Michael Schachter SMT Annual Meeting University of Michigan St. Louis, MO michael.schachter@gmail.com October 29, 2015 A Closer Look at Harmonic Prolongation in Jazz Performance Special Session: What is Jazz Harmony? Example 1: Traditional theme and variations conception of jazz harmony (after Schenker [1935] 1979) HEAD SOLO CHORUS SOLO CHORUS HEAD (Owens 1974, Strunk 1979, Martin 1996, Larson 2009) Example 2: Formal rhetoric in straight-ahead jazz Head Solos Head Exposition Development Recapitulation / Coda Example 3: Models of harmonic continuity in jazz (a) Local (linking within and between choruses by subverting tonal closure) HEAD SOLO (multi-chorus) HEAD (b) Global (single overarching tonal plan) (Owens 1974, Larson 2009, Martin 2011) HEAD SOLO HEAD 1
Example 4: The jazz standard Autumn Leaves English Lyric by Johnny Mercer; French lyric by Jacques Prevert; Music by Joseph Kosma 1947, 1950 (Renewed) ENOCH ET CIE; This arrangement 2014 ENOCH ET CIE Sole Selling Agent for US and Canada MORLEY MUSIC CO, by agreement with ENOCH ET CIE All Rights in the British Commonwealth, Eire and South Africa excluding Canada Administered by PETER MAURICE MUSIC CO. LTD. All Rights Reserved Reprinted by permission of Hal Leonard Corporation Example 5: Melodic reduction of Autumn Leaves head (after Waters 2001-02) Example 6: Avoiding tonal closure in Autumn Leaves (voice-leading reduction of mm.1 8) 2
Example 7: Keith Jarrett Trio, Autumn Leaves (Keith Jarrett at the Blue Note, 1995) First head (two choruses) [4:21 5:41] 3
Example 7 (continued) 4
Example 7 (continued) Example 8: Keith Jarrett s harmonic plan for Autumn Leaves (Keith Jarrett at the Blue Note, 1995) INTRO HEAD SOLOS HEAD JAM HEAD OUTRO 5
Example 9: Prolongational procedures in Jarrett s solo piano introduction to Autumn Leaves (Keith Jarrett at the Blue Note, 1995) [0:05 0:56] Example 10: Keith Jarrett Trio, Autumn Leaves (Keith Jarrett at the Blue Note, 1995) Transition from solo piano introduction into the head [4:08 4:22] 6
Example 11: Voice-leading reduction of Jarrett s solo piano introduction to Autumn Leaves (Keith Jarrett at the Blue Note, 1995) [0:05 4:08] Example 12: Final head into coda, Autumn Leaves (Keith Jarrett at the Blue Note, 1995) [23:39 24:08] 7
Example 12 (continued) 8
Example 13: Modulation scheme of Teddy Wilson, All of Me (1946) (Simons/Marks) Example 14: On Green Dolphin Street, mm. 9 16 (Kaper/Washington) Example 15: Voice-leading reduction of George Shearing and Nancy Wilson, On Green Dolphin Street (The Swinging s Mutual, 1961) Example 16: Bass reduction/modulation scheme of Tony Williams Trio, On Green Dolphin Street (Young at Heart, 1988) 9
Bibliography Arthurs, Danny. 2012. Revisiting Thematic Improvisation and Form in Jazz: Goal-Orientation in Brad Mehldau s Unrequited. Society for Music Theory Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA (November 2, 2012). Kernfeld, Barry. 1983. Two Coltranes. Annual Review of Jazz Studies 2: 7-66. Koch, Lawrence O. 1985. "The Jazz Composition/Arrangement." Annual Review of Jazz Studies 3: 181-192. Larson, Steve. 2009. Analyzing Jazz: A Schenkerian Approach. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press.. 1998. Schenkerian Analysis of Modern Jazz: Questions about Method. Music Theory Spectrum 20, no. 2: 209-41. Martin, Henry. 1996. Charlie Parker and Thematic Improvisation. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press.. 1988. Jazz Harmony: A Syntactic Background. Annual Review of Jazz Studies 4: 9 30.. 2011a. More Than Just Guide Tones: Steve Larson's Analyzing Jazz: A Schenkerian Approach. Journal of Jazz Studies 7, no. 1: 121 44.. 2011b. Schenker and the Tonal Jazz Repertory. Dutch Journal of Music Theory 16, no. 1: 1 20. Mehldau, Brad. 1999. The Art of the Trio, Vol. 4. Liner notes. Warner Brothers CD 9362 47463-2. Owens, Thomas. 1974. Charlie Parker: Techniques of Improvisation. PhD diss., UCLA. Schenker, Heinrich. [1935] 1979. Free Composition. Trans. and ed. Ernst Oster. New York: Schirmer Books. Schachter, Michael. Forthcoming. Autumn Leaves : Intricacies of Style in Keith Jarrett s Approach to the Jazz Standard. Indiana Theory Review. Schuller, Gunther. 1958. Sonny Rollins and the Challenge of Thematic Improvisation. The Jazz Review 1 (Nov., 1958). Reprinted in Musings The Musical Worlds of Gunther Schuller, 86 97. New York: Oxford University Press (1986). Strunk, Steven. 1985. Bebop Melodic Lines: Tonal Characteristics, Annual Review of Jazz Studies 3: 97 120.. 1979. The Harmony of Early Bop: A Layered Approach. Journal of Jazz Studies 6, vol. 1: 4 53. Waters, Keith. 2001 2. Outside Forces: Autumn Leaves in the 1960s. Current Musicology 71 73: 276 302. Williams, Kent. 1988. Archetypical Schemata in Jazz Themes of the Bebop Era. Annual Review of Jazz Studies 4: 49 74. 10