayers and supports, I believe I will make you proud. I am so blessed to have you both in my life ; 6. My brother who always asks about my thesis. Finally, I made it; 7. Big Bang, BTS, and Winner thanks for the great songs that accompany me while I was writing this thesis; 8. All my friends, especially Annurzani, Anggy, Veronica, Oriza, Greta, Dina, Linda, and Diah who always support me; 9. Last but not least, my thesis will be useful for students who might want to continue my research or do a research in similar field. Finally, I do realize that due to my limited ability this thesis must have shortcoming. For this, I welcome any suggestions and criticism. viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE OF TITLE... i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY... ii STATEMENT OF PUBLICITY... iii THE ADVISOR APPROVAL... iv PAGE OF APPROVAL... v MOTTO... vi DEDICATION... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix LIST OF TABLES... xi LIST OF FIGURE... xii ABSTRACT... xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION... 1 1.1 Background of the Study... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem... 3 1.3 Scope of the Study... 3 1.4 Objective of the Study... 4 1.5 Significance of the study... 4 1.6 Thesis Organization... 4 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE... 6 ix

2.1 Intrinsic Elements... 6 2.1.1 Character... 7 2.1.2 Conflict... 12 2.1.3 Setting... 14 2.2 Extrinsic Elements... 16 2.2.1 Psychology... 16 2.2.2 Psychology in Literature... 17 2.2.3 Freudian Psychological Approach... 21 2.2.4 Possessiveness... 25 2.2.5 Anxiety... 27 2.3 Synopsis... 28 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD... 30 3.1 Research Design... 30 3.2 Source of Data... 30 3.3 Unit of Analysis... 31 3.4 Method of Data Collection... 31 3.5 Method of Data Analysis... 32 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION... 33 4.1 Findings... 33 4.2 Discussion.... 34 4.2.1 General Description of the Main Character... 34 4.2.1.1 Adult... 34 x

4.2.1.2 Weird... 34 4.2.1.3 Alcoholic... 37 4.2.1.4 Introvert... 39 4.2.1.5 Lonely... 41 4.2.1.6 Possessive... 41 4.2.1.7 Anxious... 42 4.2.1.8 Unconfident... 44 4.2.1.9 Ambitious... 45 4.2.1.10 Too Much Caring... 46 4.2.2 Conflicts Experienced by the Main Character... 47 4.2.2.1 Internal Conflict... 47 4.2.2.2 External Conflict... 48 4.2.2.2.1 Dolly against Mr. Harold... 49 4.2.2.2.3 Dolly against Pup... 49 4.2.2.2.4 Dolly against Myra... 49 4.2.2.2.5 Dolly against Diarmit... 52 4.2.3 Setting... 54 4.2.3.1 Setting of Time... 54 4.2.3.2 Setting of Place... 55 4.2.3.3 Setting of Social... 57 4.2.3 The Possessiveness of Dolly... 57 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 61 xi

5.1 Conclusion... 61 5.2 Suggestion... 62 BIBLIOGRAPHY... 63 APPENDIX... 67 xii

LIST OF TABLE Table3.1 Anna Freud s Ego Defense Mechanisms Table (1973: 60-65)... 24-25 xiii

LIST OF FIGURE Figure 4.1 The Main Character s Process of Possessiveness... 33 xiv

