Diversity and Adaptation Developed through the, Spring/Summer 2001 By MaryJoan Johnston with Independence School District Bridger 8 th Grade Center A module for Subject Area: Science Grade Level Range: 8-10 Number of pages in Module: 18 Missouri Show-Me Standards Addressed: Knowledge SC 4 Performance 1.6, 3.5, 3.6, 4.1 KCAAP Framework -- Assessment Annotations/Benchmark Descriptors Assessed: I Scientific Inquiry A. Processes of Scientific Inquiry B. Investigation VII Life Systems C. Diversity 2. Variations within species, diversity helps survival D. Reproduction/Heredity 1. Heredity/genetic info contained in molecules 2. Mendelian genetics can predict pattern of inheritance E. Adaptation / Evolution 1. Nature, rates of evolution in anatomical + characteristics 2. Process of natural selection provides some advantages. Brief Statement of Purpose: The students will understand how evolution, natural selection, adaptation and diversity have helped to ensure that some traits will survive in the various kingdoms. Materials and Resources Needed for Module: Module packet on Diversity and Adaptation Stimulus included in module Time Required for Module: Two class periods Prerequisite Skills: Prior to the assessment, the students should have knowledge of Diversity and Adaptation. Special Instructions for Administration: c. The Performance Event included in this module focuses on a few components of a MAP Performance Event. d. Hand out the module and make sure students understand what is expected Pre-assessment Instructions:
Constructed Response Diversity and Adaptation S 1 With permission from Duncan McAlpin (Backyard gardener.com) 1. Some insects look like sticks. Explain how this trait could be an advantage to these insects. 2. How could this trait have evolved through natural selection?
S 2 3. Explain one type of evidence from modern-day organisms that scientists use to determine evolutionary relationships. 4. What role does geographic isolation play in the formation of a new species? 5. Predict how an extreme change in climate might affect natural selection in a species.
S 3 With permission from Brett Hartman (Smithsonian Northern Fur Seal) 6. A human arm and a seal s flipper have very different functions. What evidence might scientists look for to determine whether both structures evolved from the forelimb of a common ancestor?
S 4 7. Explain how variation of color in a species might affect natural selection. 8. It is believed by most scientists that the ancestors of modern giraffes did not all have long necks. Some had long necks, while some had short ones. Use the idea of natural selection to explain why giraffes no longer have short necks.
Selected Response Diversity and Adaptation S 5 9. Changes in a species over long periods of time are called a. relative dating. b. evolution c. homologous structures. d. developmental stages. 10. A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce is called a. a species. b. a selection. c. a variation. d. an adaptation. 11. Raccoons, Lessor pandas, Giant pandas and Bears all come from a common ancestor. Raccoons and Lessor pandas evolved from this common ancestor about 25 million years ago. Giant pandas and Bears evolved from this common ancestor about 10 million years ago. Raccoon Lessor panda Giant panda Bear (Photograph by (Photograph by (photograph by Jenn Hughes) Robert R. Ireton III) (Photograph by Paul Lang) Parks Canada) Which two are the most closely related? a. Raccoon and Lessor panda b. Lessor panda and Giant panda c. Giant panda and Bear d. Bear and Raccoon 12. Islands like The Galapagas Islands and Australia have more unusual animals because a. they are cut off from other members of their species. b. there are no predators to keep the populations in check. c. lots of animals and plants are killed by tourists. d. the animals can no longer reproduce.
Performance Event Diversity and Adaptation S 6 Taken with permission from Jim Pheasant at Purdue University The Persistent Bug There are some insects, such as this boll weevil, that continually build up a resistance to the efforts of farmers to protect their crops. The boll weevil is regarded as the most destructive insect in North America; they cause $200 $300 million dollars in damage to cotton crops each year. Farmers try to protect their crops by using insecticides, but the boll weevil seems to always return with a tolerance to that insecticide. Below is a chart for the years 1909 through 1927 that shows the average percent of cotton crop lost to the boll weevil. Average percent of cotton crop Crop season Lost Insecticide 1909 5.1 Brand C 1915 7.5 Brand C 1920 19.7 Brand C 1921 31.2 Brand C 1923 8.1 Brand M 1927 9.4 Brand M Use this chart to answer questions 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1. Explain when the effect of insecticide use on the boll weevil population was the most beneficial to the farmer.
