VERBS REGULAR 1 st and 2 nd conjugation 3 rd conjugation 3 rd I stem and 4 th conjugation PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT 2. drop the re -o -mus -s -tis -t -nt ambulant = they walk, they do walk, they are walking monent = they warn etc. NOTE- in 1 st conj. smush the a and o together into just -o 2. drop the ere -o -imus -is -itis -it -unt regunt=they rule, etc. 2. drop the ere / -ire -io -imus -is -itis -it -iunt capiunt=they capture, etc. audiunt=they listen, etc. IMPERFECT IMPERFECT IMPERFECT 2. drop the re -ba 4. add -m -mus -s -tis -t -nt ambulabant = they were walking they used to walk monebant = they were warning they used to warn SAME AS 1 st and 2 nd conjugation 2. drop the -ere / ire -ieba 4. add -m -mus -s -tis -t -nt capiebant= they were capturing audiebant= they were listening FUTURE FUTURE FUTURE 2. drop the re bo bimus bis bitis bit bunt ambulabunt = they will walk monebunt = they will warn 2. drop the ere -am -emus -es -etis -et -ent cedent they will move 2. drop the ere / ire -iam -iemus -ies -ietis -iet -ient capient-they will capture audient-they will listen
ALL VERBS REGULAR AND IRREGULAR REGARDLESS OF CONJUGATION Perfect active 1. 3 rd principal part 2. drop the i -i -imus -isti -istis -it -erunt monuerunt they warned they have warned they did warn Pluperfect active 1. 3 rd principal part 2. drop the i -eram -eras -erat -eramus -eratis -erant monuerant they had warned Future Perfect active 1. 3 rd principal part 2. drop the i -ero -eris -erit -erimus -eritis -erint monuerint they will have warned VERBS REGULAR PASSIVE VOICE PRESENT 1 st and 2 nd PRESENT 3 rd PRESENT 3 rd I-stem and 4 th 4. take the 2 nd principal part 5. drop the re 4. take the 2 nd principal part 5. drop the ere 6. add 4. take the 2 nd principal part 5. drop the ere / ire 6. add
6. add -or -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur -or -eris -itur -imur -imini -untur -ior -imur -eris / iris * -imini -itur -iuntur *the eris is for 3 rd i the iris is for 4th IMPERFECT 3 rd IMPERFECT 1 st 2 nd - 3 rd 5. take the 2 nd principal part 6. drop the re 7. add -ba Same as 1-2 nd 8. add -r -mur -ris -mini -tur -ntur IMPERFECT 3 rd I and 4 th 5. take the 2 nd principal part 6. drop the -ere / ire 7. add -ieba 8. add -r -mur -ris -mini -tur -ntur FUTURE 1 st and 2 nd FUTURE 3 rd FUTURE 3 rd I and 4 th 4. take the 2 nd principal part 5. drop the re 6. add 4. take the 2 nd principal part 5. drop the ere 6. add 4. take the 2 nd principal part 5. drop the ere / ire 6. add -bo r -be ris -bi tur -bi mur -bi mini -bu ntur -ar -eris -etur -emur -emini -entur -iar -iemur -ieris -iemini -ietur -ientur
Perfect Passive 4 th principal part make the 4 th principal part agree with the subject use present tense forms of sum as helping verb laudatus sum laudatus es laudatus est laudati sumus laudati estis laudati sunt --- have/has been -----ed the us ending changes depending on the subject. The choices are singular plural masc. -us -i fem. -a -ae neut. -um -a pluperfect 4 th principal part make the 4 th principal part agree with the subject use imperfect tense forms of sum as helping verb laudatus eram laudatus eras laudatus erat laudati eramus laudati eratis laudati erant ---had been---ed the us ending changes depending on the subject. The choices are singular plural masc. -us -i fem. -a -ae neut. -um -a