ABSTRACT Sutjipto, Ardianing Linda. 2016. DOLLY S POSSESSIVENESS IN RUTH RENDELL S THE KILLING DOLL. English Study Program, Dian Nuswantoro University. Adviser: Haryati Sulistyorini, S.S., M.Hum. Key words: Dolly Yearman, possessiveness, Ruth Rendell, The Killing Doll. This thesis presents Ruth Rendell s The Killing Dolly. The story tells about Dolly s anxiety. Doreen Yearman (Dolly) as the main character is a weird, alcoholic, introvert, lonely, possessive, anxious, unconfident, ambitious, caring, and adult woman. The analysis began by describing the main character, conflict experienced by the main character, setting and the anxiety of the main character. The structural approach was applied to describe and scrutinize the sructural elements, such as character, conflict and setting. Meanwhile, the psychological approach is used to analyze Dolly s Anxiety. After analyzing the novel, the result indicates that Dolly is described as a static character. She is not changing in the course of the end of the story. Dolly experiences two kinds of conflict, they are internal and external conflict. She experiences internal conflict when Dolly wants to share her story to other people. Then, she becomes very upset, if Pup rejects her request. Dolly often hears sounds and voices that she believes come from her Edith s and Myra s spirit. Her external conflict happens between Dolly and her father- Mr. Harold, Mr, Brewer, Pup, Myra-her step mother, and Diarmit. Actually, Dolly never knows about Diarmit. She is killed by Diarmit. This story happens during winter, autumn, summer, day time and evening time. Then, there are 3 settings in the story. First, the settings of time; they are: winter, autumn, summer, day time and night time. Second, the settings of place are Mistley Tunnel, Manningtree, Dolly s house, and Pup s temple. The last is setting of social environment that shows Dolly s middle high social status. Finally, Dolly feels anxious when Edith passed away. Dolly can become possessive person because in the past her mother, Edith never lets Dolly go by herself. In this story, it is seen that her ego is overlapping the superego. Furthermore, by this analysis, it reveals that the possessiveness of Dolly to Pup leads anxiety in her life. xv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the researcher presents background of the study, statement of the problem, scope of the study, objectives of the study, significance of the study and thesis organization. 1.1 Background of the Study Some people run into issues and confusion in their love life because they do not really know what a truly healthy love looks like, and suppose to feel like. There is one idea that says having one soul mate and real love stories are supposed to be filled with obstacle and drama. It is common to feel the anxiety towards people that we love, but this feeling also might grows worse and turns into a possession. Based on George Simon (2012:65), the character disturbance is habitual possessive thinking promotes a dehumanizing attitude toward others. When the disturbed character views others as primarily an object of pleasure, a vehicle to get something he wants, or a potential obstacle in the way of something he desires, it becomes almost impossible for them to consider people with rights, needs, boundaries, or desires of their own. Viewing others as objects rather than human beings, possessions also makes it virtually impossible to acknowledge them as individuals of independent worth. There is a difference between true love and a possessive love. When people love someone, whether it is family member, friends, or lovers, it is actually effortless. They do not need them to be any certain way. They just simply happy and enjoy them as a person just the way they are. While on the other hand, a possessed love does not feel pleasant. It does not feel good, but it does feel very urgent, very important, and stressful. People who have relationship observe how they themselves feel in a relationship with another 1

person. They will give some observation if their connection to the other person feels like. Based on the statement above, the researcher can find the relation between the literary wok, especially novel, with the real life. In this novel, the researcher can find the psychological problem about possessiveness that experienced by the main character, that can create the conflicts both internal and external. This makes the story become more interesting for the reader since a literary work is also reflection of life. Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll tells about Dolly as the main character, who has a problem towards her relationship with people around her. Dolly is described as someone who is suffering from her own prejudice, and brings her into possessiveness and caused her to have neurotic anxiety and lead her to do terrible things like willing to kill somebody. As stated by Freud in Hejjle (1992:102), anxiety is a condition of a man getting an intense feeling of fear toward his impending danger. It means a person who experienced an anxiety will not feel comfort with his own life. From this novel, it can be seen from Dolly s love towards her brother, Peter, and her best friend, Yvonne. Dolly seems having too much expectation towards them. She is also willing to do anything that she thinks will make them happy, while in facts it is only for her happiness. She is afraid of losing those people who she loves. The reason why the researcher chooses Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll, is because the message that we can learn about the bad impact of having an over anxiety can lead us into a dangerous possession. This feeling will lead people for having dehumanizing attitude, where they might do something terrible in order to make them happy. There are so many similar cases that we can relate in real life, where a person with over anxiety and possession will do anything in order to make their own selves pleased. For example parents who want to control their children s future, or common issues that happen in a relationship between lovers. 2

1.2 Statements of the Problems Based on the background of the study, selection of a research problem is one important consideration for any researcher should take. In order to get the expected results, the researcher formulates the problems to be analyzed in the form of the following questions: 1. What is the General description of the main character in Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll? 2. What are the conflicts experienced by the main character in Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll? 3. What are the settings described in the story in Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll? 4. Why does Dolly s possessiveness lead her into anxiety in Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll? 1.3 Scope of the Study In analyzing Dolly in Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll, the researcher focuses to analyze on the general description of Dolly as the main character, conflict experienced by Dolly, and setting of place in The Killing Doll. The researcher uses psychological approach especially on the possessiveness and anxiety analysis. 1.4 Objective of the Study From the statements of the problems above, the objective of the study can be derived as follow: 1. To provide the general description of Dolly as the main character in Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll. 2. To describe the conflict experienced by Dolly as the main character in Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll. 3. To describe the setting in Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll. 3

