98 A Palette of Verbs for Creating Stories Instructions: Use these verbs to create Latin stories of your own. 1st Conjugation Verbs altercare argue, quarrel altercation auscultare listen auscultation celebrare to celebrate celebrate contaminare contaminate contaminate captare capture captive condemnare condemn condemn continuare continue creare create creator, creature divinare to guess to divine, guess eradicare uproot, destroy, eradicate eradicate excitare wake someone up excite explorare explore explore ignorare forgive, disregard, ignore ignore infuriare infuriate furious, infuriate invitare invite invite insultare insult insult mutare change immutable, mutation navigare sail navigate, naval observare observe observe optare choose, opt opt postulare demand, ask postulate pugnare fight pugnacious, pugilist recusare refuse refuse (but with c instead of f) spectare watch, look at spectator sperare to hope, despair (lack of hope) tolerare tolerate tolerate, intolerable vexare annoy, bother vex 2nd Conjugation Verbs absorbëre swallow, devour absorb abolëre destroy, abolish abolish cavëre beware of, avoid caveat delëre destroy delete, deleterious, displease docëre teach doctrine, docile dolëre ache, be in pain dolorous exercëre exercise, train exert, exercise exhibëre exhibit, display exhibition favëre to favor favor gaudëre rejoice inhibëre hold back, inhibit inhibit invidëre hate invidious jacëre lie down adjacent (lying next to) latëre lie hidden, lurk, hide latent manëre/remanëre remain, stay remain, remnant permanëre last out permanent 270
merëre deserve, merit merit miserëre pity misery monëre warn monitor, admonish mordëre bite mordant/mordent movëre move move nocëre harm, injure noxious obtinëre obtain obtain parëre obey, appear [when called] apparëre appear apparent persuadëre persuade persuade placëre please, give pleasure to placate displicëre displease displease prohibëre prohibit, hinder prohibit respondëre answer respond, responsible ridëre laugh ridicule, ridiculous subridëre smile sub-laugh = smile sedëre sit sedentary, sediment praesideo sit in front, preside preside, president tenëre hold, grasp tenacious, untenable continëre contain obtinëre obtain retinëre keep, retain sustinëre sustain timëre to fear, be afraid of timid, timorous terrëre frighten terrorize, terrified deterrëre frighten off, scare away deter urgëre to urge on, put pressure on urge valëre be strong, valid valid, value praevalëre prevail, be stronger prevail vidëre see video, visible providëre foresee, provide for provide vovëre vow vow 3rd Conjugation Verbs bibere drink beverage, imbibe cadere fall cadence, cadenza caedere fell, cut down, kill insecticide, fratricide canere to sing, canary cedere yield, move, go defend, defense procedere go forward, proceed proceed recedere recede, retreat recede compellere compel, force compel defendere defend defend, defense desistere de to cease from, stop desist dicere say dictate, predict, contradict ducere lead, conduct conduct, induce, educate educere lead out educate deducere lead down or off deduce, deduct emere buy emporium frangere smash, shatter frangible, fragile, fragment, fraction incendere set on fire incendiary incipere begin, start incipient invadere invade invade legere read legible 271
ludere play interlude, prelude, post-lude mittere send transmit, intermittent parere to obey obey one's parents persuadere to persuade persuade, persuasion ponere put, place postpone proponere put forth, propose propose rumpere break, burst, split rupture e-rumpere break out, erupt erupt inter-rumpere interrupt interrupt ir-rumpere break in, attack struere pile up strew con-struere construct construe, construct obstruere obstruct obstruction de-struere destroy, bring down destroy, destruction suggerere to suggest suggest vendere sell vendor vincere conquer, vanquish invincible vivere live, be alive revive, vivid 3rd Conjugation -io Verbs concipere conceive, imagine concept facere make, do factory, manufacture, confection fugere flee fugitive excipere except, remove except recipere receive recipient incipere begin incipient icere hit, strike jacere throw eject, inject, object rapere snatch, seize raptor, rapacious eripere rip off, snatch away, steal 4th Conjugation Verbs audire hear audio, auditorium convenire assemble, convene convene, convent dormire sleep dorm, dormant obdormire fall asleep oboedire obey obedience punire punish punitive, impunity partire share part, impart scire know omniscient, science nescire not know nescience venire come venue advenire arrive, come to (a place) advent evenire come out, result event, eventuate invenire come upon, find invent convenire come together, convene, assemble convene curcumvenire come around, surround circumvene 272
