Digital Library Literature: A Scientometric Analysis Nabi Hasan (IIT Delhi) hasan@library.iitd.ac.in & Mukhtiar Singh (CSIR-IHBT, Palampur) msingh@ihbt.res.in
AGENDA Digital Library? Why Digital Library? Development of Digital Libraries & Need of the Study? Significance of Literature Objectives of the Study Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Findings and Conclusion
DIGITAL LIBRARY Digital Library is where the past meets the present and creates the future Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam ICDL-2004 A digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats and accessible electronically. The digital contents may be stored locally or hosted on clouds or accessed remotely via computer networks Different terms like virtual library, electronic library, and library without walls are in use to represent digital library Users of library have also changed, they prefer to visit the library online and not physically Librarians may discover that Libraries without walls are actually only libraries with new walls technologically bounded, legally restricted and administratively hamstrung The real goal of the digital library remains the same as that of traditional library that is to collect, preserve information resources, organize and make them accessible to the users
WHY DIGITAL LIBRARY? Digital library technology is becoming an essential enabler of library services. The digital library network within the users community saves a lot of access time and energy of both the users and the library or information personnel. No physical boundary Round the clock availability Multiple access Preservation and conservation Solves space problem Networking Optimal use of ICT environment Structured approach Ability to deal with large data sets On-line learning environment Wider range of materials Access to latest information Faster information retrieval Lower maintenance and cost effective, etc.
DEVELOPMENTS OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES vis-à-vis NEED OF THE STUDY The new environment is really challenging one for the librarians and any one who has access to the network of digital libraries can be a publisher by merely posting messages to an online discussion group or by other means. A virtual environment is really open for all With continued improvements in book handling and presentation technologies such as optical character recognition and ebooks, and development of alternative depositories and business models, digital libraries are rapidly growing in popularity as demonstrated by Google, Yahoo!, and MSN's efforts Just as libraries have ventured into audio and video collections, so have digital libraries such as the Internet Archive This is leading to lot of published literature on Digital Libraries and Need to have bibliographic control of the Literature
SIGNIFICANCE OF LITERATURE Literature provides knowledge Literature builds experience Literature provides base for further developments and Research Literature secure historical developments of a subject Literature develops thinking skills
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to quantify the trend of world literature on digital library and to make the scientometric assessment of the status of research by way of analyzing the following features of publications of the study period (2003-2012): Annual output of publications on digital library Geographical distribution of publications Authorship pattern and Prolific authors Institutional distribution Form-wise distribution Language-wise distribution International collaboration Subject dispersion Citation pattern Cited references pattern, etc.