S 7 2. Make a comparison between the use of Brand C on the boll weevil population between 1909 to 1915, and the use of Brand M on the boll weevil population between 1923 and 1927. 3. Why do you think the farmer waited until 1923 to change insecticides?
S 8 4. Which insecticide (Brand C or Brand M) had the greatest effect on boll weevils at the beginning of usage? Explain why. The following chart shows the results of an experiment to control boll weevils using an insecticide called Axodrin. Use this chart to answer questions 5 and 6. Number of boll weevils per 300 balls of cotton in the untreated cotton field Before experiment 20 After first treatment of insecticide 20 After second treatment of insecticide 20 Number of boll weevils per 300 balls of cotton in the insecticide treated cotton field Before experiment 22 After first treatment of insecticide 10 After second treatment of insecticide 22
S 9 5. Draw a graph of the chart above. 6. Explain what the graph shows about the effect of insecticides on boll weevils.
S 10 7. Use what you know about natural selection to develop a scientific explanation for the effect of insecticides on insect populations.
Johnston, 11 Constructed Response Scoring Guide Total Items 1-8 1. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, C, 2 Some insects look like sticks. Explain how this trait could be an advantage to these insects. key elements Scoring guide: -less likely to be eaten -other animals will come close for easier food intake -any other logical answer 0 points no answer 2. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, D, 2 How could this trait have evolved through natural selection? key elements Scoring guide: -those animals not eaten will survive to reproduce continuing this trait -any other logical answer 0 points no answer 3. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, D, 1 Explain one of the three types of evidence from modern-day organisms that scientists use to determine evolutionary relationships. key elements Scoring guide: -similarities in body structures between organisms -development before birth -DNA sequences 0 points no answer 4. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, C, 2 What role does geographic isolation play in the formation of a new species? key elements Scoring guide: -When animals are separated from other members of their species, they only reproduce with each other and over time a new species could develop different traits. -any other logical answer. 0 points no answer
Johnston, 12 5. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, D, 1 Predict how an extreme change in climate might affect natural selection in a species. key elements Scoring guide: -only the animals able to survive the extreme temperature would mate and reproduce. Over time this trait for tolerance of extreme weather could lead to a different species of animal. -any other logical answer 0 points no answer 6. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, D, 1 A human arm and a seal s flipper have very different functions. What evidence might scientists look for to determine whether both structures evolved from the forelimb of a common ancestor? key elements Scoring guide: -scientists look for homologous structures (like the arrangement of bones in the arm, or the number of bones in the hand) -any other logical answer 0 points no answer 7. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, C, 2 Explain how variation of color in a species might affect natural selection. key elements Scoring guide: -If the animal or plant is able to blend in with the environment, it will not be eaten, will mate and reproduce, continuing the trait for color variation. -any other logical answer 0 points no answer 8. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, C, 2 It is believed by most scientists that the ancestors of modern giraffes did not all have long necks. Some had long necks, while some had short ones. Use the idea of natural selection to explain why giraffes no longer have short necks. key elements Scoring guide: -short necked giraffes compete for food with other animals like deer -short necked giraffes die from starvation -long necked giraffes have plenty of food -long necked giraffes reproduce insuring survival of the long necked trait -any other logical answer 3 points - 3 key elements 2 points - 2 key elements 0 points no answer
Selected Response Scoring Guide Total Items 9-12 Johnston, 13 9. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, D, 1 Changes in a species over long periods of time are called a. relative dating. b. evolution c. homologous structures. d. developmental stages. Correct answer: B Scoring guide: 1 point 10. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, C, 2 A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce is called a. a species. b. a selection. c. a variation. d. an adaptation. Correct answer: C Scoring guide: 1 point 11. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, D, 1 Raccoons, Lessor pandas, Giant pandas and Bears all come from a common ancestor. Raccoons and Lessor pandas evolved from this common ancestor about 25 million years ago. Giant pandas and Bears evolved from this common ancestor about 10 million years ago. Which two are the most closely related? a. Raccoon and Lessor panda b. Lessor panda and Giant panda c. Giant panda and Bear d. Bear and Raccoon Correct answer: C Scoring guide: 1 point 12. Annotation/Description assessed: VII, C, 2 Islands like The Galapagas Islands and Australia have more unusual animals because a. they are cut off from other members of their species. b. there are no predators to keep the populations in check. c. lots of animals and plants are killed by tourists. d. the animals can no longer reproduce. Correct answer: A Scoring guide: 1 point