4. To find out about the possessiveness of Dolly in Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll. 1.5 Significance of the Study The researcher hopes that the result of this research can be a valuable contribution to the researcher, Dian Nuswantoro University (Udinus), and also everyone who reads the result of this research. In details, it is hoped that the result will be: 1. For the researcher : It gives knowledge for the researcher to understand the psychological approach in a novel more details. This thesis can be a reference for her. The result of this study would, in turn, enable her to withhold the psychological approach of the literary work. 2. For the reader : Practically, it will enrich the knowledge of common readers in understanding psychological approach especially when reading a novel or a short story, people do not only get information, but also able to view the problem from a higher stance and to gain a comprehensive view of problem and ourselves in relation to that problem. 3. For the university : A contribution to Dian Nuswantoro University, particularly for English Department students. Theoretically, the research will give contribution to anyone who is interested in psychological approach study especially about possessiveness and anxiety or everything deals with the topic that has been presented in this research. 1.6 Thesis Organization This thesis is organized into five chapters to make any reader easily understand the content. The organizations of the thesis are: 4

Chapter 1 is Introduction. This chapter consists of background of the study, statement of problem, scope of the study significance of the study, method of the study, and thesis organization. Chapter 2 is Review of Related Literature. In this chapter the researcher explains about the theoretical frameworks which are used to analyze the data. It describes about the intrinsic elements including character, conflict, and setting. Besides that, it also describes the extrinsic elements such as psychology, psychology in literature, Freudian psychology, possessiveness, anxiety and synopsis of The Killing Doll. Chapter 3 consists of Research Method, which covers research design, unit of analysis, source of data, technique of data collection, and technique of data analysis. Chapter 4 is Discussion. This thesis describes the possessiveness that experienced by Dolly as the main character in Ruth Rendell s The Killing Doll that caused by neurotic anxiety. The researcher gives information to answer the questions in objective of the study and support the argument based on the literary review and from the novel The Killing Doll. Chapter 5 is Conclusion and Suggestion. This chapter consists of Conclusion as the result the discussion, and Suggestion. 5

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE There are two elements which build a literary work, they are intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements. Extrinsic elements are the outside elements of literary work which influence the presence of its literary work, for example: political element, religion, psychology and social values. While intrinsic elements mean the elements that construct a literary work from the inside, such as theme, character, plot, setting, and point of view. In writing this thesis, the researcher collected a lot of information from many sources in order to be able to analyze the short story more deeply. The theories are taken from the experts opinion, they are, character, conflict, and setting as the intrinsic elements and psychological theory applied in the character as the extrinsic elements. 2.1 Intrinsic Elements Intrinsic element is a basic element in writing a fiction which covers the whole story to be interesting. This element is divided into some parts which help the story begins chronologically. The intrinsic elements are: character, plot, setting, theme, and style. These five elements represents character as the who, plot as the what, setting as the where and when, and style as the how of a story. In fact, intrinsic element which made the story happens. In other word, intrinsic elements are basic of the story happens in the story. According to Perrine (1993:30), intrinsic element is one of elements which make a story develops in accordance with theme, plot, conflict, life style in the story. Besides, Luxemburg (1989:78) says that intrinsic elements are the elements of building works of literature that can be found in works of literature in the text itself. 6

2.1.1 Character Characters are the people told in a story. Moreover, characters talk about an individual s personal characteristic. Although sometimes readers use the word character synonymously with person, human being and literary figure, more often they use it in reference to individual or personal characteristics. The term character often refers to the person. Character can be defined as the actors of the story. They are the people who live and existence the story from the beginning to the end of the story. According to Kennedy (1983:45), character is an imagined person of the author who is presented in a story who acts and does many events of the story, where the author of the story conveys his or her massage and mandates through the character to the readers. Characters in a story or fiction will be able to change it to be alive and interesting as in a real life. As we know, a literary work is an imitation of reality; story, setting, and event experienced by characters are almost same with characters in fiction, not real. They are only illusion created by the author. A character usually is the imitation of real person s personality. Sometimes he has similar personality to that human being. Perrine (1993: 66) says that reading for character is more difficult than reading for plot, for character is much more complex, variable, and ambiguous. Anyone can repeat what person has done in a story, but considerable skill may be needed to describe what a person is. Less experienced readers demand that the characters be easily identifiable and clearly labeled as good or bad; they must not be so complex as to tax the readers understanding. The main character is always in attractive one. Because of that, it should have a good image or good look. Immature readers also demand that the main character is male, he is not to be perfect, but he must ordinary be fundamentally decent-honest, good hearted and preferable good looking. The reader who makes these demands does so because for him the story is not a vehicle for understanding but material for a daydream. In presenting the characters, the 7

