THE 4K EVOLUTION: IT S MORE THAN JUST 4K

THE 4K EVOLUTION: IT S MORE THAN JUST 4K July 15, 2015

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NOW LET S GET STARTED THE 4K EVOLUTION: IT S MORE THAN JUST 4K

Peter Putman, CTS, ISF President ROAM Consulting LLC Doylestown, PA www.hdtvexpert.com

Can t Stop This Train! 2012: UHDTV (4K) hits our shores (Sony, JVC, LG) 2013: UHDTV swamps International CES 2014: Curved screen UHDTVs shown at CES (Samsung, LG) 2015: UHDTV is everywhere at CES (China, Japan, Korea) Quantum dot technology shown in 10 different booths OLED TV makes a comeback (LG) UHD Alliance is formed (TV manufacturers, studios) 4K streaming in place at Netflix, Amazon Prime First UHDTV Blu ray player is shown (Panasonic) UHDTVs reaching price parity with same size 1080p LCD TVs

UHDTV At CES 2015 Panasonic Sony Haier LG Changhong Samsung

4K TV Prices Are Plummeting Sharp LC 43UB30U 43 inch Ultra HD LCD TV $799.99 Sharp LC 50UB30U 50 inch Ultra HD LCD TV $999.99 LG 55UB8200 55 inch Ultra HD LCD TV $1199.99 Vizio P652UI B2 65 inch Ultra HD smart LCD TV $1499.99 Sony XBR55X800B 55 inch Ultra HD LCD TV $1598.00 Samsung UN55HU8550 55 inch Ultra HD LCD TV $1699.99 LG 60UB8200 60 inch Ultra HD LCD TV $1799.99 LG 65UB9200 65 inch 4K smart 3D LCD TV $1999.99 Compiled from Best Buy / HH Gregg flyers April July 2015

Getting Stronger Every Day 4K LCD TV shipments grew nearly 400% Y/Y to reach 4.7 million units worldwide in Q1 15. Volume barely dropped from Q4 14, with especially strong demand in China during the Chinese New Year holiday season. The slowdown in overall WW TV growth has not seriously affected the 4K TV segment, which continues to benefit from falling price premiums, expanded selection, and growing content availability. Overall, 9% of all TV shipments in Q1 15 were 4K TVs, but more than 31% of 50" and larger TVs were 4K TVs. (IHS 6/8/2015)

Hard To Make Them Any Larger? Sharp s 120 inch LCD display is the world s largest from a single cut It s 4K Ultra HD, of course! No plans to sell it as a TV yet only as a commercial display Vizio has also shown this TV Rolled on Sharp s Gen 10 fab in Sakai, Japan

Or Stuff More Pixels Into Them? LG Display 98 8K LCD display Pixel resolution is 7680 x 4320 (4x Ultra HD) Uses IPS LCD glass Can be manufactured as a flat or curved display Requires multiple HDMI / DisplayPort connections You can t see the pixels!

The Many Flavors Of UHD

UHD Screen Sizes UHD displays can come in many different sizes. Examples: 3840x2160 pixels = Ultra HD (CEA), or 4x 1080p (1.77:1 aspect ratio) 4096x2160 pixels = 4K (Sony), closer to cinema formats (1.89:1 aspect ratio) 3840x2550 pixels = Panasonic 4K Toughbook tablet (1.5:1 aspect ratio) 5120x2160 pixels = Widescreen 4K LCD TVs (2.37:1 aspect ratio) 5120x2880 pixels Widescreen HP/Dell 5K computer monitors (1.77:1 aspect ratio)

UHDTV Definitions: Quad HD 1080 pixels 1920 pixels 2160 pixels Quad HD has 4x the resolution of 2K (1920x1080) displays (8,294,400 pixels) With blanking interval, typical 4K frame measures 4400 pixels x 2250 pixels 3840 pixels Aspect ratio is the same - 1.77:1

UHDTV Definitions: Quad HD The viewing distance decreases for Quad HD about half that for 2K No benefit to Quad HD in small displays, except for large workstation monitors on desktops (close viewing)

UHDTV Definitions: DCI 4K (Cinema 4K) 1080 pixels 1920 pixels 2160 pixels 4K can also have 4096 horizontal pixels more of a cinema format, based on camera sensor size Vertical resolution remains the same, but aspect ratio changes to 1.89:1 4096 pixels

