BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Joseph Conrad, Almayer s Folly, London: Everyman, 1995 Joseph Conrad, An Outcast of the Islands, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 Joseph Conrad, Due Racconti Africani: Un Avamposto del Progresso, Cuore di Tenebra, M. Curreli, ed., Milano: Bompiani, 1996 (English-Italian text) Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989 Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989 Joseph Conrad, Under Western Eyes, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989 Secondary Sources Chinua Achebe, An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad s Heart of Darkness, in Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays 1965-1987, Oxford: Heinemann, 1988, pp. 1-13. A well-known article in which Nigerian writer Achebe accuses Conrad of conveying racist and stereotyped views of Africa and the Africans in Heart of Darkness. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, eds., The Postcolonial Studies Reader, London: Routledge, 1995 A useful collection of essays and excerpts from different authors and texts which focus on the main issues of post-colonial theory.
Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures, London: Routledge, 1989. One of the first attempts to give a thorough exposition of the issues characterizing post-colonial theory and practice. Elleke Boehmer, Colonial & Postcolonial Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 A chronological account of post-colonial literature, from the colonial age to the most recent developments. Patrick Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism 1830-1914, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988 A chronological account of the evolution of imperialist ideology in British literature from 1830 to 1914. The last chapter discusses Conrad s treatment of imperialism in Heart of Darkness and The Inheritors. R. Burden, Conrad s Heart of Darkness: The Critique of Imperialism and the Post-colonial Reader, L Epoque Conradienne, Limoges, France, 1992: 63-83 Discusses Conrad s attitude to imperialism taking into account different critical interpretations and the critiques of several post-colonial authors, contrasting them with Achebe s. Keith Carabine, Joseph Conrad: Critical Assessments, Mountfield: Helm Information, 1992, 4 voll. Gathers numerous articles on Conrad s works, from early reviews to recent criticism. Avrom Fleishman, Conrad s Politics: Community and Anarchy in the Fiction of Joseph Conrad, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1967 Analyses the development of Conrad s political views and their relationship to the political ideologies of his time.
D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke, Ironies of Progress: Joseph Conrad and Imperialism in Africa, in Robert Giddings, ed., Literature and Imperialism, New York: St. Martin s Press, 1991, pp. 75-111. Underlines Conrad s denouncement of imperialism through Marlow in Heart of Darkness analysing the narrative devices that subverted widespread imperialist attitudes. Robert Hamner, Colony, Nationhood and Beyond: Third World Writers and Critics Contend with Joseph Conrad, in K. Carabine, ed., Joseph Conrad: Critical Assessments, Mountfield: Helm Information, 1992, vol. II, pp. 419-427. Originally in World Literature Written in English, 23, 1 (1984): 108-116. Discusses Third World writers s interest for Conrad and his influence on their critical and artistic works. R. G. Hampson, Conrad and the Idea of Empire, L Epoque Conradienne, Limoges, France, 1989: 9-22 Compares Heart of Darkness with contemporary articles on the colonization of Africa to show how Conrad s multivocal novella relates to the imperialist discourses of the time. Wilson Harris, The Frontier on Which Heart of Darkness Stands, in Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness: An Authoritative Text, R. Kimbrough, ed., 3rd edn., New York: Norton, 1988, pp. 262-268. Dismantles Achebe s accusation of racism and argues that Heart of Darkness is a frontier novel. Robert F. Haugh, Heart of Darkness: Problem for Critics, in Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness: An Authoritative Text, R. Kimbrough, ed., 3rd ed., New York: Norton, 1988, pp. 239-242. An examination of the different critical approaches to Heart of Darkness. Hunt Hawkins, The Issue of Racism in Heart of Darkness, Conradiana, XIV, 3 (1982): 163-171
Discusses several critiques of the novella and maintains that, although Conrad does not take into proper consideration the Africans, his attitude is complex, critical of racism and imperialism, and sympathetic to non-europeans peoples. Jeremy Hawthorn, Joseph Conrad: Narrative Technique and Ideological Commitment, London: Edward Arnold, 1990 Analyses the interplay of technical accomplishment and artistic conception, as well as the relationship between narrative techniques and moral and human commitment in Conrad s work. Myrtle Hooper, Two Sides of Empire: Heart of Darkness and Mhudi, The Conradian, 17, 1 (Autumn 1992): 37-43 Compares the two works pointing out differences and similarities in narrative strategies and standpoints. Graham Huggan, Anxieties of Influence: Conrad in the Caribbean, in K. Carabine, ed., Joseph Conrad: Critical Assessments, Mountfield: Helm Information, 1992, vol. II, pp. 447-459. Originally in Commonwealth, 11 (1988): 1-12 Discusses the influence of British literary tradition on Caribbean writers, contrasting Conrad s Heart of Darkness with V. S. Naipaul s A Bend in the River and Wilson Harris s The Palace of the Peacock. R. Humphries, The Discourse of Colonialism: Its Meaning and Relevance for Conrad s Fiction, Conradiana, 21, 2 (1989): 107-133 Analyses how imperialist discourses promoting Western colonialist practices in an underhand way work in Conrad s fiction. Phil Joffe, Africa and Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness: The Bloody Racist (?) as Demystifier of Imperialism, in W. Krajka, gen. ed., Conrad s Eastern and Western Perspectives, New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, vol. I, ed. by K. Carabine, O. Knowles, W. Krajka, p. 75-89. Analyses the novella showing how it works to dismantle imperialist attitudes.
