Flower-Sprecher Veterinary Library Cornell University PubMed MEDLINE: Overview for Veterinarians January, 2002 Prepared by Susanne Whitaker, Veterinary Reference Librarian Copyright 2002 MEDLINE Developed and maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine Over 11 million citations from the international biomedical journal literature from 1966 to present. Approx. 4,000 biomedical journals indexed in human medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, health care system, and preclinical sciences. 80% of the citations have author-written abstracts. 80% of the articles are in English language. Updated weekly; Pre-MEDLINE updated daily. Potential links to the full-text of articles in over 2,600 electronic journals. Includes links to the full-text of some molecular biology books. Lacks: some clinical and international veterinary journals (e.g., Compendium on Continuing Education, Canine Practice, and Veterinary Medicine). [Use CAB Abstracts (Index Veterinarius) database to supplement MEDLINE for expanded veterinary subject coverage.] OLDMEDLINE includes citations 1960-1965 from Cumulative Index Medicus and 1958-1959 (1955-1957 to be added in 2001) from Current List of Medical Literature accessible through the NLM Gateway at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov. Enter the terms and click Search; click Display Results next to Journal Citations to find the older articles are near the end or back of the list. PubMed PubMed is the World Wide Web interface created by the National Center for Biotechnology Information for a) searching the MEDLINE database and b) accessing the full text of journals at participating publishers web sites. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed (Alias URL for PubMed is: pubmed.gov)
2 Searching Subject keyword/phrase [Enter keywords/search terms in any order; PubMed will supply the AND operators or connectors) fleas dogs insecticides [PubMed searches as: fleas AND dogs AND insecticides] vitamin c common cold von willebrand cryoprecipitate dogs [Use double quotes for adjacency or phrase word order] leptospir* diagnosis dogs [Truncation for word variations] linkage retina dogs cornell [Author s institutional affiliation] coronavirus animal [Include all animal species] parvovirus review foot and mouth disease occurrence [Add review or use Limits menu] [Automatic mapping will search as a phrase and MeSH heading] Boolean searches (Enter AND, OR, NOT in UPPER CASE; use parenthesis to group like topics or synonyms) dirofilariasis OR dirofilaria OR heartworm [Use synonyms to broaden a topic] (pseudorabies OR aujeszky*) AND swine [See standardized species terms] (vitamin c OR zinc) AND common cold (fleas OR ticks) AND (dogs OR cats OR rabbits) AND insecticides Authors (Enter last name first and/or second initials, no punctuation.) kollias gv [Don t use Jr. or III designations] center sa [au] [Add field tag to common names] hackett* [au] [Use truncation and tag if you don t know any initials] burton-wurster n [Enter hyphenated names with hyphen] hackett rp ainsworth dm [For papers written by both authors together; AND is assumed] noden dm OR suarez ss [Enter OR for articles by either or both authors] Journal Titles (Enter full title or MEDLINE abbreviation, or use Journal Browser on left sidebar.) am j vet res journal of the american veterinary medical association thrombocytopenia blood [ta] 2001 [Put single word journal titles in double quotes with tag] gene therapy [ta] [Use double quotes and tag for titles confused with subjects] Combination (subject/author/journal, etc.) (Enter in any sequence; AND connector is assumed, AND/OR connections must be entered.) center sa journal of small animal practice chronic liver 1999 estrus horses equine vet j sarcoid horses vet clin north am equine practice review farnum ce chondrocyt* (aguirre gd OR acland gm) AND gene [ta] AND retina*
3 Citation Fragments (or use Single Citation Matcher on left sidebar.) nathanielsz pw h248 [Only author s name and article page number are known] Limits (Use these options on main function bar to narrow search results.) Publication Type Review (articles summarizing the literature with extensive references) Gender (male or female) Entrez Date (Date citations were entered into PubMed, not publication date) Publication Date Subsets (i.e., AIDS, Bioethics, Complementary Medicine, Dental journals, History of Medicine, Nursing journals, Space Life Sciences, Toxicology) Human/Animal (Use only for general searches not limited to certain species.) Details View how PubMed performed the search; revise terms or make re-combinations as needed, and click Go to run the search again. Display Options Single citations Click on authors link on each citation on Summary page. Selected citations Click box at left of each selected reference, then click Display. All citations Choose format, then click Display. Clipboard Add one, several, or all citations to the Clipboard. Save Save one, several, or all citations to a disk file. SHOW pull down menu is used to select number of citations to be displayed on a single scrollable page, then click Display. Display Formats (Pull down menu to select a choice; newest citations are displayed first, oldest are last or at the bottom of the list) Summary (default)---authors, title, source, Related Articles link (Good for scanning resulting list of citations). Abstract---authors, author s address, title, source, abstract, full-text and all available links. MEDLINE---tagged format used for downloading citations into bibliographic database management programs (e.g., EndNote.) TEXT button shows citations in a simplified version of each format. Useful for Save. Printing Citations Use the print capabilities of your browser. Sorting Citations Pull down Sort menu to sort resulting citations by author, journal, or publication date.