author uses five ways to present theirs, According to Robert and Jacob (1995: 135), they are: 1. Actions What characters do is our best way to understand what they are. As with ordinary human beings, fictional characters do not necessarily understand how they may be changing or why do the things they do. Nevertheless, their actions express their characters. Action may also signal qualities such as naive, weakness, deceit, a scheming personality, strong inner conflicts, or a realization or growth of some sort. 2. Description both personal and environmental Appearance and environment reveal much about a character s social and economic status, of course, but they also tell us more about a character trait. 3. Dramatic statement and thoughts Although the speeches of most characters are functional essential to keep the story moving along they provide material from which you can draw conclusions. Often, char acters use speech to hide their motives, though we as readers should see through such ploy. 4. Statements by other character By studying what characters say about each other, one can enhance his or her understanding of the character being discussed. Ironically, the characters doing the talking often indicate something other than what they intend perhaps because of prejudice, stupidity, or foolishness. 5. Statements by the author speaking as story teller or observer. What the author, speaking with the authorial voice, says about a character is usually accurate, and the authorial voice can be accepted factually. However, when the authorial voice interprets actions and characteristics, the author himself or herself assumes the role of a reader or critic, and any opinions may be questioned. For this reason, authors frequently avoid interpretations and 8

devote their skill or arranging events and speeches so that readers may draw their own conclusions. The character in a fiction or drama can be divided into several sorts. Usually, the classification is different to each other. It depends on the way the author describes character. The classification usually depends on the function of the characters appearance, and the development of the character. a. Main/ Major Characters A major character is the main part of the story. He or she is the most important character in the story. Usually the actions of the story are focused on this character from the beginning to the end parts. The content of the story is highlighted to these characters experience. Major character consists of: protagonist and antagonist. The protagonist is considered as the central character in a fiction. This character has the important role in the developing the story. Morner and Rausch (1998:176) state, Protagonist is the principal and central character of a novel, short story, play or the other literary work. b. Typified and Character development According to Perrine (1993:71) also divides all fictional characters into two, they are: 1. Static character Static character is the same sort of the person at the end of the story as it was beginning. 2. Dynamic character Dynamic character undergoes permanent change in some aspect of his personality, or outlook. The change may be a large or small one; it may be for better or for worse. It is easy to understand the meaning of the story, because reading for character is more difficult than reading a plot. Meanwhile, Perrine (1959:85) classifies the characteristic of fiction into two types, those are: 9

1. The flat characters are characterized by one or two traits; they can be summed in a sentence. 2. The round characters are complex and have many side, they might require an essay for full analysis. Both types of character can have the vitality that good fiction demands. Round character live by their roundness, by many points at which they touch life. Flat character, though they touch life at only one or two points, may be making memorable in the hands of an expert author through some individualizing detail of appearance, gesture, or speech. Moreover, character usually has his or her own qualities as described by the author. The character could be young or old person, bad or well-mannered person, handsome or beautiful, etc. All of them depend on the author who considers them as one element that could help to serve the stories. A character usually is the imitation of real person s personality. Sometimes, he has similar personality to that of human being. Beside discusses about character s personality, moral qualities and attitude, the writer also discusses about characterization to support the character analysis. The existence of a character in a story has a close relation with characterization. Characterization supports the character. Characterization is the way the author describes the personality of character in a story to make the existence of character real and alive. Characterization makes the appearance of the character clear because characterization is a description of character in a fiction. Character and characterization are cannot be separated. Potter (1967: 3) mentions when we describe the nature of characters, we deal with the concept of characterization. Characterization can be shown by describing the attitudes, behavior and the dialogues of the character. We can also know about the characterization from the character s performance; for example, in his style of clothes, and something else such as what he or she likes or dislikes, and something he or she chooses. 10