MATERIALS AND METHODS WOS-Science Citation Index database was used for the study WOS subject category - Information & Library Science Data restricted by search within digital librar* Period restricted to - 2003-2012 A total of 33,227 records retrieved Callout 1,733 publications digital library Text data downloaded as notepad files Microsoft s Excel used for final analyses
Search Interface of WOS
PUBLICATIONS ON INFORMATION AND LIBRARY SCIENCE DURING 2003-12 Yr. 2012 Yr. 2011 Yr. 2010 2624 2647 2866 Yr. 2009 3324 Yr. 2008 5754 Yr. 2007 5371 Yr. 2006 Yr. 2005 Yr. 2004 Yr. 2003 2668 2701 2601 2671 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Total 33,227
ANNUAL OUTPUT OF PUBLICATIONS ON DIGITAL LIBRARY DURING 2003-12 Total 1,733
TREND OF PUBLICATION OUTPUT DURING 2003-2012 Year No. of publications % age Change in no. of publications % change over year 2003 152 8.77 0 0.00 2004 220 12.70 68 3.92 2005 228 13.16 8 0.46 2006 259 14.95 31 1.79 2007 267 15.41 8 0.46 2008 169 9.75-98 -5.65 2009 100 5.77-69 -3.98 2010 137 7.91 37 2.14 2011 129 7.44-8 -0.46 2012 72 4.16-57 -3.29
MAJOR COUNTRIES OF PUBLICATIONS ON INFORMATION AND LIBRARY SCIENCE DURING 2003-12 USA 9729 29.28% China 3320 9.99% UK 2295 6.91% Germany 1064 3.20% Canada 1062 3.20% Spain 910 2.74% Australia 839 2.53% Netherlands 822 2.47% Taiwan 742 2.23% Italy 737 2.22% France 556 1.67% South Korea 486 1.46% Belgium 461 1.39% Japan 461 1.39% India 408 1.23% South Africa 402 1.21% Finland 393 1.18% Singapore 385 1.16% Total contributing countries-70
HIGHEST CONTRIBUTING COUNTRIES ON DIGITAL LIBRARY Country No. of publications % age Rank USA 669 38.60 1 UK 146 8.43 2 Italy 80 4.62 3 Germany 70 4.04 4 New Zealand 58 3.35 5 Canada 51 2.94 6 China 50 2.89 7 India 39 2.25 8 Singapore 37 2.14 9 Taiwan 36 2.08 10 Greece 34 1.96 11 Spain 33 1.90 12 South Africa 30 1.73 13 Scotland 29 1.67 14 Brazil 28 1.62 15 Australia 26 1.50 16 Japan 25 1.44 17 France 24 1.39 18 Netherlands 21 1.21 19 Wales 19 1.10 20
AUTHORSHIP PATTERN IN PUBLICATIONS ON DIGITAL LIBRARY No. of authors No. of publications % age Total authors % age 1 521 30.06 521 11.04 2 444 25.62 888 18.82 3 328 18.93 984 20.86 4 193 11.14 772 16.36 5 115 6.64 575 12.19 6 53 3.06 318 6.74 7 38 2.19 266 5.64 8 15 0.87 120 2.54 9 10 0.58 90 1.91 10 5 0.29 50 1.06 11 4 0.23 44 0.93 12 3 0.17 36 0.76 13 2 0.12 26 0.55 14 2 0.12 28 0.59
Author Institution No. of publications % age Rank Fox, EA Virginia Tech, USA 38 2.19 1 Goncalves, MA Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 27 1.56 2 Bainbridge, D University Waikato, New Zealand 21 1.21 3 Witten, IH University Waikato, New Zealand 17 0.98 4 Laender, AHF Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 15 0.87 5 Blandford, A University College, London, UK 14 0.81 6 Buchanan, G City University London, UK 14 0.81 6 Giles, CL Pennsylvania State University, USA 14 0.81 6 Sumner, T University of Colorado, USA 14 0.81 6 Castelli, D MOST PROLIFIC AUTHORS Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy 13 0.75 7 Fan, WG Virginia Tech, USA 13 0.75 7 Furuta, R Texas A&M University, USA 13 0.75 7 1,212 publications have two+ authors
Shiri, A University of Alberta, Canada 13 0.75 7 Theng, YL Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore 13 0.75 7 Borbinha, J Lim, EP Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Portugal Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 12 0.69 8 12 0.69 8 Bollen, J Los Alamos National Lab, USA 11 0.64 9 Cunningham, SJ University of Waikato, New Zealand 11 0.64 9 Goh, DHL Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 11 0.64 9 Nicholas, D University College, London, UK 11 0.64 9 Shen, R Virginia Tech, USA 11 0.64 9 Van De Sompel, H Los Alamos National Lab, USA 11 0.64 9 Ferro, N University Padua, Italy 10 0.58 10 Huntington, P University College, London, England 10 0.58 10