Johnston, 14 Performance Event Guide - Total Items 1-7 The Persistent Bug There are some insects, such as this boll weevil, that continually builds up a resistance to the efforts of farmers to protect their crops. The boll weevil is regarded as the most destructive insect in North America; they cause $200 $300 million dollars in damage to cotton crops each year. Farmers try to protect their crops by using insecticides, but the boll weevil seems to always return with a tolerance to that insecticide. Below is a chart for the years 1909 through 1927 that shows the average percent of cotton crop lost to the boll weevil. Annotation/Description Assessed: VII, E, 1 and 2 (questions 1-7) Other materials, resources required for event: none Time needed for event: one class period Special instructions: none Scoring guide: Average percent of cotton crop Crop season Lost Insecticide 1909 5.1 Brand C 1915 7.5 Brand C 1920 19.7 Brand C 1921 31.2 Brand C 1923 8.1 Brand M 1927 9.4 Brand M Use this chart to answer questions 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1. Explain when the effect of insecticide use on the boll weevil population was the most beneficial to the farmer. key element - between the years of 1909 to 1915, the use of Insecticide C was the most successful against the boll weevil. - any other logical answer. 0 points incorrect or missing answer
Johnston, 15 2. Make a comparison between the use of Brand C on the boll weevil population between 1909 to 1915, and the use of Brand M on the boll weevil population between 1923 and 1927. key element in the time period from 1909 to 1915 (7 years) Brand C use lost from 5.1 to 7.5 percent of the cotton crop. -in the time period from 1923 to 1927 (5 years) Brand M use lost from 8.1 to 9.4 percent of the cotton crop. - any other logical comparison 2 points 2 key elements 0 points incorrect or missing answer 3. Why do you think the farmer waited until 1923 to change insecticides? key element based on the increase of lost cotton crops from 1909 to 1920, I think the farmer thought the boll weevils would still be affected by Brand C. - any other logical answer. 0 points incorrect or missing answer 4. Which insecticide (Brand C or Brand M) had the greatest effect on boll weevils at the beginning of usage? Explain why. key element - Brand X had the greatest effect on the boll weevil at the beginning of usage because between 1909 to 1915 the amount of cotton crop lost was 5.1% to 7.5%. - any other logical answer. 0 points incorrect or missing answer
Johnston, 16 Diversity and Adaptation 5. The following chart shows the results of an experiment to control boll weevils using an insecticide called Axodrin. Use this chart to answer questions 5 and 6. Number of boll weevils per 300 balls of cotton in the untreated cotton field Before experiment 20 After first treatment of insecticide 20 After second treatment of insecticide 20 Number of boll weevils per 300 balls of cotton in the insecticide treated cotton field Before experiment 22 After first treatment of insecticide 10 After second treatment of insecticide 22 Results of Axodrin to control boll weevils Draw a graph of the chart above. Number 40 of boll weevils 30 for every 300 20 balls of cotton 10 0 Before After first After second experiment treatment treatment Untreated cotton area Insecticide treated cotton area key element plotted correctly - appropriate number scales and labeled correctly - appropriate title 3 points 3 key elements 2 points 2 key elements 0 points any other answer
Johnston, 17 6. Explain what the graph shows about the effect of insecticides on boll weevils. key element --the graph shows that after the first treatment of insecticide, the boll weevil population was reduced almost by half, -after the second treatment of insecticide the boll weevil population was just as strong as before the insecticide was used. -any other logical answer 2 points 2 key elements 1 point - 1 key element 0 points incorrect or missing answer 7. Use what you know about natural selection to develop a scientific explanation for the effect of insecticides on insect populations. key element Certain insects are not affected by insecticides. When the insecticide is used, only the resistant insects survive to reproduce, increasing the chances that the trait of resistance to insecticides will be passed on to the next generation. -any other logical answer. 0 points incorrect or missing answer