The terms of characterization has wider definition than the definition of character, because it also covers the matters of who is the character in the story, how its characterization, and how it is located and the illustration in a certain story so it will be able to provide clear description to the reader. According to Alterbernd and Levis (1966: 44 46), the technique of character description is divided into two ways, they are: a. Expository technique is the technique in describing the character which is conducted by giving a description, essay or an explanation directly. The characters presented and presented by the author to the reader directly without any twist, it just delivered to them and directly described along with its self description of the character, its attitude, behavior, characterization, action or even the physical description. b. The dramatic technique, in this technique the author does not describe explicitly the characteristic and the attitude and also the behavior of the character. The author let the characters to show their own self through their activities, verbally through words or many kinds of activities or attitude, and also through the events that happen. The reader is insisted to predict actively about the character who is involved inside the story, which this point is the advantage of this technique. In characters, there are good and bad traits as a human being just like in the real life. A trait is a quality of mind or habitual mode of behavior. In analyzing characters in literary works, it is important to start it by determining the character s special traits because each character may have different traits. Sometimes, the traits are minor and therefore negligible. But often a trait may be a person s primary characteristic (not only in fiction but also in life). Thus, character may be ambitious or lazy, serene or anxious, aggressive or fearful, thoughtful or inconsiderate, open or secretive, confident or self-doubting, kind or cruel, quite or noisy, visionary or practical, careful or careless, impartial or biased, straightforward or underhanded, winners or loser, and so on. 11

2.1.2 Conflict In literary works we will always find conflict that is experienced by the characters in the story. Conflict in the story is essential elements in the development of the content of the story. Conflict is composed from several events and incidents befell the characters that are involved in a story. Therefore, conflict is so important in the story because the existences of conflict the writer can know how the story goes and conflict is part of the story, without conflict the story cannot be formed. Conflict happens to everyone in the daily life. It occurs because of the difference between two opposite things such as aims, principle, opinions, etc. Generally, conflict is well known as a clash between two opposing people or community, or even wills and desires in one person. Conflict cannot be avoided by human. It is natural situation for it is known that human always have problem. Characters in a literary work also have problem just like in the real life and their problem will lead to conflict. In real world, the term of conflict often has a negative perception thing. That is why human being always tries to avoid conflicts. In literature, conflict is the struggle of opposing external or internal forces. It is at the heart of every story. The impediments and complications of conflict keep the readers reading. The more important, challenging believable, and coherent the conflict is, the more we are engaged by the story and want to follow it to its conclusions (Madden, 2002: 90). Conflict in a literary work can be the centre of a story. Conflict, which becomes the basis of the plot, is the conflict of the protagonist. This situation and condition arouse some events on the story and make the story alive. Usually the central of the theme of a story is a conflict and how to solve or to end that conflict. Wellek and Werren (1989: 85) that conflict is; something dramatic referring to a struggle between two powers and caused action and reaction. It can be assumed that conflict is something which is dramatic referring to the fight between two balance powers and it has meaning about counter attacks. 12

There are two kinds of conflict in the literary works, they are portrayed as the struggle against the external or internal forces that experienced by the main character. The good stories contain both internal and external conflict, especially the internal one. In addition, by having more of internal conflict it will be more interesting in analyzing the story especially in the characterization. The conflicts can be focused between individuals, between an individual and social force or environment, and between an individual and natural forces. As Stanford stated that: The conflict or conflicts in literary work are usually reflected or accompanied by the external and internal action. In addition to conflict inside the mind, literary works may focus on conflicts between individuals, between an individual and a social force, and between an individual and natural forces. It s important to note that conflicts do not necessarily belong in just one category (Stanford, 2006:30). Based on those statements saying conflicts that experienced by the main character, they can be caused by a lot of things, not only between individuals, but also can be happens between a person and environment or even their own selves. Here are two kinds of conflicts which are included in literary works: a. Internal Conflict Internal conflict occurs inside of a character. According to Nurgiyantoro, internal conflict or psychological conflict is the conflict that occurs in the heart or soul of a person or the characters in the story (2002:124). Internal conflict will happen when a person has his or her own dilemma and he does not know what to do. Further, Nurgiyantoro states that, the main internal conflict is usually experienced by the main character or protagonist (2002:126). b. External Conflict External conflict is a conflict that happened outside the character. It relates with relationship between one and another characters. According to Meyer (1990:46), "external conflict may place the protagonist in opposition to another individual, nature, or society". Furthermore, Stanton (1965:16) says that external conflict, which happens between characters with something outside his 13

