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Messiaen and Improvisation Figure 1. Messiaen improvising on Puer natus est nobis, La Trinité, Paris, October 21, 1985

Messiaen and Improvisation Vincent P. Benitez, PhD, DMA Associate Professor of Music Theory The Pennsylvania State University vpb2@psu.edu 2015 Lise Waxer Memorial Lecture Keynote Address, Spring 2015 Meeting of the New York State/St. Lawrence Chapter of the American Musicological Society, York University, Toronto, Canada May 2, 2015

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 3 Heard an improvisation by Messiaen. Music which one could say was composed after the end of the world. It is of monstrous beauty, opening up immense caverns where rivers flow, where piles of precious stones glitter. We do not know where we are in India perhaps. The composer was playing on the organ of the Trinité. Never have the vaults of this hideous edifice heard more disturbing sounds. Occasionally I had the impression that hell was opening, suddenly gaping wide. There were cataracts of strange noises which dazzled the ear. Figure 2. Julien Green s Description of Olivier Messiaen Improvising at La Trinité in 1949 (Hill and Simeone 2005, 185)

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 4 Figure 3. Organ class of Marcel Dupré, Paris Conservatoire (picture taken at Dupré s home in Meudon, near Paris). Messiaen is seated left of center.

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 5 Figure 4. Dupré improvising a fugue on the hymn Veni Creator Spiritus (in Eß), Saint-Sulpice, Paris, 1961 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tonr5uhople

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 6 Figure 5. Charles Tournemire at the console of the Cavaillé-Coll organ at Saint-Clotilde

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 7 Figure 6. Jean Langlais describing an improvisation lesson, on Veni Creator Spiritus, with Tournemire (Jean and Marie-Louise Langlais: Lectures and Performances, 1989 [Video Adventures Production, 1994])

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 8 J. L.: Widor was not a very fine improviser. A great composer, a great organist, but I must confess his improvisation was very boring.... Vierne was a fantastic improviser. And Tournemire. Tournemire was a really great improviser. I heard him one day in [Saint-Germain-des-Prés]. He improvised for 45 minutes without any interruption and it was magnificent all the time.... D. B.: It s common to find improvisation described as a type of instant composition, but are they not completely different types of activity producing completely different results? J. L.: Yes, an example of that is the difference between Tournemire s improvisation and his composition. And the same for Dupré.... [For] me right now, the greatest musician for the organ is Olivier Messiaen. He Figure 7. Jean Langlais s Opinions about his Parisian Colleagues as Improvisers in an Interview with Derek Bailey

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 9 [has been] a very good friend of mine for many years.... If you are familiar with Messiaen's work and then go to the Trinité and listen to his improvisations, you will not recognize him as the same musician. Very different. And sometimes, but this does not apply to Messiaen, sometimes the improviser is more interesting than the composer. Figure 7. Jean Langlais s Opinions about his Parisian Colleagues as Improvisers in an Interview with Derek Bailey (continued)

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 10 Messe de la Pentecôte (1950) Considered by Messiaen to be the summit of his improvisational art. Corresponds almost with the length of a Low Mass. Méditations sur le Mystère de la Sainte-Trinité (1969) Began as a series of improvisations by Messiaen designed to accompany sermons on the mystery of God by Monsignor Charles of Sacré-Cœur in honor of the centenary of La Trinité. Figure 8. Compositions by Messiaen inspired by improvisation

Figure 8. Compositions by Messiaen inspired by improvisation (cont.) Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 11 Sketch of L Institution de l Eucharistie (Livre du Saint Sacrement [1984]; see Hill and Simeone 2005, 344)

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 12 Figure 9. Missel grégorien (Solesmes, 1985): Used by Messiaen as a source for plainchant

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 13 Figure 10. Messiaen improvising on the first part of Quis sicut Dóminus, a Gradual response, during Mass at La Trinité, 29 January 1989 (Missel grégorien, p. 443) 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 14 Page removed due to copyright restrictions Figure 11. Title page of Messiaen s notes for his last organ concert on 18 December 1991 (permission to use the notes granted by the owner, Père Jean-Rodolphe Kars)