Name of organization TOP TEN PROLIFIC INSTITUTIONS No. of publications % age Rank University of California 49 2.83 1 University of London 36 2.08 2 University of Waikato 32 1.85 3 Virginia Tech 31 1.79 4 University of Illinois System 30 1.73 5 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education 29 1.67 6 University College London 29 1.67 6 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill 26 1.50 7 University of Illinois Urbana Champaign 25 1.44 8 Nanyang Technological University 24 1.39 9 Pennsylvania State University 24 1.39 9 Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR) 21 1.21 10 University of Colorado 21 1.21 10 University of Padua 21 1.21 10
FORM-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS ON INFORMATION AND LIBRARY SCIENCE DURING 2003-12 Proceedings paper 15049 45.29% Articles 12656 38.09% Editorial material 2899 8.73% Book reviews 1305 3.93% News items 1066 3.21% Letters 893 2.69% Reviews 430 1.29% Biographical items 179 0.54% Corrections 138 0.42% Meeting abstracts 133 0.40% Software reviews 12 0.04% Reprints 8 0.02% Bibliography 2 0.01%
FORM-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS ON DIGITAL LIBRARY DURING 2003-12 Sr. No. Form of publications No. of publications % age 1 Proceeding papers 1036 59.78 2 Articles 555 32.03 3 Book reviews 110 6.35 4 Reviews 15 0.87 5 Editorial material 8 0.46 6 Meeting abstracts 5 0.29 7 News items 3 0.17 8 Corrections 1 0.06
TOP SOURCES PREFERRED FOR PUBLICATIONS DURING 2003-12 Sr. No. Name of the Source No. of publications % age 1 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 362 20.89 2 Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries 155 8.94 3 Program - Electronic Library and Information Systems 131 7.56 4 Online Information Review 108 6.23 5 Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 93 5.37 6 Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries Proceedings 84 4.85 7 JCDL 2004: Proceedings of the Fourth ACM IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 79 4.56 8 Proceedings of the 5th ACM IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries Proceedings 77 4.44 9 Opening Information Horizons 72 4.16 10 Proceedings of the 7th ACM IEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 71 4.10 Total sources used-143
LANGUAGE-WISE PUBLICATIONS ON INFORMATION AND LIBRARY SCIENCE DURING 2003-12 English 32998 Chinese 77 French 70 Russian 33 Japanese 28 Dutch 9 Spanish 7 Czech 1 Estonian 1 German 1 Portuguese 1 Romanian 1 Welsh 1
LANGUAGE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS ON DIGITAL LIBRARY Language No. of papers % age English 1707 98.50 Chinese 9 0.52 Russian 9 0.52 Japanese 7 0.40 Spanish 1 0.06
COLLABORATION STATUS OF TOP 10 CONTRIBUTING COUNTRIES ON DIGITAL LIBRARY Name of country Total publications Publications in collaboration % age of collaboration USA 669 51 7.62 UK 146 36 24.66 Italy 80 6 7.50 Germany 70 14 20.00 New Zealand 58 2 3.45 Canada 51 11 21.57 China 50 3 6.00 India 39 4 10.26 Singapore 37 3 8.11 Taiwan 36 0 0.00
TOP SUBJECT AREAS FOR PUBLICATIONS ON DIGITAL LIBRARY Sr. No. Subject Category No. of publications % age 1 Computer Science 2 Engineering 1417 81.77 86 4.96 3 Imaging Science Photographic Technology 79 4.56 4 5 Business Economics 23 1.33 Education Educational Research 19 1.10 6 Social Sciences other Topics 14 0.81 7 Art 12 0.69 8 9 10 Astronomy Astrophysics 11 0.64 Social Issues 11 0.64 Material Science 9 0.52