body, for example: nature environment and human environment. While internal conflict is a conflict that happens inside the heart or the body of the actor. Moreover, Drubeck (1982:26) also classifies conflict into two main streams such as follows: External and internal conflict, the term internal conflict refers to the conflict that took place within the character own mind and consciousness. The battle in the internal conflict takes place in his consciousness. The theories above are used to analyze the conflicts of Dolly as the main character in The Killing Doll. 2.1.3 Setting Setting is where and when the events in the story happens. The location, historical period, and social surroundings which the action of a text develops. Where the story takes place is an important part of the setting, this absolutely affects the story overall. Setting can also effects the plot and the characters. In addition, the setting can do more than just effects for the plots, it can also build the atmosphere or the mood for the reader. For example, A lost girls wandering around the city, a scary dog makes eerie sounds, the moon and stars were blocked by clouds, and the wind blows the trees. This description of the setting will creates a creepy and nervous atmosphere. The reader might al feel what the character feels and can relates them in the story. In literary work, setting is one of the essential materials that construct a story. Defining the term setting can be started at recognizing where and when the actions of the character occur. The basic definition about setting is the circumstances which the actions of the story take place. Meyer (1990:170) believes that: setting is the context in which the action of the story occurs. The major elements of setting are time, place, and social environment that frame the characters act. In most stories, they also serve as more than background and furnishings. If we are sensitive to the context provided by setting, we are better to understand the influence to the behavior of the characters and the significance of their action. 14

There are three kinds of setting. According to Nurgiyantoro (2002: 227-231), the types of setting can be divided into three main substances as the following: a. Setting of Place Setting of place is fictions which have a dominant place setting generally qualification as a local or regional. The local written investigates the influence of geographical setting of character such as physical and spiritual setting. By giving names or types of place in the story can help the reader more and to make it realistic. b. Setting of Time It is related to the word when the event occurs which is told in a fiction. The word when is connected to factual time. It can be presented in the form of day, date, month, year or certain period. The descriptions of time include date, month, year, century, and also natural conditions like morning, afternoon or night. Some people consider that a good story is a story which makes the readers dissolve in the storyline. Most authors also utilize some famous events in the past. They put these events into a story so the readers can easily accept and assume the story really happens. c. Social Setting It is appointed to matter related to behavior in the social community, in a place which is told in fiction work. Setting of social is a good description of setting, where the readers is given about the specific of social life knowledge, such as: fisher man society, labor man society, etc. Sometimes, the fiction tells or discusses issues relating to the existing norms in the social life of the community. With this kind of description, the reader will easily understand about the conflict in the social life of the community at the time told. Further, Kennedy (1966: 38) states that setting is the element of function which reveals to us where and when the event of the plot occurs. Setting prefers 15

to the natural and scenery on environment in which the character lives and moves in the story. 2.2 Extrinsic Elements Extrinsic element is one of element which is support the intrinsic element in developing the story of the play. This element is built because of developing of character and characterization and conflict. According to Semi (1993:35), extrinsic element gives an influence to the literary works. Extrinsic element is element which can support a literary work. The extrinsic elements are used in psychological approach. 2.2.1 Psychology Psychology is the study of mind and behavior. It is an academic discipline and an applied science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind. While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity. Psychoanalysis has helped us to understand human behavior and many writers have explored this field to great advantage. While beneficial, we have to realize that Psychoanalysis alone will not lead to a full understanding of a work of art. There are many other valid interpretations. 16

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It explains not only behavior but also concern observable behavior. It approaches to the field focuses on the individual and attempts to explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by other people. Psychologically oriented researchers emphasize the immediate social situation and the interaction between person and situation variables. Dushkin (1970:3) says that psychology today is a best defined as the scientific study of behavior. More over Atkinson (1905:13) states, The definition reflects psychology concern with the objective study of observable behavior. According to Miller (1890:182), the relation between psychology and literature is caused by definition of literary psychology which learns about psychology rules which is stated in literature, such as general description of the characters that is created by the author based on psychological condition of the author. Moreover, psychology does not also come from mental or condition of the person but also come from the environment and society. 2.2.2 Psychology in Literature The term psychology literature has four possible sense. Namely the study of the creative process, both as an author of psychological type and individual types study and the laws of psychology in literature, and studies that study the impact of literature on the reader or psychology readers. Psychology of Literature has the same functional relationship is useful for studying the psychological state of another person. The difference of symptoms and human beings in literature is imaginary, whereas in human psychology is real. Both can complement each other and fill to obtain deep thoughts on the human psyche. Interpreted of psychology as the range of motion of the soul, the inner conflict the characters in a literary work completely. Thus knowledge of psychology can be used as an aid in searching a literary work completely. (Wellek and Werren, in Fananie 2001: 90). 17

