APA Writing Style Guide

LIBERTY CHRISTIAN SCHOOL ENGLISH DEPARTMENT 2012 APA Writing Style Guide The APA (American Psychological Association) style is widely used in writings documenting research in psychology and the social sciences. The complete source of detailed writing instructions for APA is available in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6 th Edition. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th ed.). (2010). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.) Format General Guidelines Use only white 8 ½ X 11 inch paper. The print font should be 12-point Times New Roman. The entire document (including the reference page) should be double spaced; no single-, triple-, or quadruple-spacing. Leave a one-inch margin at the top, bottom, left, and right of every page. (Exception: Running head and page number. The running head and page number should be typed as headers.) Beginning with the title page, number all pages (including the reference page) with Arabic numerals in consecutive order. The page number should be placed in the header on the right hand margin. Every page (including the title page) should have a running head. o Running head an abbreviated title not to exceed fifty characters printed at the top (in the header) of every page including the title page and reference page. The word running head is typed as follows: Running head. (note upper case R and lower case h). After the words Running head, type a colon, then the abbreviated title in ALL CAPS. Additional Guidelines Citing names within text: Never use an author s first name alone. Always use first name and last name or last name only. If two authors or characters have the same last name, the full name (APA suggests first initial for authors) should be used on the first reference and where needed thereafter to avoid confusion. (Exception: first names may be used if referring to a child, but when the child becomes an adult, the first name should never be used alone.) Italicize titles of books, plays, magazines, newspapers, films, videos, TV shows, ships, aircraft, spacecraft, and trains; titles of poems, articles, songs, essays, short stories, and titles of television series have quotation marks around them (except on the reference page). Within the body of the paper, capitalize all the words of titles (four letter or more) except conjunctions, articles, and prepositions. Italicize the introduction of a new term only the first time it is being used (for example, box labeled empty italicize empty only the first time, not thereafter); italicize letters, words, or phrased cited as examples (the letter a); italicize words that could be misread (the small group). Do not italicize, underline, or put quotation marks around common foreign phrases (ad hoc) or words requiring emphasis use syntax to provide emphasis. (Incorrect: It is important to remember to include relevant details.) Numbers o o o Use words to express A number that is the first word of the sentence (whenever possible, reword the sentence to avoid starting with a number) Fractions (two-thirds majority) Universally accepted usage (the Twelve Apostles) Numbers from zero to one hundred (LCS requirement) Numbers with two words or less (one thousand) (LCS requirement) Order of Pages Ordinal numbers (the fourth graders, the first group) Use numerals to express Title Page Numbers greater than one hundred that are not two words or less Time, dates, ages, and exact sums of money Abstract Parts of books, rows, tables, etc. (Table 3, Chapter 9) Percentages (5 %) Body of Paper Plurals of numbers Fours, sixes 1950s (no apostrophe) 1 P age

Title Page The title page includes four elements: 1. Running head 2. Page Number 3. Title 4. Author Name followed by school name and date Running head An abbreviated title with no more than fifty characters including letters, punctuation, and spaces between words Type in header on left-hand margin Running head: MARK TWAIN 1 Mark Twain and the Era of Reconstruction John P. Smith Liberty Christian School December 3, 2011 Page Number Title Author Number consecutively, beginning with the Title Page as 1. Place the number in the header on the right-hand margin. Full title (not abbreviated) No longer than 12 words Use uppercase and lowercase letters. Center between the left and right margins in the upper half of the page. Name of author first name, middle initial, last name School Name Date paper is submitted Author information appears double spaced, centered, just below title (no triple-or quadruple-space) Abstract A brief, one-paragraph, comprehensive summary of the contents of the paper Running head and page number at the top of the page Double space and type the word Abstract. Double space below the title. Do not indent the abstract. The abstract should range from 150 to 250 words. Running head: MARK TWAIN 2 Abstract Begin a 150-250 word summary of the paper. Do not indent the abstract. 2 P age

Body of Paper Type the running head and page number at the top of each page. Double space and type the full title in uppercase and lower case letters. Double space and begin the text. Indent the first paragraph and each subsequent paragraph in the body of the paper 5-7 spaces. (Only the abstract is not indented.) Double space the text. Type the running head and page number at the top of the page. Position the word References one inch down from the top of the page, centered. Double space every line. List sources alphabetically by author s last name (or first word of title if no author is given). Hanging indent: The first line is against the left margin; the second line of every entry is indented five spaces. Capitalization rules: Capitalize first words and proper nouns and the first word of a subtitle all other words begin with a lowercase letter. Italicize titles. APA Abbreviations Parenthetical Citations Citing the Bible in APA ed. edition 2 nd ed. second edition Ed. editor Eds. editors n.d. no date p. page pp. pages para. paragraph Vol. Volume Vols. Volumes For your first citation, identify the translation that you used. Example: (John 3:16 New Revised Standard Version) As part of a sentence: Example: In a sentence: In Psalm 36:1 (New Jerusalem Bible), David... After this, only include the scripture reference, unless you switch translations. Well-known books such as the Bible do not need to be included on the reference page. 3 P age

