Linear Circuit Design Handbook

Linear Circuit Design Handbook

Linear Circuit Design Handbook Hank Zumbahlen with the engineering staff of Analog Devices AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier

Cover images courtesy of Analog Devices Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright 2008 by Analog Devices. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333, E-mail: permissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting Support & Contact then Copyright and Permission and then Obtaining Permissions. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Linear circuit design handbook / edited by Hank Zumbahlen ; with the engineering staff of Analog Devices. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7506-8703-4 1. Electronic circuits. 2. Analog electronic systems. 3. Operational amplifiers. I. Zumbahlen, Hank. II. Analog Devices, inc. TK7867.L57 2008 627.39 5--dc22 2007053012 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-7506-8703-4 For information on all Newnes publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India www.charontec.com 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America

Contents Preface...ix Chapter 1: The Op Amp... 1 Section 1-1: Op Amp Operation...3 Section 1-2: Op Amp Specifications...25 Section 1-3: How to Read a Data Sheet...69 Section 1-4: Choosing an Op Amp...81 Chapter 2: Other Linear Circuits... 83 Section 2-1: Buffer Amplifiers...85 Section 2-2: Gain Blocks...89 Section 2-3: Instrumentation Amplifiers...91 Section 2-4: Differential Amplifiers... 107 Section 2-5: Isolation Amplifiers... 109 Section 2-6: Digital Isolation Techniques... 113 Section 2-7: Active Feedback Amplifiers... 123 Section 2-8: Logarithmic Amplifiers... 125 Section 2-9: High Speed Clamping Amplifiers... 131 Section 2-10: Comparators... 137 Section 2-11: Analog Multipliers... 147 Section 2-12: RMS to DC Converters... 153 Section 2-13: Programmable Gain Amplifiers... 157 Section 2-14: Audio Amplifiers... 165 Section 2-15: Auto-Zero Amplifiers... 185 Chapter 3: Sensors... 193 Section 3-1: Positional Sensors... 195 Section 3-2: Temperature Sensors... 215 Section 3-3: Charge Coupled Devices... 241 Chapter 4: RF/IF Circuits... 245 Section 4-1: Mixers... 248 Section 4-2: Modulators... 255 v

Contents Section 4-3: Analog Multipliers... 257 Section 4-4: Logarithmic Amplifiers... 265 Section 4-5: Tru-Power Detectors... 271 Section 4-6: VGAs... 275 Section 4-7: Direct Digital Synthesis... 281 Section 4-8: PLLs... 289 Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Sampled Data Systems... 307 Section 5-1: Coding and Quantizing... 309 Section 5-2: Sampling Theory... 327 Chapter 6: Converters... 337 Section 6-1: DAC Architectures... 340 Section 6-2: ADC Architectures... 371 Section 6-3: Sigma Delta Converters... 407 Section 6-4: Defining the Specifications... 431 Section 6-5: DAC and ADC Static Transfer Functions and DC Errors... 433 Section 6-6: Data Converter AC Errors... 443 Section 6-7: Timing Specifications... 483 Section 6-8: How to Read a Data Sheet... 487 Section 6-9: Choosing a Data Converter... 509 Chapter 7: Data Converter Support Circuits... 513 Section 7-1: Voltage References... 515 Section 7-2: Analog Switches and Multiplexers... 531 Section 7-3: Sample-and-Hold Circuits... 555 Section 7-4: Clock Generation and Distribution Circuits... 565 Chapter 8: Analog Filters... 581 Section 8-1: Introduction... 583 Section 8-2: The Transfer Function... 587 Section 8-3: Time Domain Response... 597 Section 8-4: Standard Responses... 599 Section 8-5: Frequency Transformations... 623 Section 8-6: Filter Realizations... 629 Section 8-7: Practical Problems in Filter Implementation... 653 Section 8-8: Design Examples... 663 Chapter 9: Power Management... 681 Section 9-1: Linear Voltage Regulators... 684 vi

Contents Section 9-2: Switch Mode Regulators... 701 Section 9-3: Switched Capacitor Voltage Converters... 741 Chapter 10: Passive Components... 753 Section 10-1: Capacitors... 755 Section 10-2: Resistors and Potentiometers... 767 Section 10-3: Inductors... 775 Chapter 11: Overvoltage Effects on Analog Integrated Circuits... 779 Section 11-1: Overvoltage Effects... 781 Section 11-2: Electrostatic Discharge... 789 Section 11-3: EMI/RFI Considerations... 799 Chapter 12: Printed Circuit-Board Design Issues... 821 Section 12-1: Partitioning... 824 Section 12-2: Traces... 827 Section 12-3: Grounding... 863 Section 12-4: Decoupling... 881 Section 12-5: Thermal Management... 885 Index... 897 vii

Preface This work is based on the work of many other individuals who have been involved with applications and Analog Devices since the company started in 1965. Much of the material that appears in this work is based on work that has appeared in other forms. My major job function in this case was one of editor. The list of people I would like to credit for doing the pioneering work include: Walt Kester, Walt Jung, Paul Brokaw, James Bryant, Chuck Kitchen, and many other members of Analog Devices technical community. In addition many others contributed to the production of this edition by helping out with the production of this book by providing invaluable assistance by proofreading and providing commentary. I especially want to thank Walt Kester, Bob Marwin, and Judith Douville, who also did the indexing. Again, many thanks to those involved in this project. Hank Zumbahlen Senior Staff Applications Engineer ix