Psychology literature gives attention to the problems associated with psychiatric elements of fictional characters contained in the literature. Humanitarian aspects of this which is the main object of psychology literature in human beings because that's just the psychological aspects of grafted and invested. Psychology research literature conducted in two ways. The steps of psychology to literature studies is first, through the understanding of psychological theories and then conducted an analysis of a literary work. Second, by first determining a literary work as an object of research, and then determined that psychological theories are considered relevant to perform the analysis (Ratna, 2004: 344). Siswantoro (2004: 31-32) states that categorically, different from the psychology literature, because literature related to the world of fiction, drama, poetry, and essays that are classified into the arts (art), whereas psychology refers to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. Although different, both have a common ground, which is both human and depart from life as a source of study. Talk about human psychology clearly involved closely, because studying behavioral psychology. Human behavior cannot be separated from other aspects of life and dyeing behavior. Psychology literature studying the phenomenon, certain psychiatric experienced by the main character in a literary work when responding or reacting to themselves and their environment. Thus, psychiatric symptoms can be revealed by the behavior of a character in a literary work. Psychology can be used to explain the fictitious character of literature. It can explain the psychological condition of a character as a created human being. It provides numerous instances from life which clarify the actions and reactions of created character that might be puzzling or implausible. Characters have their own world as human being in the real life with the problems and complexity of life to be solved. The use of psychology approach in literature text needs psychological science because in literature, the characters also have the problems like human beings in the real life. The authors often use the 18

psychological laws to make their characters alive. In this case, they have applied the theory of psychology silently (Endraswara, 2003:99) In literary work, conflicts between character and their environment also appear. They come together forming a complex or even ruin relationship. To understand it deeply and clearly is very important to have a comprehensive understanding toward literary work because the character does not stand apart from the whole work. Analyzing literary work using psychological theory is called psychological analysis. It is one of the apparatus to literary works. Psychological theory is used to interpret a work of literature. Pradopo in Jabrohim (2001: 73) proposes that literary work has a system and its own convention. So, in the psychological analysis, it also has a system and convention. Basically, psychological analysis in literary criticism is based on three approaches. Firstly, it concerns with analyzing psychological condition of the fictitious character in a literary work. Secondly, receptive-pragmatics approach which explores the psychological of the readers that are influenced by literary work they have been read. Thirdly, the expressive approach that analyzing the psychological condition of the author when literary work is created (Endraswara, 2003: 97-98). Psychology can be used to explain the fictitious character. The critic who brings this interest to fiction becomes again, a psychoanalyst, searching for the subconscious patterns which motivate a character (Scott, 1962:72). Hardjana (1994:66) states that a literary analyst can use psychological science to interpret a literary work and it does not need to relate it with the biography of the author. While Culler (1997: 128) assumes that psychological analysis has an impact on literary studies both as mode of interpretation and as a theory of language, identity, and subject. In the psychological analysis, literary work is viewed as a psychological phenomenon appears through the characters in the whole story. In Sutarto s opinion (2005: 6), the root of psychological approach comes from I.A Richards, who believes that psychology gives chance to discuss the 19

creative process of the author. In other hand, the biography of the author is also used to understand a literary work. Psychology supports the author to speculate toward their life. The relationship between artist and the art is like the patients and their dreams. Furthermore, psychology can be used as a tool to clarify the fictional characters. The psychological theory of literature commonly is called psychology approach. Freud (1993: 26-34) in On Dreams argues that the literary text like dreams, express the secret, unconscious desire and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the author s own neuroses. Psychoanalysis itself seeks evidence of unresolved evidences such as emotions, psychological conflicts, guilt, etc. The author s own childhood traumas, family life, sexual conflicts can be working together to give influence in literary work. On the other hand, the psychological material will be expressed indirectly, disguised or encode (as in dreams) through principle such as symbolism (the repressed object represented in disguised), condensation (several thoughts or persons represented in single image), and displacement (anxiety located onto another image by means of association). Psychology itself cannot be separated with personality of the character in the story. This psychoanalysis will use to analyze the psychological condition of Dolly as the main character. The researcher chooses this approach because it can help to analyze the personality which is influenced from emotions, behaviors and felling. An appropriate theory of psychology is applied to analyze the characters of literary works because the psychological condition of character in a literary work is the same as human s psychology. Characters have their own world like human being in the real world. So, psychological theory is applied to clarify the character s personality to solve the real life problem. 20