RANGE AND CITATIONS RECEIVED BY PUBLICATIONS ON DIGITAL LIBRARY Citation Nos. No. of publications Citations received % age Citation nos. No. of publications Citations received % age 0 1041 0 0 19 4 76 2.15 1 243 243 6.89 20 4 80 2.27 2 125 250 7.08 21 5 105 2.98 3 81 243 6.89 22 3 66 1.87 4 44 176 4.99 23 1 23 0.65 5 28 140 3.97 24 2 48 1.36 6 30 180 5.1 25 2 50 1.42 7 18 126 3.57 27 2 54 1.53 8 15 120 3.4 28 1 28 0.79 9 18 162 4.59 30 1 30 0.85 10 11 110 3.12 32 2 64 1.81 11 5 55 1.56 35 3 105 2.98 12 11 132 3.74 38 1 38 1.08 13 5 65 1.84 52 1 52 1.47 14 2 28 0.79 53 1 53 1.5 15 7 105 2.98 60 1 60 1.7 16 3 48 1.36 61 1 61 1.73 17 3 51 1.45 81 1 81 2.3 18 6 108 3.06 113 1 113 3.2
CITATION STATUS OF PAPERS AS PER ITS TYPES Publication type No. of publications Citations received Publications with Zero citations (% age) Journal Articles 155 2295 196 (35.02) Book Reviews 110 123 73(66.36) Reviews 15 29 7(46.67) Proceeding Papers 1036 1025 745(71.91) Corrections 1 9 0(0.00) Editorial Material 8 37 4(50.00) Meeting Abstracts 5 3 4(80.00) News Items 3 8 2(66.67)
No. of cited references STATUS OF REFERENCES CITED IN PUBLICATIONS ON DIGITAL LIBRARY No. of publications Total cited references/ % age No. of cited references No. of publications Total cited references/ % age 1 190 190 (1.32) 16 24 384 (2.67) 2 214 428 (2.98) 17 24 408 (2.84) 3 62 186 (1.29) 18 27 486 (3.38) 4 156 624 (4.34) 19 14 266 (1.85) 5 72 360 (2.50) 20 15 300 (2.09) 6 100 600 (4.17) 21 12 252 (1.75) 7 66 462 (3.21) 22 8 176 (1.22) 8 89 712 (4.95) 23 9 207 (1.44) 9 70 630 (4.38) 24 8 192 (1.33) 10 170 1700 (11.82) 25 3 75 (0.52) 11 82 902 (6.27) 26 1 26 (0.18) 12 153 1836 (12.77) 27 5 135 (0.94) 13 67 871 (6.06) 28 3 84 (0.58) 14 33 462 (3.21) 29 3 87 (0.60) 15 35 525 (3.65) 30 18 817 (5.68)
CONCLUSION USA is the major contributor with 669 papers to its credit on the subject. Growth of the literature on digital library showed discouraging trend during 2003-2012. Only 20 countries have contributed 86.84% of publications. Top ten ranked authors contributed 20.14% publications on digital library. Most productive institution was University of California by contributing 49 (2.83%) publications followed by the University of London with 36 (2.08%). Proceeding papers amounted to 59.78% of the literature followed by journal articles with 32.03% publications. The most preferred source was the journal Lecture Notes in Computer Science with 362 (20.89%) papers followed by Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries with 155 (8.94%) publications. English language dominated with 98.50% publications and other languages like, Chinese, Russian, Japanese and Spanish did also find place in publications on digital library.
CONCLUSION In UK, foreign collaborations were reported in 24.66% publications followed by New Zealand with 21.57% collaborations in its publications and India collaborated in its 10.26% publications. In categorization of publications, computer science was at first position with 81.77% publications. Publications in the form of journal articles received more citations than other types of publications and publications in the form of proceeding papers received fewer citations. The study provides a base for researchers, institutions and policy makers to initiate new research projects or studies in the area. It also makes researchers aware regarding the growth of quality research literature of their interest in the subject. It helps in identifying highly productive countries and researchers in the area. The study provides details of institutions and researchers working in specific subject areas in the field of digital library. The study may help policy makers to make effective policies related to digital libraries.
Thanks for your kind cooperation & patience hearing Nabi Hasan Ph.D., Borlaug Fellow (Cornell University, USA) hasan@library.iitd.ac.in www.nabihasan.webs.com