STYLE MANUAL Formatting of the research report should follow the guidelines provided in the latest edition of The Chicago Manual of Style. The Chicago Manual of Style uses notes that appear at the bottom of the page (footnotes) and bibliographic citations at the end of the paper. The notes format uses a raised numeral at the end of the sentence in which you have either quoted or made reference to an idea or a piece of information from a source. This same number should appear at the beginning of the note. The first time you make reference to a work you use the full citation; subsequent references to the same work should list the author s last name, followed by a comma, a shortened version of the title, and a page number. Samples from the Chicago Manual of Style are as follows. Sample Citations for Notes -- Articles 1. An article in a scholarly journal with continuous pagination 1 John Huntington, Science Fiction and the Future, College English 37 (Fall 1975): 340-58. 2. An article in a scholarly journal with separate pagination in each issue 2 R.G. Sipes, War, Sports, and Aggression: An Empirical Test of Two Rival Theories, American Anthropologist 4, no.2 (Spring 1973): 84. 3. An article in a weekly magazine 3 Sharon Bergley, Redefining Intelligence, Newsweek, 14 November 1983, 123. Solzhenitsyn: A Candle in the Wind, Time, 23 March 1970, 70. 4. An article in a monthly magazine 4 Lori Roll, Careers in Engineering, Working Woman, November 1982, 62. 5. An article in a newspaper 5 Raymond Bonner, A Guatemalan General s Rise to Power, New York Times, 21 July 1982, A3.
Sample Citations for Notes -- Books 1. A book by one author 6 Gans, Herbert J., The Urban Villagers, 2nd ed. New York: Free Press, 1982 2. A book by two or more authors 7 Davidson, James West and Mark Hamilton Lytle. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1982. 3. A multi volume work 8 Raine, Kathleen. Vol. 1 of Blake and Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968. 9 Durant, Will and Ariel Durant. The Age of Napoleon: A History of European Civilization from 1789 to 1815. Vol. II of The Story of Civilization. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975. 4. An edited Book 10 Bartram, William. The Travels of William Bartram. Edited by Mark Van Doren. New York: Dover Press, 1955. 11 Lloyd, G.E.R., Science and Mathematics. In The Legacy of Greece, edited by M. I. Finley, 256-300. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. Sample Bibliography Gallagher, John. The Decline, Revival, and Fall of the British Empire. In The Decline, Revival, and Fall of the British Empire, edited by Anil Seal, 60-95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Kimball, Warren F., ed. Churchill and Roosevelt: Their Complete Correspondence. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. Moyne, Lord (Chairman), West India: Royal Commission Report. London: HMSO, 1945. Weigall, David. Britain and the World, 1915-1986. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Citation Guide for Internet Sources Bibliographic Citations Author's Last Name, First Name. [author's internet address, if available]. "Title of Work" or "title line of message." In "Title of Complete Work" or title of list/site as appropriate. [internet address]. Date of publication and/or date accessed. The samples below indicate how citations of particular electronic sources might be made. World Wide Web Limb, Peter. "Relationships between Labour & African Nationalist/Liberation Movements in Southern Africa." [http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/world_history/archives/limb-l.html]. May 1992. Footnote and Endnote Citations Basic citation components and punctuation <note number> Author's First name and Last name, [author's internet address, if available], "Title of Work" or "title line of message," in "Title of Complete Work" or title of list/site as appropriate, [internet address], date if available. The examples below indicate how citations of particular electronic sources might be made. 1 Peter Limb, "Relationships between Labour & African Nationalist/Liberation Movements in Southern Africa," [http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/world_history/archives/limb-l.html], May 1992.
TITLE PAGE Each research report must have a title page. The title should be very descriptive, yet brief. A creative title creates reader interest and curiosity. Make the title intriguing, yet explanatory. The title page should be divided into distinct fourths. Each section should have an appropriate size font. A sample title page from a recent research project is shown below. Sample Title H A R D I N G U N I V E R S I T Y Page Developing States Health Expenditures: Determinants and Benefits BY: Candice D. Ortbals May 5, 1997
ABSTRACT Every research report will contain an abstract immediately after the title page. An abstract is a 250 word minimum to a 300 word maximum summary of the entire research project. The research design, statistics, major findings and conclusions are highlighted. A person who reads the abstract should know exactly what the entire research project is about; therefore, not a single excess word can be included in the abstract. A sample abstract from a recent research project is shown here. Sample Abstract The term limits movement for state legislatures has been gaining momentum. Fourteen states adopted limit initiatives in 1992. The goal of this research project was to the determine factors that have contributed to the growth of the term limits movement. Extensive background research was conducted to determine the characteristics of the movement. Past research suggested several apparent reasons for the growth of the movement. These reasons included the existence of direct initiative, rates of legislator turnover, incumbency, Republican influence, regional political culture, citizen involvement, and the influence of interest groups. The overall research questions for the project were designed to evaluate the factors which may have affected the movement. What factors have influenced the growth of the term limits movement? Are the factors raised by other authors valid explanations for the term limits movement? In order to answer the research questions, random samples of states with term limits and without term limits were selected and compared. Several hypotheses were tested for factors which have been used to explain the movement. The overall research conclusion was that the only explanatory factor for the growth of the term limits movement was the existence of the direct state initiative. The other factors proposed by scholars were not supported by statistical evidence. More states would have term limits if they had the power of initiative and term limits will likely be restricted to states which have this power.
TABLE OF CONTENTS A table of contents is required. Each item and chapter should be given. Subtopics should be included. By reviewing the Table of Contents, a reader should know exactly where to go to find any major item important to the research project. In addition, a List of Tables and List of Graphics should also be presented immediately after the Table of Contents. A sample of each of these is shown here. SAMPLE LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 Direct Initiative in States With Limits and States Without Limits 37 3.2 Incumbency Rates for State legislators 38 3.3 Rates of Congressional Incumbency 39 3.4 Republicans in State Legislatures 40 3.5 Percentage of Republican Congressional Representatives 41 3.6 Individualistic Political Cultures 43 3.7 Moralistic Political Cultures 44 3.8 Traditionalistic Political Cultures 44 3.9 Average Unemployment Rate as a Measure of Dissatisfaction 46 3.10 Average Income Tax per Capita as a Measure of Citizen Involvement 47 3.11 Average Voter Turnout as a Measure of Citizen Involvement 48 3.12 Percentage of Afro-American and Hispanic Groups in State Populations 49 3.13 Percentage of Afro-American and Hispanic Groups in State legislatures 50 3.14 Percentage of Women in State legislatures 51 SAMPLE LIST OF GRAPHICS Graphic Page 3.1 Term Limitations in States With the power of Initiative 36 3.2 Mean Percentages of Republicans in State legislatures 40 3.3 Mean Percentages of Republican Congressional Representatives 41 3.5 Political Cultures of Sampled States 42 3.6 Average unemployment Percentages 46 3.7 Average percentage of Minorities (Black and Hispanic) 49