2.2.3 Freudian Psychological Approach Sigmun Freud in Primer of Freudian Psychology (Hall, 1954:63) creates an approach in literature which is called Freudian Psychoanalytic. Freud s psychoanalytic model has three major components: a. The Structure of Personality Freud s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating disorders (Hal, 1954:64) by exposing and interpreting unconscious tensions. Personality develops as a result of Freud efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (ego), how to satisfy the impulses (id) and social restraints (superego). According to Freud in The Ego and the Id (1923:1-60) the structural model can be explained as follow: i. The Id According to Freud, every human is born with Id. The id is an important part of the personality because as newborns it allows someone to get his basic needs Freud believed that the id is based on the pleasure principle. On the other words, the id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. The example of id is when a child is hungry, the id wants food, and therefore the child cries. The id does not care about the reality, about the needs of anyone else, only its own satisfaction. When the id wants something, nothing else is important. In addition, in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, the id demands immediate satisfaction and when this happens, someone experiences pleasure. When it is denied, he experiences unpleased or pain. In contrast, the id operates on the pleasure principle which is the idea that every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences (Freud, 1920:1-64). ii. The ego When the child interacts more with the world, the second part of the personality develop is the ego. The ego is based on the reality principle. 21

According to Freud, the ego understands that people have needs and desires. Besides, the ego sometimes makes someone being impulsive or selfish can hurt someone in the long time. The ego s job is to meet the needs of the id, while taking into consideration the reality of situation. The ego seeks pleasure and avoids pain but unlike the id, the ego is concerned with devising a realistic strategy to obtain pleasure. Freud makes an analogy of the id being a horse and the ego is the rider. The ego does not have a concept of right or wrong. Something is good simply if it achieves its end of satisfying without causing harm to itself or to the id. The example of ego is if it is hungry, the id will satisfy by eating. iii. The superego The end of the personality stage of development, the superego develops. The super ego is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by the caregivers. Many equate the superego conscience as the dictates the belief of right and wrong. It is to control the id s impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. The superego consists of two systems; those are conscience and the ideal self. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. The example of the conscience is if the ego gives in to id demands, the superego may make the person feel bad though guilt. The idea self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behavior as a member of society. Behavior which falls short of the ideal self may be punished by the superego through guilt. If a person s ideal self is too high a standard, then whatever the person does will represent failure. The ideal self and conscience are largely determined in childhood from parental values. According to Freud, in a health person, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation. It is not an easy job if the id gets too strong, impulses and self-gratification take over the person s life. If the superego 22

becomes too strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgmental and unbending in his interactions with the world. b. Self Defense Mechanism Sigmund Freud (1894) noted a number of ego defenses which he refers to throughout his written works. His daughter Anna Freud (1937) develops his idea and elaborated his works. Freud states that the ego employs a range of defense mechanisms. The defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feelings or make good things feel better for the individual. The ego driven by the id, confined by the superego, repulsed by reality, struggles to master its economic task of bringing about harmony among the forces and influences working in and upon it. It can be understand how the self defense mechanism so often when someone cannot suppress a cry that life is not easy. Freud in The Structure of Unconsciousness (1933:78) explains if the ego is obliged to admit its weakness; it breaks out in anxiety regarding the outside world, moral anxiety regarding the superego, and neurotic anxiety regarding the strength of the passions in the id. In The Ego and Mechanism of Defense (Ana Freud, 1937: 45), the selfdefense mechanism is used to protect someone self from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because he feels threatened, or because the id or the superego becomes too demanding. By the ego, his unconsciousness will use one or more to protect him when he comes up against a stressful situation in life. Ego defense mechanisms are natural and normal. When they get out of proportion, neuroses develop, such as anxiety, phobias, obsessions or hysteria. follow: There are six types of defense mechanism. It can be seen in table 3.1 as Mechanism Description Example Repression Repression is an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious. 23 During the Oedipus complex aggressive thoughts about the same sex parents are repressed.