UHDTV Definitions: 5K TV (UHDTV+) 1080 pixels 2160 pixels 1920 pixels New curved LCD screens are also UHDTV, but have 5K resolution 5120 x 2160 pixels (11,059,200 pixels) 5120 pixels Vertical resolution remains the same, but aspect ratio changes to 2.30:1

Next Generation TV Enhancements

High Dynamic Range Imaging 4K image captured with good dynamic range 4K image captured with high dynamic range HDR provides higher contrast and better shadow detail, but requires 10-bit and 12-bit color rendering

High Dynamic Range (HDR) Imaging The challenge is to reproduce images with at least 15 stops of light from black to white! HDR will substantially increase pixel clock rates and data payloads for UHD Consumers readily see and understand HDR as an enhancement 10 bit display panels are now shipping for use in televisions and monitors LG Display HDR OLED TV Demo

Wider Color Spaces for UHD Displays A new color space has been defined for UHD displays ITU BT.2020 has a much larger area within green/yellow High color saturation and luminous intensity must be combined (HDR) Total number of color shades for 10 bit color is 1,048,576 8 bit color will be inadequate for displaying UHD content! BT.709 and BT.2020 color spaces compared

Next Generation Display Technologies

Display Technology for UHDTV LCD technology dominates in TV LCD TV held 95% market share in 2014, will increase in 2015 Plasma TVs gone by end of 2014 Samsung, Sony, LG, Panasonic, Sharp all selling 4K LCD TVs now Chinese LCD panel manufacturers switched to 4K > 50 TREND: Watch for fast migration to 4K in LCD panels > 55 inches Samsung S-UHDTV (HDR) TVs at CES 2015

Display Technology for UHDTV LG rolls out seven new OLED TVs at CES 2015 Chinese manufacturers are buying 55 inch OLED panels from LGD Largest OLEDs manufactured to date 77 inch (curved) LGD Prices coming down 65 inch 4K OLED now $6,999 (summer 2015). 55 inch is $4,999

UHD On BYODs and Computers

Large Smartphones Support 4K Video 4K cameras are becoming standard on nextgeneration smartphones LG G3, Sony Xperia 3, Samsung Galaxy 6, Acer Liquid all have 16+ MP cameras These phones can record 3840x2160p video at 30 fps (check your menu!) Internal storage starts at 16 GB, expandable to 64/128 GB Trend: Smartphone screens are getting larger (5 and up) with higher pixel resolution

4K Laptops Have Arrived Toshiba Satellite P50t 15.6 3840x2160 screen 282 ppi Intel Core i7 Processor AMD Radeon R9 M265X graphics card, 2GB GDRR5 video memory 1 TB hard drive, (4) USB 3.0 ports 802.11ac connectivity HDMI 1.4 output (2160p/30 Hz) MSRP: Currently $1,499

4K Laptops Have Arrived Lenovo Y50 Ultra HD 15.6 3840x2160 screen 282 ppi Intel Core i7 2.5 GHz Processor nvidia GTX 860M graphics card, 4GB DRR3L video memory 1 TB hard drive, (2) USB 3.0 ports 802.11ac connectivity HDMI 1.4 output (2160p/30 Hz) MSRP: Currently $1,199

Hi Rez Desktop Monitors, Too! HP Z270q 5K Monitor These monitors have 5K (5120x2880) and 3K (3440x1440) resolutions HP Z34c Widescreen Monitor

UHD Display Interfaces

Connecting 4K Display Interfaces CEA-861 standard blanking interval for 4K is 4400 x 2250 pixels 4400 (x) 2250 (x) 60 = 594 MHz pixel clock 4400 (x) 2250 (x) 30 = 297 MHz pixel clock 594 MHz (x) 3 (x) 10 = 17.82 Gb/s (8-bit RGB color) 594 MHz (x) 3 (x) 12 = 21.38 Gb/s (10-bit RGB color) 594 MHz (x) 3 (x) 14 = 24.9 Gb/s (12-bit RGB color) HDMI 2.0 can only pass 8-bit signal Quad HD with standard blanking DisplayPort 1.2 can pass the 8-bit and 10-bit Quad HD signals DisplayPort 1.3 can pass 8-bit, 10-bit, and 12-bit Quad HD signals supermhl can pass 8-bit, 10-bit, and 12-bit Quad HD signals

