Form and Style for Citations and Bibliographies Citations within the essay If you refer to a unique idea you read in a book or on a webpage or if you quote a few words or a paragraph, you must reference that work (See flowcharts on pp. 6,7 for when to reference what you are writing). Within the body of an essay, use brackets and the author s name and page number of the idea or quote. See examples below. Only use as much information as is necessary to identify the item, as full details will appear in your bibliography. So, if you have only one work by the author, you need only use the author s name and page number. If you have two authors with the same last name, you must use their initials as well to identify which one you are using. If you have two or more works by the same author, you must use an abbreviated form of the title as well. Bibliography Include all books, Internet sites, videos, journal articles etc. that you have used to prepare your work, listed alphabetically by the author/editor s last name (or title s first significant word, if no author/editor). Do not group bibliography according to source type. See examples below for form of each type of source (pp. 2-4) and after that an example of a finished bibliography (p. 5). If you have had a substantial conversation with an expert in the field (including tutors, teachers, university students, professors, people working in that field etc), please reference that as well, after other items in the bibliography. See chart of examples following. If you have quoted from the Bible, it is only necessary to put a note, at the end of your bibliography, that says which version you used. For example: All Biblical quotations are from the New International Version unless otherwise specified. H:\Administration\Literacy\Form and Style Page 1
Examples Book One author Book Two authors This new fantasy novel, Beckwood Brae, has been written with men in mind (Webb, 2008). Webb, D. H. (2008). Beckwood Brae. Crane, USA: Anomalous Publishing House. Format: Author s surname, initial. (Date). Title. Place of publication: Publisher. tes: The title, if typed, is in italics. If handwritten, then underline. The place of publication is the first city mentioned on the title page; if it is a little known city, add the country. The punctuation between these items is important please follow carefully, and note that if you need a second line, it is indented. I read The Glory Garage (Jamal & Chandab, 2005) as part of my HSC English Belonging topic. Jamal and Chandab are. te: Using an ampersand (&) is allowed in bibliographic details in citations and bibliographies, but not in the body of the text, where it would be replaced with and, as above. Jamal, N. & Chandab, T. (2005). The Glory Garage. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. Book More than two authors Format: Author s surname, initial & second author s surname, initial. (Date). Title. Place of publication: Publisher. te: With two or more authors, all are listed with the surname followed by the initial. This concept is developed further in Retreat From Injustice (O Neill et al, 2004, p. 35). te: For more than two authors, use the first name plus et al for citations. To indicate one page use p.; more than on, use pp. O Neill, N., Rice, S. & Douglas, R. (2004). Retreat From Injustice. Sydney: The Federation Press. Format: Author s surname, initial, etc. (Date). Title. Place of publication: Publisher. te: If there are more than four authors, then use the first name followed by et al. H:\Administration\Literacy\Form and Style Page 2
Encyclopaedia or article within a book with an editor Article within a journal Kitchen states, OT Jericho is generally identified with the present mound of Tell es-sultan (Kitchen, 1980, p. 748). Kitchen, K. A. (1980). Jericho. In J. D. Douglas, Ed., The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Part 2, pp. 748-751. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. Format: Author s surname, initial. (Date). Title of article or chapter. In editor, Title, Volume number, page number/s. Place of publication: Publisher. te: If no editor, omit and go to title of encyclopaedia or book. Details like volume number are omitted if unavailable. Also note the second line of bibliography is indented (called hanging indent is available on Word as a style). I particularly enjoyed the photographs that accompanied the article (Maclean, v 2008, pp.108-111). Maclean, A. (2008, vember). Top 10 Bond Cars. Motor, pp.108-111. Format: Author s surname, initial. (Date). Title of article. Magazine title, volume number (if available), page numbers. Internet Sites According to our school web page, the high school began in 1990 (www.wccs.nsw.edu.au). William Carey Christian School. (2008). www.wccs.nsw.edu.au [Accessed: 10 October 2008]. Dewey, R. A. (2004). APA Style Resources by Russ Dewey. http://www.psywww.com/resource/apacrib.htm [Accessed: 11 vember 2008]. Format: Author/editor. (Date). Title. URL [date site was accessed]. te: If some of this information is unavailable, list what you can find on home page, and simply leave out what is unavailable. First bracketed date is date updated (or created if no updates); square bracketed date at end of line is date accessed. URL should be precise site visited (i.e. not necessarily home page). H:\Administration\Literacy\Form and Style Page 3
Videos/DVDs/CD- ROMs Newspapers Christopher Reeve is stunning in Rear Window (Bleckner, n.d.). Bleckner, J. (n.d.). Rear Window. Australia: Hallmark Entertainment. [DVD]. Format 1 (for fiction): Director. (Date). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher. [medium]. Format 2 (for something in a series): Title of individual DVD being watched or chapter on DVD. (Date). In Title. Series. (if available). Place of publication: Publisher. [medium]. te: n.d. means no date is given. Cook, on the other hand, has no time for that argument (Cook, 2004). Cook, J. (2004). A Short History. Sydney Morning Herald, 5 April, pp. 5-6. Format: Author. (Date). Title of Article. Newspaper title, specific date, page number/s. te: If the author is unavailable, put the title first then date then newspaper, etc. te that the first date is year only. Interview/tutoring Weaver, J. Personal interview. 5 December 2007. Format: Name of interviewee. Kind of interview (e.g. personal, telephone, tutoring sessions). Date. H:\Administration\Literacy\Form and Style Page 4
Bibliography Bleckner, J. (n.d.). Rear window. Australia: Hallmark Entertainment. [DVD]. Cook, J. (2004). A Short History. Sydney Morning Herald, 5 April, pp. 5-6. Dewey, R. A. (2004). APA Style Resources by Russ Dewey. http://www.psywww.com/resource/apacrib.htm [Accessed: 11 vember 2008]. Evaluating Sources. (2004). In Information Literacy and Research Series. Bendigo: Video Education Australasia. [DVD]. Jamal, N. & Chandab, T. (2005). The Glory Garage. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. Kitchen, K. A. (1980). Jericho. In J. D. Douglas, Ed., The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Part 2, pp. 748-751. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. Maclean, A. (2008, vember). Top 10 Bond Cars. Motor, pp.108-111. O Neill, N., Rice, S. & Douglas, R. (2004). Retreat from Injustice. Sydney: The Federation Press. Webb, D. H. (2008). Beckwood Brae. Crane, USA: Anomalous Publishing House. William Carey Christian School. (2008). www.wccs.nsw.edu.au [Accessed: 10 October 2008]. H:\Administration\Literacy\Form and Style Page 5
When do you cite references for ideas in your work? Did you think of it? Is it common knowledge? Cite it. Cite oit Do not cite it. (Harris, 2001, p.155) H:\Administration\Literacy\Form and Style
Another s Words? Quote and Cite it. Another s Idea? Do not cite it. Cite it. (Harris, 2001, p. 158) These flowcharts can be found in Harris, R. (2001). The Plagiarism Handbook: Strategies for preventing, detecting and dealing with plagiarism. Los Angeles: Pyrczak. (These diagrams can be found on pages 155 & 158 of this text). H:\Administration\Literacy\Form and Style