APA In-Text Citation Cheat Sheet (and the Resulting Reference List) Real student essay excerpts If you don t mention the author in your writing, include their last name and the year of publication after each quote. The Nazis obeyed Hitler for the same reason. He was in a position of authority. A Nazi leader at Nuremberg says in legal defense that he was only following orders, (Balkstad, 2008). The Nazis knew that, even though they thought less of the Jews, hurting people so horribly is unethical If you do use the author s name in your writing, you don t have to include in parenthesis, just the year of publication. Dr. Jeremy Dean (2007) explains that most participants in the experiment were deeply affected: After only a few day s realistic role-playing participants reported it felt as though their old identities had been erased. If the source does not have an author or is published by a group/company like PBS or History Channel, use the article title and the date of publication. As Elie focuses on remembering the Holocaust, we also must remember the horrors of My Lai. A My Lai resident says That [the anniversary of the massacre] is the only time the world cares about us...jews and Arabs ask us to remember their dead because they were in the holocaust...but not us, (Calleja, 2010). When news of My Lai was originally released, people did not make a big enough deal of it. This was due, in part, to a cover-up at the highest levels of the military. The cover-up exacerbated growing antiwar ( My Lai Massacre, 2009) ideas in the United States during a time when the war was increasingly less popular. To cite an interview you conducted that is unpublished, there are two ways. See the example. More than half of Americans polled by Gallup indicate they support the death penalty as a punishment for murder. One citizen, Zachary Hamilton, remarks, Fair is fair. Kill? Be killed, (2015). Still, opponents say that it s too final. It s not our place to make these choices, (Myers, 2015)
References Balkstad, A. (2008). Social Psychology Experiments. Explorable Psychology Experiments. Retrieved from https://explorable.com/social-psychology-experiments Calleja, D. (2010). The My Lai Massacre Vietnam s Holocaust. Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved from http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/02/24/the-my-lai-massacre- vietnams-holocaust/ Dean, J. (2007). Our Dark Hearts: The Stanford Prison Experiment. PsyBlog. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/2007/09/our-dark-hearts-stanford-prison.php Hamilton, Zachary. (2015, January 18). On the death penalty. Personal interview. Myers, Benjamin. (2015, January 20). On the death penalty. Telephone interview. My Lai Massacre. (2009). History. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam- war/my-lai-massacre Smith, Patricia. (2014). To Kill or Not to Kill. New York Times Upfront Magazine. - Alphabetized by author. If no author, use title of what you are citing.
NAME: BLOCK: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries. (2007, July 12). APA Citation Style. Citing Information (section 3). Retrieved from http://www.lib.unc.edu/instruct/citations/apa/index.html APA Citation Reference Guide WHY WE CITE The Purposes of Citation Quality academic writing is built upon the work of others, to which we add our own unique analysis and contributions. Citations serve three major roles in scholarly work: 1. They allow you to show how your argument is built upon the ideas of others. 2. They allow you to indicate which ideas are taken from others, and from whom those ideas were taken; in other words, to give credit where it's due. 3. They allow the interested reader to follow your argument and confirm its logic by investigating the ideas on which the argument is built, or to further explore those ideas on their own. In each case, it's important that you acknowledge the ways in which others' ideas contributed to your own. To fail to distinguish our original ideas from those of our forebears is plagiarism, "the act of appropriating the literary composition of another author, or excerpts, ideas, or passages therefrom, and passing the material off as one's own creation." (West's Encyclopedia of American Law). What Needs to be Cited? If you incorporate or refer to others' theories, words, ideas or concepts in a paper or project, you must document each one using a citation. The use of facts and statistics that another has compiled must also be likewise acknowledged. You need to document: Direct quotes, both entire sentences and phrases Paraphrases (rephrased or summarized material) Words or terminology specific to or unique to the author's research, theories, or ideas Use of an author's argument or line of thinking Historical, statistical, or scientific facts Graphs, drawings, or other such aggregations of information or data Articles or studies you refer to within your text You do not need to document: Proverbs, axioms, and sayings ("A stitch in time saves nine.") Well-known quotations ("Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.") Common knowledge (Thomas Edison invented the phonograph; "Starry Night" was painted by Vincent Van Gogh; Oxygen has the atomic number 8) Sometimes it can be difficult to be sure what counts as common knowledge. A good rule of thumb is to ask yourself if a knowledgeable reader would be familiar with the information in question. If he or she would have to look it up to confirm it, you should usually document it. If you're not sure, document it to play it safe.