Citations Every source must be cited in two ways in the text in parentheses and on the reference page. In-text citation (Author s last name, year of publication, page number). (Barnes, 1987, p. 65). Barnes (1987, p. 65) states. (use only when the author s name has already been used in the sentence) Use n.d. if no date is available. Use commas between each element (author, date, page). The period comes after the parentheses ( ). Use a title (may be shortened) if no author is listed ( Acres of Diamonds, 1959, p. 78). If citing a chapter, do so as follows (Shimamura, 1989, Chapter 3). Note that page (p.), but not chapter, is abbreviated. Reference list entries are not required for major classical works, such as the Bible. Simply identify in the first citation in the text the version used: I Cor. 13:1 (New International Version). After the first citation, omit the translation, and only type the book and verse. Quotations: Always cite the author, year, and specific page for all direct quotes. (Johnson, 2006, p. 110). Online quotations (from an article without a page number) should be cited with paragraph numbers ( Mark Twain s Heritage, 2002, para. 1). Quotations with forty or more words should be indented as a block quote. No quotation marks should be used; the block quote is double spaced. The citation goes at the end of the block quote in parentheses. Include the digital object identifier (DOI) in the reference if one is assigned (doi: 10.1080/14622200410001676305). A full bibliographic listing of each source you cited in parentheses in the paper must be listed on the Reference page. (Remember, every source you use must be cited in TWO places - in parentheses in the text AND on the reference page.) For a complete list of examples for citing references, go online to http://apastyle.apa.org/ or http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/. See below for some common citations. Go online for additional examples. 4 P age

Examples of and In-text Citations 5 P age Every source that is cited in the paper must be listed on the Reference page. APA requires a special Downstyle method of capitalization. It is only used on the Reference page. Capitalize the beginning letter of the first word of the work, proper nouns, and the first word after a colon. All other words should begin with a lowercase letter. Use Hanging Indent - first line on left margin; second line of single entry indented five-seven spaces. The entire page is double spaced absolutely no single-, triple-, or quadruple spacing allowed anywhere on the Reference page or in the entire paper. Note: Titles of books are italicized. Titles of articles, poems, and other short works are not italicized and do not have quotation marks around them on the Reference page; (Quotation marks required on articles, poems, and other short works only in the text, not on the Reference page) 1. Book with one author Bullock, A.J. (1992). People in business: An assessment of education and hierarchy. New York: Arrow. In-text citation: (Bullock, 1992, p. 16) 2. Book with two authors Anson, P.L., & Williams, R.D. (2001). Cultural trends of generation X. Chicago: Harris Publishers. In-text citation: (Anson & Williams, 2001, p. 303) 3. Book with multiple authors St. John, R.A, Groff, J., Hess, D., Burke, G., & Cates, J. (1991). American literature for Christian schools. Greenville, South Carolina: BJU Press. In-text citation: (St. John et al., 1991, p. 303) 4. Book, no author listed Genetic links to hypertension. (1997). New York: Holt. In-text citation: ( Genetic Links, 1997, p. 89) 5. Book with an editor(s) Dover, S.G. & Mitchell, F.E. (Eds.) (2000). Unhealthy habits: Breaking the cycle. Baltimore: Overton House Press. In-text citation: (Dover & Mitchell (Eds.), 2000, p. 756) 6. Magazine article Zacharias, M. (2005, March 5). Harmonic evolution. Stereophyle, 57-62. In-text citation: (Zacharias, 2005, p. 58)

7. Journal article Franco, M.A. (2002). Corporate litigation: Small business collides with property rights. Business Law Bulletin, 52, 25-27. In-text citation: (Franco, 2002, p. 26) 8. Journal article with three or more authors Bentley, M, Peerenboom, C.A., Hodge, F.W., Passano, E.B. Warren, H.C., & Washburn, M.F. (1929). Instructions in regard to preparation of manuscript. Psychological Bulletin, 26, 57-63. In-text citation: (Bentley et al., 1929, p. 56) 9. Newspaper article with author Schwarz, J. (1993), September 30.) Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. In-text citation: (Schwarz, 1993, p.a1, para.2) 10. Editorial without a signature Editorial. What is a disaster and why does this question matter? [Editorial]. (2006). Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 14, 1-2. In-text citation: (Editorial, 2006, p. 2) 11. Encyclopedia with an author (no editor) Hesseltine, W.B. (1984). Mark Twain. In The world book encyclopedia (pp.431-435). Chicago: World Book, Inc. In-text citation: (Hesseltine, 1984, p. 431). 12. Encyclopedia with no author or editor Mark Twain (1984). In The world book encyclopedia (Vol. T 19, pp.431-435). Chicago: World Book, Inc. In-text citation: ( Mark Twain, 1984, p. 431) 13. Reference book with an editor, but no author VandenBox, G.R. (Ed.) (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. In-text citation: (VandenBox, 2007, p. 343) 6 Page

14. Entry in dictionary, no author or editor Heuristic, (2004). In Mirriam-Webster s dictionary (11 th ed.) Springfield, Massachusetts: Miriam- Webster, Inc. In-text citation: ( Heuristic, 2004) Electronic References 1. Online document with author Davis, R. (2003, September 12). Bipolar disorder: Symptoms and treatment. Retrieved July 9, 2005, from Mental Health Research Associations: http://mhrscrch.assoc.org In-text citation: (Davis, 2003, para.3) 2. Online document, no author Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiative conference. (2006, November/December). OJJDP News @ a Glance. Retrieved from http:www.ncjrs.gob /html/ojjdp/news_at_glance /216684/topstory.html In-text citation: ( Six Sites, 2002, para. 4) 3. Online magazine article with author Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6), Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/ In-text citation: (Clay, 2008, p. 28) 4. Electronic version of print book Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependence [DS Reader Version] Retrieved from http://www/ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index/asp In-text citation: (Shotton, 1989, pp. 125-126) 5. Entry in an online reference work Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.),The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/ In-text citation: (Graham, 2005, para. 8) 7 P age