4 History View a list of searches conducted during the current search session; click on number of citations link to return to citations found in any search result. History is erased at end of session. Links (available as noted in Abstract format; not all citations have every link; Related Articles is available for all citations from Summary and Abstract formats) Related Journal Articles (right margin) Link to additional articles on the same subject as the one selected. NCBI Molecular Biology Databases (right margin) Connect to various protein, nucleotide, and other gene-related databases. Link Out (right margin) Connect to publishers and other Web sites to be added in the future. Full Text Journal Articles a) Publishers sites (highlighted logo box under journal title on Abstract format) View full text of journal articles from participating publishers; not all are available at Cornell. b) PubMed Central (highlighted red oval under journal title) View free full text articles from PubMed Central Books/Bookshelf (right margin) Link to sections of books, e.g., Albert s Molecular Biology of the Cell, for more information on various subjects. Clinical Queries and Systematic Reviews Click Clinical Queries on left side bar to search for clinical research methodology filters, meta-analyses, evidence-based medicine and other aspects of clinical review studies. Search suggestions: Just do it, then revise your search as needed. AND is the default operator. It is not necessary to enter AND between all of the search terms. Keep searches simple; 2-3, or maybe 4, separate concept terms or phrases usually work best. Choose words or phrases that authors might use in writing their papers. Use the most specific terms and consider synonyms. Enter generic drug names instead of trade names. Use Related Articles for additional citations on the same subject. Make a bookmark or favorite for PubMed in your browser for easy repeat access. Additional help? Contact Cornell University Flower-Sprecher Veterinary Library Reference Staff at vetref@cornell.edu or call 253-4357 (also, 253-3496 or 253-3499) Use Help on left sidebar of PubMed
5 Contact NLM Customer Service 1-888-346-3656 or pubmed@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov TUTORIALS: National Library of Medicine PubMed Online Training (on left side bar) or at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/pubmed_tutorial/m1001.html University of Florida Health Science Center Libraries PubMed tutorial http://www.library.health.ufl.edu/pubmed/pubmed2/index.html Revised January 25, 2002 Susanne Whitaker Veterinary Reference Librarian 253-3499 / skw2@cornell.edu
6 APPENDIX: PubMed Automatic Term Mapping search sequence When you enter search terms in the query box, PubMed searches them as words or phrases in the following order: 1. Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) Translation Table [standardized terms] 2. Journals Translation Table [journal titles and journal title abbreviations] 3. [Common] Phrase Translation Table 4. Author Index Then, if not found in any of these indexes, the terms are searched as individual words. To override automatic mapping, put term or phrase in double quotes. Standardized Indexing Terms for Species and Animal Groups Index Term Covers all of the following: amphibia All types of amphibians, including frogs and salamanders animal Any non-human animal birds All types of birds, including poultry, raptors, psittacines carnivora Bears, cats, ferrets, foxes, otters, raccoons, wolves, etc. cattle Cow, cows, bovine, calf, calves, heifer, etc. cats Cat, cats, feline, kitten, kittens, etc. cetacea Dolphins, porpoises, whales, etc. dogs Dog, dogs, canine, puppy, puppies, bitch, etc. goats Goat, goats, caprine, kid, kids, etc. guinea pigs Guinea pig, guinea pigs, cavia, cavies, etc. fishes All types of fish, including salmon and trout. hamsters Hamster, hamsters, cricetus, etc. horses Horse, horses, equine, stallion, foal, foals, etc. human Homo sapiens, man (male or female), humans insectivora Hedgehogs, moles, shrews mice Mice, mouse, all genetic types of mice, e.g, nude, inbred strains poultry Includes chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys primates All non-human primates psittacines Parakeets, parrots and others. rabbits Rabbit, rabbits, etc. rodentia All types of rodents, including rats, mice, squirrels ratites Emus, Ostriches, Rheas rats Rat, rats, all genetic types of rats, e.g, inbred strains reptiles All types including alligators, lizards and snakes ruminants All types including buffalo, camels, cattle, deer sheep Sheep, ovine, ewe, etc. swine Pig, pigs, swine, porcine, piglet, piglets, boar, boars, etc. Also, laboratory animals Includes typical lab animals, including rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, etc. as a group