future perfect 4 th principal part make the 4 th principal part agree with the subject use future tense forms of sum as helping verb laudatus ero laudatus eris laudatus erit laudati erimus laudati eritis laudati erunt ----will have been ---ed the us ending changes depending on the subject. The choices are singular plural masc. -us -i fem. -a -ae neut. -um -a
person 1 st,. 2 nd, 3 rd refers to the personal endings (o,s,t, etc.) number- singualr, plural tense-present, imperfect etc. voice-active or passive mood- indicative, subjunctive, imperative Infinitves have tense and voice Forms of the infinitive Infinitives have tense and voice. There are six infinitive forms present active present passive perfect active perfect passive future active future passive Participles have gender, number, case, tense and voice
present ACTIVE laudare-to praise monere-to warn regere-to rule capere-to capture audire-to hear PASSIVE laudari-to be praised moneri-to be warned regi-to be ruled capi-to be captured audiri-to be heard perfect 2 nd pp laudavisse-to have praised monuisse-to have warned rexisse-to have ruled cepisse-to have captured audivisse-to have heard 2 nd pp change final e to i in 3 rd conj. and 3 rd i change the ere to i laudatum esse-to have been praised monitum esse-to have been warned rectum esse-to have been ruled captum esse-to have been captured auditum esse-to have been heard future 3 rd pp add sse laudaturum esse- to be about to praise moniturum esse-to be about to warn recturum esse-to be about to rule capturum esse-to be about to capture auditurum esse-to be about to listen 4 th pp and esse not learned in Latin 2 4 th pp, change um to -urum and esse These are the basic translations These translations are not used when translating an infinitive in an indirect statement
FORMING PARTICIPLES Present Active 1. 2 nd principal part 2. drop the re the endings listed below (for 3 rd i and 4 th drop the ere /ire then add ie- and then the endings below) 4. decline using the following: M-F Neuter sing. pl. sing. pl. ns ntes ns ntia ntis ntium ntis ntium nti ntibus nti ntibus ntem ntes ns ntia nte ntibus nte ntibus Perfect Passive 1. 4 th principal part 2. decline like 1 st - 2 nd declension TRANSLATING THE PARTICIPLES Present Active 1. add ing to the verb 2. use a subordinate clause introduced by who, which since, because when while, as Milites in bello pugnantes sunt fortes The soldiers fighting in the battle are brave The soldiers who are fighting in the battle are brave Since the soldiers are fighting in the battle, they are brave Because the soldiers are fighting in the battle, they are... When the soldiers are fighting in the battle... While the soldiers are fighting in the battle... As the soldiers are fighting in the battle... Perfect Passive 1. add ed to the verb 2. use having been ----ed with the verb 3. use a subordinate clause introduced by who, which since, because when after These tenses of the participle tend to be used in two ways: as adjectives see all the translations above as ablative absolutes see handout on ablative absolutes Milites in pugna vulnerati fugerunt The soldiers wounded in the battle fled The soldiers having been wounded in battle fled The soldiers who have been wounded in battle fled Since the soldiers have been wounded, they fled. Because the soldiers have been wounded, they fled When the soldiers had been wounded, they fled After the soldiers had been wounded, they fled.