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS For all in-text citations except for those following block quotations (see below), the reference is placed immediately before the final punctuation mark of the sentence that refers to that source. In all citations, elements (such as author, publication year, and page number) are separated from each other by commas. For Exact Quotations: In the examples below, the citations indicate page number (using the abbreviation "p."). One may also use chapter numbers ("Chapter 6"), paragraph numbers ("para. 4"), section numbers, equation numbers, table numbers, or any other organizational numbering that exists in the source to indicate the reference for a citation. Rule: Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Put the page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation before the ending punctuation mark. EXAMPLE: As Davis (1978) reported, "If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behaviorists" (p. 26). Rule: When the author's name does not appear in the signal phrase, place the author's name, the date, and the page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation. Use commas between items in the parentheses. EXAMPLE: "If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behaviorists" (Davis, 1978, p. 26). Rule: When the quotation is more than 40 words in text, do not use quotation marks, but indent the quotation into its own block of text. Note that for blocks of text, the citation follows the final punctuation of the quoted text. EXAMPLE: Students having a hard time finding databases isn't a new phenomenon. At the University of Washington, they have problems too. With the addition of so many new databases to the campus online system, many students were having difficulty locating the database they needed. At the same time, the role of Session Manager had evolved. The increased importance of the Session Manager as a selection tool made it a part of the navigation process itself. (Eliasen, 1997, p. 510) For Paraphrased Ideas: In general, no quotation marks are required when paraphrasing ideas. Likewise, page numbers or other indication of specific parts of a source are not necessary unless a specific part of the text is being referenced. EXAMPLES: According to Davis (1978), when they learned of an ape's ability to use sign language, both linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by surprise. When they learned of an ape's ability to use sign language, both linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by surprise (Davis, 1978).
Additional Circumstances: Rule: Work with two authors: In the first reference to work, list both authors. EXAMPLES: Patterson and Linden (1981) agreed that the gorilla Koko acquired language more slowly than a normal speaking child. Koko acquired language more slowly than a normal speaking child (Patterson & Linden, 1981). Rule: Work with 3-5 authors: In the first reference to such a work, list all authors. EXAMPLE: The study noted a fluctuating divorce rate in Middletown between the 1920s and the 1970s (Caplow, Bahr, Chadwick, Hill, & Williamson, 1982). In subsequent citations, use the first author's name followed by "et al." (note the period after the word "al"). EXAMPLE: While the incidence of wife abuse may not be higher than in the past, the researchers found that women were more willing to report it (Caplow et al., 1982). Rule: Work by an association, government agency, or corporation. EXAMPLES: First citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996) Later citations: (NIMH, 1996) Rule: When citing from a source that does not provide page numbers (such as an electronic source), use paragraph numbers if available, or the name of the section followed by the number of the paragraph within that section. EXAMPLES: (Myers, 2000, para. 5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1) Rule: When citing from a source with no author given, or when citing from legal materials, use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year as your citation. Place article, web page, chapter, and section titles in double quotation marks, and italicize the titles of books, periodicals, reports, and websites. When a work's author is designated as "Anonymous," cite in text the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date: (Anonymous, 1998). EXAMPLES: ("Former FBI Agent," 2007)...as seen in Preparing for the GRE (2003).
APA Bibliography/Reference List Guide APA ONLINE SOURCES (ABRIDGED LIST) Website Bass, R. (1997). Technology & learning: A brief guide to interactive multimedia and the study of the United States. Retrieved from http://www.georgetown.edu/crossroads/mltmedia.html Article from a Scholarly Journal, Retrieved from an Online Database Dorman, S. M. (1997). Video and computer games: Effect on children and implications for health education. Journal of School Health, 67(4), 133-138. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?action=interpret&v=2.1&u=unc_main&it=jiourl&issn=002 2-4391&p=AONE&sw=w&authCount=1 Entry in an online reference work, no author or editor If the online version refers to an existing print edition, include the edition number of the print version after the title. Obsequious. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/obsequious.