Mark Kinkead-Weekes, Heart of Darkness and the Third World Writer, in K. Carabine, ed., Joseph Conrad: Critical Assessments, Mountfield: Helm Information, 1992, vol. II, pp. 468-480. Originally in Sewanee Review, 98, 1 (1990): 31-49 (Revised) Discusses post-colonial receptions of Conrad and analyses V. S. Naipaul s A Bend in the River at length. R. F. Leavis, The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad, London: Chatto and Windus, 1948 Inscribes Conrad in the great tradition of English literature, although with some reservations about his adjectival insistence and difficult style. Robert Francis Lee, Conrad s Colonialism, The Hague: Mouton, 1969 Analyses the colonial milieu of Conrad s works, and argues that Conrad adopted imperialist ideologies. Zdzislaw Najder, Conrad in His Historical Perspective, in K. Carabine, ed., Joseph Conrad: Critical Assessments, Mountfield: Helm Information, 1992, vol. IV, pp. 414-423. Originally in English Literature in Transition, 14, 3 (1971): 157-166 Gives a brief view of Conrad s historical background, arguing that he has to be read within it. V. S. Naipaul, Conrad s Darkness, in The Return of Eva Peron, New York: Knopf, 1974, pp. 199-218. Guyanese writer Naipaul gives his personal interpretation of Conrad and explains how he came to appreciate him in the course of his life. Peter Nazareth, Conrad s Descendants, in K. Carabine, ed., Joseph Conrad: Critical Assessments, Mountfield: Helm Information, 1992, vol. II, pp. 460-467. Originally in Conradiana, 22, 2 (1990): 101-109
Underlines the strong and formative influence that Conrad has had on the Third World, listing a number of post-colonial texts strictly related to Conrad s works. P. Nazareth, Out of Darkness: Conrad and Other Third World Writers, Conradiana, 14, 3 (1982): 173-187 Explains the reasons why Conrad makes sense to post-colonial writers, and analyses Heart of Darkness in a post-colonial perspective. Benita Parry, Conrad and Imperialism: Ideological Boundaries and Visionary Frontiers, London, Macmillan Press, 1983 Argues that Conrad attacks imperialism, although adopting imperialist attitudes on the Other. Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism, London: Vintage, 1994 A brilliant discussion of the relationship existing between culture - narrative in particular, but also music and television - and imperialist ideologies, which is often neglected in criticism. C. P. Sarvan, Racism and the Heart of Darkness, in Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness: An Authoritative Text, R. Kimbrough, ed., 3rd edn., New York: Norton, 1988, pp. 280-285. Examines the charge of racism brought against Heart of Darkness and maintains that Conrad shows the similarities between blacks and Europeans and thus mines, although he does not dismantle, racist views. Norman Sherry, ed., Conrad: The Critical Heritage, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973 A collection of early articles and reviews on Conrad s works. Francis B. Singh, The Colonialistic Bias of Heart of Darkness, in Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness: An Authoritative Text, R. Kimbrough, ed., 3rd edn., New York: Norton, 1988, pp. 268-280. Presses Achebe s attack of racism, maintaining that Conrad associated evil with blacks, although he was nominally anti-imperialist.
Cedric Watts, A Bloody Racist : About Achebe s View of Conrad, in K. Carabine, ed., Joseph Conrad: Critical Assessments, Mountfield: Helm Information, 1992, vol. II, pp. 405-417. Originally in Yearbook of English Studies, 1983: 196-209 Dismantles Achebe s accusation of Conrad as racist and imperialist, arguing that Conrad and Achebe are on the same side. Cedric Watts, A Preface to Conrad, London: Longman, 1982 An introduction to Conrad that analyses his life, background and literary career. Cedric Watts, Joseph Conrad, Plymouth: Northcote House, 1994 A brief critical presentation of Conrad and his work. Andrea White, Joseph Conrad and the Adventure Tradition: Constructing and Deconstructing the Imperial Subject, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 Discusses the influence of nineteenth-century travel writing and adventure fiction on Conrad s ideological and literary formation.