Connecting 4K Through HDMI 1.4 HDMI 1.4 maximum data rate is 10.2 Gb/s HDMI uses TMDS format with pixel clock (8 Gb/s available) 20% of HDMI max data rate is overhead (8 bit/10 bit mapping) That leaves 8.16 Gb/s available for display data Calculations for Quad HD with RGB (4:4:4) color: 5500 (x) 2250 (x) 24Hz (x) 3 (x) 10 = 8.91 Gb/s (8 bit color) 4400 (x) 2250 (x) 30Hz (x) 3 (x) 10 = 8.91 Gb/s (8 bit color) 4400 (x) 2250 (x) 60Hz (x) 3 (x) 10 = 17.8 Gb/s (8 bit color) X HDMI 1.4 is fast enough for 4K/p24/30 w/ 8 bit color HDMI 1.4 is NOT fast enough for 4K/60p 8 bit color

Connecting 4K Through HDMI 2.0 HDMI 2.0 maximum data rate is 18 Gb/s 20% of HDMI max data rate is overhead (8 bit/10 bit mapping) That leaves 14.4 Gb/s for display data Calculations for Quad HD with RGB (4:4:4) color: 5500 (x) 2250 (x) 24Hz (x) 3 (x) 10 = 8.91 Gb/s (8 bit color) 4400 (x) 2250 (x) 30Hz (x) 3 (x) 10 = 8.91 Gb/s (8 bit color) 4400 (x) 2250 (x) 60Hz (x) 3 (x) 10 = 17.8 Gb/s (8 bit color) 4400 (x) 2250 (x) 60Hz (x) 3 (x) 12 = 21.4 Gb/s (10 bit color) X HDMI 2.0 is fast enough for 8 bit 4K/p24, p30, p60 HDMI 2.0 cannot do 10 bit 4K/60p

Connecting 4K Through DisplayPort DisplayPort 1.2 maximum data rate is 21.6 Gb/s DP sends packets over four scalable lanes (5.4 Gb/s each) 20% of data rate is overhead with 8 bit/10 bit ANSI mapping That leaves 17.28 Gb/s for display data Calculations for Quad HD with RGB (4:4:4) color: 5500 (x) 2250 (x) 24Hz (x) 3 (x) 10 = 8.91 Gb/s (8 bit color) 4400 (x) 2250 (x) 30Hz (x) 3 (x) 10 = 8.91 Gb/s (8 bit color) 4400 (x) 2250 (x) 60Hz (x) 3 (x) 10 = 17.8 Gb/s (8 bit color) 4400 (x) 2250 (x) 60Hz (x) 3 (x) 12 = 21.4 Gb/s (10 bit color) DP 1.2 is fast enough to handle 4K/60p, 10 bit color

Connecting 4K Through DisplayPort Version 1.3 is here! Maximum data rate per lane is 8.1 Gb/s 32.4 Gb/s across all four lanes Display Stream Compression introduced supports 8K (7680 x 4320 pixels) 60 Hz All other media layers (Thunderbolt, Ethernet, DockPort) still supported Can run through USB 3.0 Type C connector in alternate mode

Connecting 4K Through Super MHL Super MHL uses bigger connector (32 pins) than original MHL (5 pins) Carries up to 6 lanes of data using Display Stream Compression 2:1 Fast enough for 8K 4:2:0 120 Hz Same size as HDMI connector, but uses symmetrical design (plug in either way) also TMDS architecture Can run through USB 3.0 Type C connector in alternate mode

4K Display Interfaces Why is support for fast clock rates so important? High dynamic range increases grayscale values and color shades Wide color gamut, plus increased color rendering = Deep Color (10 bit and up) Faster frame rates are becoming popular for 4K production (60 Hz and up) More content is being served from PC like devices These products output an RGB (4:4:4) signal exclusively Gaming and PCs will usually run 10 bit or 12 bit color Fast refresh rates are essential to these applications

Encoding and Streaming UHD Video

MPEG 4 H.264 Encoding MPEG 4 was first standardized in 2001 H.264 (Advanced Video Coding) announced in 2003 AVC can cut the bit rate in half for equivalent image quality over MPEG 2 Capable of intra frame compression (MPEG 2 is not) Greater efficiency for an equivalent GOP size (50% target) Variable block sizes, multiple motion vectors now possible Sub pixel compression to ¼ for luma, 1/8 for chroma