Motion Picture For a motion picture, the first executive producer and the first director should be listed as the responsible parties. If one of these parties fulfilled multiple creative roles in the film, all such roles should be listed. If credits for director and producer are not available, provide the name of the individual or organization most responsible for the work. Hardy, J. (Producer), & Brest, M. (Writer/Director). (2003). Gigli [Motion picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures. Blog post Miko. (2009, November 16). Re: The way we were [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.metafilter.com/86709/the-way-we-were YouTube / Video blog post EduFactory2009. (2007, March 31). Stanley Aronowitz interview part I [video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koqfxzphjcu&feature=related Images From A Website/Image Database [e.g., Google Images!] Scott, William Bell (Artist). (1861) Incoming Tide on the Northumberland Coast[Painting]. Chapel Hill, NC; Ackland Art Museum. Retrieved November 30, 2010, from http://www.ackland.org
APA PRINT SOURCES (ABRIDGED LIST) Book Kurlansky, M. (2002). Salt: A world history. New York, NY: Walker. Article from a Magazine Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674. Translation (Book) Freud, S. (1950). Beyond the pleasure principle (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York, NY: Liveright. (Original work published 1920). Images From A Book Delaroche, Paul (1829) Portrait of a Woman, [Pastel Drawing]. From European Drawings from the Collection of the Ackland Art Museum (p. 93) by Carol C. Gillham and Carolyn H. Wood, 2001, Chapel Hill: The Museum, University of North Carolina.
APA: SAMPLE WORKS-CITED PAGE Spacing APA style dictates that the references page should be double-spaced, and that entries should be formatted with a hanging indent. A hanging indent is formatted so that the first line of each entry is at the left margin and subsequent lines in the same entry should be indented. Order For titles starting with articles ("a" and "the"; and equivalents in other languages), the article is not considered when alphabetizing. Numerals and numbers are alphabetized as though they are spelled out. What to include In APA style, every reference cited in your text must be reflected in an entry on your references page. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications with the author such as e-mails, conversations, and letters which need only be cited in text. Likewise, every item on the references page must correspond to an in-text citation somewhere in your work. Do not include works that you do not cite in the body of your paper. EXAMPLE: References Bass, R. (1997). Technology & learning: A brief guide to interactive multimedia and the study of the United States. Retrieved from http://www.georgetown.edu/crossroads/mltmedia.html Don't even think about turning here. (2002, October 3). The New York Times. Dorman, S. M. (1997). Video and computer games: Effect on children and implications for health education. Journal of School Health, 67(4), 133-138. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?action=interpret&v=2.1&u=unc_main&it=jiourl&issn=0022-4391&p=aone&sw=w&authcount=1 Franklin, M. L. (1991). A motivational approach to exercise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 73, 21-28. Gene therapy to be tried. (2002, October 11). The News & Observer, p. 9A. Hardy, J. (Producer) & Brest, M. (Writer/Director). (2003). Gigli [Motion picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures. Kurlansky, M. (2002). Salt: A world history. New York, NY: Walker. Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674. Scholnick, E. K. (Ed.). (1999). Conceptual development: Piaget's legacy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES/REFERENCE LISTS INTRODUCTION Welcome to the wonderful world of annotated bibliographies! You re probably already familiar with the need to provide bibliographies, reference pages, and works cited lists to credit your sources when you do a research paper. An annotated bibliography includes descriptions and explanations of your listed sources beyond the basic citation information you usually provide. WHY DO AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY? One of the reasons behind citing sources and compiling a general bibliography is so that you can prove you have done some valid research to back up your argument and claims. Readers can refer to a citation in your bibliography and then go look up the material themselves. When inspired by your text or your argument, interested researchers can access your resources. They may wish to double check a claim or interpretation you ve made, or they may simply wish to continue researching according to their interests. But think about it: even though a bibliography provides a list of research sources of all types that includes publishing information, how much does that really tell a researcher or reader about the sources themselves? An annotated bibliography provides specific information about each source you have used. As a researcher, you have become an expert on your topic: you have the ability to explain the content of your sources, assess their usefulness, and share this information with others who may be less familiar with them. Think of your paper as part of a conversation with people interested in the same things you are; the annotated bibliography allows you to tell readers what to check out, what might be worth checking out in some situations, and what might not be worth spending the time on. It s kind of like providing a list of good movies for your classmates to watch and then going over the list with them, telling them why this movie is better than that one or why one student in your class might like a particular movie better than another student would. You want to give your audience enough information to understand basically what the movies are about and to make an informed decision about where to spend their money based on their interests. WHAT DOES AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY DO? A good annotated bibliography: encourages you to think critically about the content of the works you are using, their place within a field of study, and their relation to your own research and ideas. proves you have read and understand your sources. establishes your work as a valid source and you as a competent researcher. situates your study and topic in a continuing professional conversation. provides a way for others to decide whether a source will be helpful to their research if they read it. could help interested researchers determine whether they are interested in a topic by providing background information and an idea of the kind of work going on in a field.