Ablative Absolute Ablative Absolutes consist of noun and participle in the ablative noun and noun in the ablative noun and adjective in the ablative Ablative absolutes may use all the translations that a regular participle uses EXCEPT the subordinate clauses introduced by who or which. The difference between a participle used as a regular adjective and an ablative absolute is that the noun in the ablative absolute may not appear in the main sentence as the subject or direct object. Below are examples of regular participles and ablative absolutes notice the similarities and differences Regular Vulneratos milites iuvimus. After they were wounded, we helped the soldiers. Rex expulsus fugit ad aliam urbem. Because he had been expelled, the king fled to another city. Viros in bello pugnantes laudabimus. While they are fighting in the war, we will praise the men. Ablative Absolute Vulneratis militibus, fugimus. After the soldiers were wounded, we fled. Rege expulso, cives gaudebant. Because the king had been expelled, the people rejoiced Viris in bello pugnantibus, urbem defendemus. While the men are fighting in the war, we will defend the city
Future Active 1. 4 th principal part 2. drop the -us / -um -ur- 4. decline like 1 st - 2 nd declension Future Active 1. add going to, about to in front of the verb 2. use a subordinate clause introduced by who, which since, because Milites in bello pugnaturi sunt fortes The soldiers about to fiight in the battle are brave The soldiers who are about to fight in the battle... Since the soldiers are about to fight in the battle... Because the soldiers are about to fight in battle... When the soldiers are about to fight in the battle... 3. The future active participle is often used with a form of sum and in this case is translated as about to.../going to... The form of sum is translated in its regular way. Milites sunt pugnaturi in pugna. the men are about to fight in the battle. Future passive 1. 2 nd principal part 2. drop the re nd- 4. decline like a 1 st -2 nd declension ( for 3 rd i and 4 th drop the ere/ire) (for 3 rd i and 4 th add -iend-) This is called the future active periphrastic. It is sometimes use to form a future subjunctive TRANSLATING The future passive participle is used to form the following participle constructions: passive periphrastic gerunds gerundives
Future Passive Periphrastic 1. uses the future passive participle 2. uses a form of sum or eram 3. translate as ought to be, should be/ought to have been, should have been libri legendi sunt -The books ought to be read libri legendi erant- The books ought to have been read The dative case is used to express the person or persons by whom something should be done libri tibi legendi sunt The books ought to be read by you Gerunds / Gerundives 1. use future passive participle 2. a gerund stands alone a gerundive will have a noun in the same case 3. There is no nominative form of the gerund or gerundive. 4. Most of the other cases are translated in their normal way by adding ing to the verb: genitive =of...ing dative=to/for...ing ablative=by...ing 5. There are a few special forms: genitive followed by gratiā or causā= for the sake of ------- ad and the accusative = to, in order to Examples of Gerunds Eius amor legendi est magnus-his love of reading is great Iuvandi causā venimus- we came for the sake of helping Tempus oppugnando est idoneum-the time for attacking is ideal Ad iuvandum venimus-we came to help Celeriter oppugnando hostem vicimus-we defeated the enemy by attacking quickly Examples of Gerundives Eius amor librorum legendorum est magnus-his love of reading books is great Iuvandi regis causā venimus- we came for the sake of helping the king Tempus oppugnando oppido est idoneum-the time for attacking the town is ideal Ad iuvandum regem venimus-we came to help the king Celeriter oppugnando oppido hostem vicimus-we defeated the enemy by attacking the town quickly
The Tense of the Participle The tense of the participle is not like the tense of a regular verb The tense of a participle is always relative to another verb in the sentence The present tense of a participle indicates that the two actions are happening at the same time regardless of when that time is. The perfect tense of a participle indicates that the action happens before the other verb. The future tense indicates the action is happening after the other verb. EXAMPLES: Present tense of participle = same time as: Pueros currentes in agro videmus. We see the boys who are running in the field. Pueros currentes in agro vidimus. We saw the boys who were running in the field. Pueros currentes in agro videbimus. We will see the boys when they are running in the field. In each case the running and the seeing are happening at the same time. EXAMPLES: Perfect tense of participle = before Pueros oppugnatos videmus We see the boys who were attacked. Pueros oppugnatos vidimus We saw the boys who had been attacked. Pueros oppugnatos videbimus We will see the boys who have been attacked In each sentence the attacking happens before the seeing EXAMPLES: Future tense of participle=after Pueros oppugnaturos videmus We see the boys who are about to attack. Pueros oppugnaturos vidimus We saw the boys who were about to attack. Pueros oppugnaturos videbimus We will see the boys who will be about to attack. In each case the attacking happens after the seeing
Suggested Practice Read through the hercules stories we have done. Pick forms of regular verbs, infinitives and participles. Check to be sure you can transalte them in the passage and identify their forms. Verbs give- person, number, tense, voice and mood Infinitives give tense and voice Participles give tense, voice, gender, number, case. You can write the forms here and then identify them. Do as many as you would like