Check Under the Hood All smart TVs, DVRs, and Blu-ray players support AVC playback

What Is H.265 HEVC? High Efficiency Video Coding Work began on H.265 standard in 2010 Finished standard announced in 2013 H.265 HEVC Goals: Improve coding efficiency, 50% of comparable MPEG4 rates for SD and HD video transport streams Support higher resolutions (up to 8192x4320 pixels) Improved noise performance, dynamic range, color fidelity

How Efficient Is HEVC? Video coding standard H.264/MPEG 4 AVC HP Average bit rate reduction compared to: MPEG 4 ASP H.263 HLP H.262/MPEG 2 MP HEVC MP 35.4% 63.7% 65.1% 70.8% H.264/MPEG 4 AVC HP 44.5% 46.6% 55.4% MPEG 4 ASP 3.9% 19.7% H.263 HLP 16.2% HEVC has been demonstrated with 3840x2160/60 Hz @ 5-15 Mb/s data rate

H.265 Demos at NAB 2015 Altera transmitted 4K@60p over 10GigE Thomson showed an end-to-end UHD broadcasting system

H.265 Demos at NAB 2015 Ateme showed high-efficiency H.625 comparisons with H.264 AVC Akamai demonstrated Ultra HD over 4G LTE networks @ 10 Mb/s

Coming To The Home New set top boxes with HEVC hardware decoding are coming to market (BCM 97445C ASIC) For streaming SD, 2K, and even 4K content direct to TVs (coax, fiber, wireless) Also Bluetooth enabled for wireless audio and BYODs

The Never Ending Quest 1080i/30 @ 18 Mb/s 1080i/30 @ 6 Mb/s 1080p/60 @ 15 Mb/s 1080p/60 @ 2 3 Mb/s 2160p/30 @ 8 20 Mb/s

Carrying UHD Video in 256QAM channels 2160p/24 @ 5 10 Mb/s 2160p/30 @ 8 15 Mb/s 2160p/60 @ 25 100 Mb/s There is no easy answer. You must consider all of these questions! What is the frame rate for the source content? 24p? 30p? 60p? Is the content coded with WCG (BT.2020)? If so, that requires 10-bit color. Is the content been encoded with HDR? If so, that requires 10-bit color. What codec is in use? (H.264, H.265) H.265 is 50% more efficient than H.264. How large a screen is being used for viewing? Americans are buying larger TVs. How close is the viewer sitting to the screen? Viewing distances still about 10 12 feet.

Sourcing UHD Content

Sourcing 4K Content Sony, Samsung providing their own content to consumers Netflix now streaming 4K (House of Cards, Orange Is The New Black) Comcast, Paramount, others developing 4K delivery channels Amazon Prime delivering 4K events 4K cameras are widely available Digital cinema often captured and mastered in 4K resolution

Sourcing 4K Content Low cost UHD media players are coming to market Support both H.264 and H.265 software decoding For now, most of these products are only supporting HDMI v1.3/1.4 (2160p/24/30) output Sony, Samsung have specialized media players with HDMI 2.0 Shown: Nanotech Nuvola 4K media player / streamer ($299) Nanotech Nuvola 4K media player

Ultra HD Blu ray Next Gen Blu ray standards announced at CES 2015 Single layer (66 GB) and dual layer discs (120 GB) supported Uses HEVC H.265 codec, switches to 10 bit color from 8 bit (BT.2020) Wider color gamut than BT.709 HDTV (> DCI P3 gamut) Nominal data rate for movies will be upwards of 100 Mb/s Also supports Dolby HDR, Philips HDR as optional layers Panasonic UHD Blu-ray Demo at CES

UHDTV Summary Ultra HDTV prices are falling fast, pushing aside 1080p sets LCD technology continues to dominate; OLED is making inroads High dynamic range is coming to the home So are wider color spaces (BT.2020) and high frame rate video HDMI 2.0 barely fast enough, DP 1.2 better, DP 1.3 / supermhl best 8 bit color is inadequate for 4K; 10 bit is the new minimum 4K content from the cloud will depend on HEVC and VP9 codecs UHD is more than just 4K!

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