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 16 For the Concert of 18 December 1991 at the Trinity Church Improvisation on Plainchant Themes Themes of Plainchant: from the Missel grégorien [Solesmes, 1985] 1) Kyrie Clemens rector, page 150 2) Gradual Qui sedes (3rd Sunday of Advent), page 175 3) Christmas Introit Puer natus est (Mass of the Day), page 198 Figure 13. From Messiaen s notes for the concert, p. 3 (permission to use the notes granted by the owner, Père Jean-Rodolphe Kars): List of plainchant themes used on 18 December 1991 (Translated and edited by Vincent P. Benitez) 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 17 1) Like an Entrée of the High Mass [ Comme une entrée de [la] grand messe ] (based on the Kyrie Clemens rector especially the 1st Christe ) 2) Comb. 4 Debussyian chords Nightingale and the Kyrie Clemens rector 3) Very lengthy on Comb. 5 with the Gamba, 16, 8, and 4 [supercouplers] and the sound of bells in the Pedal on the Plein jeu = (see Scarbo [Ravel]) the song of the Blackbird song of the Blackcap on Comb. 6 with the Clarinet, Quintaton 16, Nazard, the Staccatos of Grace (see Judith [Honegger]) the Gradual of the Third Sunday of Advent Figure 14. From Messiaen s notes for the concert, p. 4: Formal Organization (Translated and edited by Vincent P. Benitez) 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 18 3) [cont.] finally with comb. 2 (Gambe[,] Voix celéste solo Quintaton 16, Nazard, alternating with solos Bourdon 16 and Quinte ) ending ppp 4) Like a Sortie of the High Mass [ Comme une sortie de [la] grand messe ] fff (with the Introit of Christmas morning: Puer natus est ) Figure 14. From Messiaen s notes for the concert, p. 4: Formal Organization (cont.) (Translated and edited by Vincent P. Benitez) 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 19 Example 1. From Messiaen s notes for the concert, p. 8: Enhanced mode 2 progression on D (Transcribed by Vincent P. Benitez) 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 20 Ex. 1: Enhanced mode 2 progression Example 2. From Messiaen s notes for the concert, p. 8: Non-modal harmonic progression traversing a 3-cycle pathway (Transcribed by Vincent P. Benitez) 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 21 Example removed due to copyright restrictions 2CCR/Eb 2CCR/Bb Example 3. Chordal refrain of Improvisation 1 (p. 8): Drawn from the beginning of Les deux murailles d eau, XIII of the Livre du Saint Sacrement 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 22 Example 4. Kyrie Clemens Rector (Missel grégorien, p. 150) A [Chordal Refrain] B [Kyrie] C [Christe] A C 1 D [Quasi- Birdsong] A C 2 Figure 15. Formal scheme of the Entrée 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 23 Example 5. From Messiaen s notes for the concert: Chord successions and birdsong used in Improvisation 2 (Transcribed and edited by Vincent P. Benitez) 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 24 Example 6. From Messiaen s notes for the concert: Opening chord succession of Improvisation 3 (Transcribed and edited by Vincent P. Benitez) 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 25 Example 7. From Messiaen s notes for the concert: Ostinato used in Improvisation 3 (Transcribed and edited by Vincent P. Benitez) 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 29 Example 9. Puer natus est nobis (Missel grégorien, p. 198) 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved Listening examples: First two sections and close of the Sortie on Puer natus est nobis from Messiaen s last organ concert 2015 Vincent P. Benitez. All rights reserved

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 30 Figure 16: Olivier Messiaen, La Trinité, ca. 1990

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 32 Selected Bibliography Bailey, Derek. Improvisation: Its Nature and Practice in Music. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1993. Benitez, Vincent P. A Creative Legacy: Messiaen as Teacher of Analysis. College Music Symposium 40 (2000): 117 39.. Pitch Organization and Dramatic Design in Saint François d Assise of Olivier Messiaen. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 2001.. Simultaneous Contrast and Additive Designs in Olivier Messiaen s Opera Saint François d Assise. Music Theory Online 8.2 (August 2002). http://mto.societymusictheory.org/issues/mto.02.8.2/mto.02.8.2.benitez_frames.html. Aspects of Harmony in Messiaen s Later Music: An Examination of the Chords of Transposed Inversions on the Same Bass Note. Journal of Musicological Research 23, no. 2 (2004): 187 226.. Messiaen as Improviser. Dutch Journal of Music Theory 13, no. 2 (2008): 129-44.. Reconsidering Messiaen as Serialist. Music Analysis 28, nos. 2 3 (2009): 267 99.

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 33 Bernard, Jonathan W. Messiaen s Synaesthesia: The Correspondence between Color and Sound Structure in His Music. Music Perception 4/1 (Fall 1986): 41 68. Gillock, Jon. Performing Messiaen s Organ Music: 66 Masterclasses. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010. Griffiths, Paul. Olivier Messiaen and the Music of Time. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. Hill, Peter, ed. The Messiaen Companion. Portland, Ore.: Amadeus Press, 1995. Hill, Peter and Nigel Simeone. Messiaen. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005. Holloway, Clyde. The Organ Works of Olivier Messiaen and Their Importance in His Total Oeuvre. D.S.M. document, Union Theological Seminary, 1974. Johnson, Robert Sherlaw. Messiaen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. Marti, Jean-Christophe. Entretiens avec Olivier Messiaen. In Saint François d Assise: Messiaen. Special Bilingual Program Book of the Salzburg Festival. Paris: L Avant-Scène Opéra, Opéra d aujourd hui, no. 4, 1992, 8 18.

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 34 Messiaen, Olivier. Technique de mon langage musical. Texte avec exemples musicaux. Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 2000.. Traité de rythme, de couleur, et d ornithologie (1949 1992). 7 vols. Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1994 2002. Missel grégorien des dimanches. Solesmes: Abbaye Saint Pierre de Solesmes, 1985. Nettl, Bruno, ed., with Melinda Russell. In the Course of Performance: Studies in the World of Musical Improvisation. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1998. Peterson, Larry Wayne. Messiaen and Rhythm: Theory and Practice. Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1973. Samuel, Claude. Musique et couleur: Nouveaux entretiens avec Claude Samuel. Paris: Belfond, 1986. Translated as Music and Color: Conversations with Claude Samuel by E. Thomas Glasow. Portland, OR: Amadeus Press, 1994. Sholl, Robert. Making the Invisible Visible: The Culture, Theology and Practice of Olivier Messiaen s Improvisations. (Unpublished paper).

Messiaen and Improvisation, p. 35 Solis, Gabriel and Bruno Nettl, ed. Musical Improvisation: Art, Education, and Society. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009. van Maas, Sander. The Reinvention of Religious Music: Olivier Messiaen s Breakthrough Toward the Beyond. New York: Fordham University Press, 2009.