TRANSLATION EXERCISE Instructions: Examine the sentences below. Then cover the English and translate from the Latin. Then cover the Latin and translate from the English. Plautus et Julius sunt pueri parvi. Frequenter unä ludunt. Die uno, Plautus jacit lapidem ad Julium. Julius iratus est, et Plautum icit. Plautus effugit. Super lecto suo jacet domi suo et lacrimat. Tristis est, valde tristis, et valde iratus. icit sibi: Debeo punire Julium. Epistulam igitur scribit. In illä epistulä, condemnat Julium. Deinde jacet in lacto et obdormit. Dum dormit, constituit non mitteree pistulam. Novam epistulam scribat in quo dicit: Culpa mea. Potes mihi ignoscere? Rogo ut mihi ignoscas. Julius amico suo ignoscit, et pueri denuo unä ludent feliciter. Plautus and Julius are little boys. They play together frequently. One day Plautus throws a rock at Julius. Julius is angry and hits Plautus. Plautus flees. He lies on his bed in his house and cries. He is sad, very sad, and very angry. He says to himself: I must punish Julius. So he writes a letter. In that letter he condemns Julius. Then he lies down in bed and falls asleep. While he sleeps, he decides to not send the letter. Instead he writes a new letter in which he says: [it was] my fault. Can you forgive [to] me? I beg you to forgive me. Julius forgives his friend, and the boys play happily together again. Using what you've learned, and with help from the palette of verbs for creating stories, create at least three narratives, dialogs or stories of at least eight sentences in length. PAST TENSE Although Latin verbs in the perfective and imperfective aspect have different meanings, they are often translated by an English verb in the past tense. It will be useful to indicate the different aspects in a distinctive way when we reference Latin to English. We will do this as follows: -ed 1 IMPERFECTIVE -ed 2 PERFECTIVE 1. walk-ed 1 Ambulabam ad scholam. I [customarily] walked to school. 2. walk-ed 2 Ambulavi ad scholam. I walked to school (referring to a single trip). The term preterit or preterite is often used in place of perfective. QUIZ Instructions: Indicate the aspect of these sentences, either perfective (P) or imperfective (I). 1. I baked a cake for you. 3. I swam to the raft. 5. I worked to earn money for school. 7. I used to work as a journalist. 9. I worked the puzzle in 10 minutes. 11. I went to Rome twice last year. 2. I was baking a cake. 4. I swam and swam. 6. I worked at the airport. 8. I worked until they released me. 10. I went to Rome once last year. 12. I sang a song. ANSWER KEY 1-P 2-I 3-P 4-I 5-I 6-I 7-I 8-I 9-P 10-P 11-I 12-P 273
postulare (1st conjugation) Quod postulavisti, Brute? Nihil postulavi. What did you demand, Brutus? I demanded nothing. Et quod postulavimus? Nihil postulavistis. And what did we demand? You demanded nothing. postul - a - vi - sti root stem vowel past marker 2 2nd per. sg. marker audire (4th conjugation) Quod audivisti, Gaie? Nihil audivi. Quod audivistis? Nihil audivimus. What did you hear, Gaius? I heard nothing. What did you (pl) hear? We heard nothing. Quando venisti? Hodie mane veni. When did you come? I came this morning. Quando venistis? Hodie mane venimus. When did you come? We came this morning. aud - i - vi - sti root stem vowel past marker 2 2nd per. sg. marker ven - i - sti you heard you came monëre (2nd conjugation) Quando me monuisti? Heri te monui. Quando me monuistis? Heri te monuimus. When did you warn me? Yesterday I warned you? When did you (pl) warn me? Yesterday we warned you? vidëre (2nd conjugation) Quem vidisti? Nullum vidi. Who(m) did you see? I saw no-one. Quem vidistis? Nullum vidimus. Who(m) did you see? We saw no-one. mon - ui - sti you warned vid - i - sti you saw THIRD CONJUGATION (VINCERE, DICERE, TRANSMITTERE) Veni, vidi, vici. I came, I saw, I conquered. (famous words of Caesar) Vicistis? Vicimus. Vicisti? Vici. Did we conquer? We conquered. Did you conquer? I conquered. 274
Quod dicsi, dicsi. What I have said, I have said (and there's no changing it). Quod dicsimus, dicsimus. What we have said, we have said. vic - i - sti dic - si - sti you conquered you (have) said transmi(tt) - si - sti you (have) transmitted root past marker2 2nd per. sg. marker 275