TYPES OF ANNOTATIONS As you now know, one annotation does not fit all purposes! There are different kinds of annotations, depending on what might be most important for your reader to learn about a source. Your assignments will usually make it clear which citation format you need to use, but they may not always specify which type of annotation to employ. In that case, you ll either need to pick your instructor s brain a little to see what she wants or use clue words from the assignment itself to make a decision. For instance, the assignment may tell you that your annotative bibliography should give evidence proving an analytical understanding of the sources you ve used. The word analytical clues you in to the idea that you must evaluate the sources you re working with and provide some kind of critique. Summary annotations There are two kinds of summarizing annotations, informative and indicative. Summarizing annotations in general have a couple of defining features: They sum up the content of the source, as a book report might. They give an overview of the arguments and proofs/evidence addressed in the work and note the resulting conclusion. They do not judge the work they are discussing. Leave that to the critical/evaluative annotations. When appropriate, they describe the author s methodology or approach to material. For instance, you might mention if the source is an ethnography or if the author employs a particular kind of theory. Informative annotation Informative annotations sometimes read like straight summaries of the source material, but they often spend a little more time summarizing relevant information about the author or the work itself. Indicative annotation Indicative annotation is the second type of summary annotation, but it does not attempt to include actual information from the argument itself. Instead, it gives general information about what kinds of questions or issues are addressed by the work. This sometimes includes the use of chapter titles. Critical/evaluative Evaluative annotations don t just summarize. In addition to tackling the points addressed in summary annotations, evaluative annotations: evaluate the source or author critically (biases, lack of evidence, objective, etc.). show how the work may or may not be useful for a particular field of study or audience. explain how researching this material assisted your own project.
WRITING STYLE Okay, next! So what does it mean to use different writing styles as opposed to different kinds of content? Content is what belongs in the annotation, and style is the way you write it up. First, choose which content type you need to compose, and then choose the style you re going to use to write it Telescopic This kind of annotated bibliography is a study in succinctness. It uses a minimalist treatment of both information and sentence structure, without sacrificing clarity. Warning: this kind of writing can be harder than you might think. Paragraph Don t skimp on this kind of annotated bibliography. If your instructor has asked for paragraph form, it likely means that you ll need to include several elements in the annotation, or that she expects a more in-depth description or evaluation, for instance. Make sure to provide a full paragraph of discussion for each work. APA ANNOTATIONS Natural and social sciences, such as psychology, nursing, sociology, and social work, use APA documentation. It is also used in economics, business, and criminology. These annotations are often succinct summaries. Annotated bibliographies for APA format do not require a special title. Use the usual References designation. Like MLA, APA uses a hanging indent: the first line is set flush with the left margin, and all other lines are indented four spaces (you may ask your instructor if it s okay to tab over instead of using four spaces). After the bibliographic citation, drop down to the next line to begin the annotation, but don t skip an extra line. The entire annotation is indented an additional two spaces, so that means each of its lines will be six spaces from the margin (if your instructor has said that it s okay to tab over instead of using the four spaces rule, indent the annotation two more spaces in from that point). EXAMPLES Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and power in on-line communication. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The handbook of language and gender (pp. 202-228). Oxford, England: Blackwell. Herring investigates empowerment opportunities for women online. She points out that, although more than half of Web users in the United States are women, men continue to dominate technical roles such as network administrators, programmers, and Web masters. Herring s article helped my research because her writing was unbiased and pointed out statistical facts that I used as support for my thesis.