Glossary Introduction April /'CBUpLo/ abril August /'GZLgW/agosto black /VoDY/ negro/a blue /VoI/ azul brother /'VpJfL/ irmán brown /VpPm/ marrón, castaño/a child /WiOoX/ neno/a; fillo/a children /'WiBoXpLm/ nenos/as; fillos/as dad /XDX/ papá day /XM/ día December /XB'gClVL/ decembro diary /'XOLpi/ diario; axenda eight /CBW/ oito eighteen /CB'WAm/ dezaoito eighteenth /CB'WAme/ décimo oitavo/a eighth /CBWe/ oitavo/a eightieth /'CBWiLe/ octoxésimo/a eighty /'CBWi/ oitenta eleven /B'oCdm/ once eleventh /B'oCdme/ décimo primeiro/a, undécimo/a father /'cefl/ pai February /'ccvpilpi/ febreiro fifteen /cbc'wam/ quince fifteenth /cbc'wame/ décimo quinto/a fifth /cbce/ quinto/a fiftieth /'cbcwile/ quincuaxésimo/a fifty /'cbcwi/ cincuenta first /ckgw/primeiro/a five /cod/ cinco fortieth /'cgwile/ cuadraxésimo/a forty /'cgwi/ corenta four /cg/ catro fourteen /cg'wam/ catorce fourteenth /cg'wame/ décimo cuarto/a fourth /cge/ cuarto/a Friday /'cpoxm/ venres, sexta feira grandparent /'ZpDmUSpLmW/ avó/oa green /ZpAm/verde grey /ZpCB/ gris hundred /'kjmxplx/ cen; cento hundredth /'kjmxplxe/ centésimo/a January /'bdmqhlpi/xaneiro July /bi'oo/xullo June /XjIm/xuño March /lea/marzo marker /'leyl/rotulador May /lm/maio Monday /'ljmxm/luns, segunda feira month /ljme/mes mother /'ljfl/nai mum /ljl/mamá nine /mom/nove nineteen /mom'wam/dezanove nineteenth /mom'wame/décimo noveno/a ninetieth /'momwile/nonaxésimo/a ninety /'momwi/noventa ninth /mome/noveno/a November /mlh'dclvl/novembro October /FY'WNVL/outubro one /rjm/un one hundred /rjm 'kjmxplx/cen orange /'FpBmb/laranxa parents /'UCLpLmWg/pais pen /UCm/bolígrafo pencil /'UCmgo/lapis pencil case /'UCmgo YMg/estoxo pencil sharpener /'UCmgo ieuml/afialapis, aguzalapis pink /UBnY/rosa purple /'UKUo/morado/a red /pcx/vermello/a rubber /'pjvl/goma, borrador ruler /'piol/regra
Glossary Saturday /'gdwlxm/sábado schoolbag /'gyiovdz/mochila second /'gcylmx/segundo/a September /gcu'wclvl/setembro seven /'gcdm/sete seventeen /gcdm'wam/dezasete seventeenth /gcdm'wame/décimo sétimo/a seventh /'gcdme/sétimo/a seventieth /'gcdmwile/septuaxésimo/a seventy /'gcdmwi/setenta sister /'gbgwl/irmá six /gbyg/seis sixteen /gbyg'wam/dezaseis sixteenth /gbyg'wame/décimo sexto/a sixth /gbyge/sexto/a sixtieth /'gbygwile/sesaxésimo/a sixty /'gbygwi/sesenta Sunday /'gjmxm/domingo ten /WCm/dez tenth /WCme/décimo/a third /ekx/terceiro/a thirteen /ek'wam/trece thirteenth /ek'wame/décimo terceiro/a thirtieth /'ekwile/trixésimo/a thirty /'ekwi/trinta three /epa/tres Thursday /'ekhxm/xoves, quinta feira Tuesday /'WqIhXM/martes, terza feira twelfth /WrCoce/décimo segundo/a, duodécimo/a twelve /WrCod/doce twentieth /'WrCmWiLe/vixésimo/a twenty /'WrCmWi/vinte two /WI/dous/dúas Wednesday /'rcmhxm/mércores, cuarta / corta feira white /row/branco/a year /qr/ano yellow /'qcon/amarelo/a Unit 1 arm /El/brazo athletic /De'oCWBY/ atlético/a big /VBZ/ grande calm /YEl/tranquilo/a clever /'YoCdL/ intelixente confident /'YFmcBXLmW/ seguro/a de si mesmo/a, confiado/a contest /'YFmWCgW/ concurso curly /'YKoi/ rizado/a, crecho/a dark /XEY/ escuro/a; moreno/a ear /BL/orella, oído eye /O/ ollo fair /ccl/ claro/a, louro/a fat /cæw/ gordo/a favourite /'ccbdlpbw/ favorito/a feet /caw/ pés flower /'copl/ flor foot /chw/ pé friendly /'cpcmxoi/ simpático/a funny /'cjmi/ gracioso/a good-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/ atractivo/a, atraente grandchild /'ZpDmWiOoX/ neto/a grandchildren /'ZpDmWiBoXpLm/ netos/as great /ZpCBW/ moi bo/a; importante guitar /ZB'WE/ guitarra hair /kcl/ pelo hand /kdm/ man hard-working /kex'rkybn/ traballador/a lazy /'ocbhi/ preguiceiro/a, lacazán/ana leg /ocz/ perna, pata long /ofn/ longo/a mouth /lpe/boca nature /'mmal/ natureza nervous /'mkdlg/ nervioso/a nice /mog/ bonito/a, agradábel, simpático/a nose /mnh/ nariz old /NoX/ vello/a prize /UpOh/ premio quiet /'YrOLW/ calado/a redhead /'pcxkcx/ roxo/a, rubio/a Scotland /'gyfwolmx/ Escocia serious /'gblpilg/ serio/a short /igw/ curto/a, baixo/a shy /io/ apoucado/a, tímido/a
Glossary small /glgo/pequeno/a straight /gwpmw/liso/a strong /gwpfn/forte sun /gjm/sol tall /WGo/alto/a teenager /'WAmMbL/adolescente, mozo/a thin /ebm/delgado/a ugly /'JZoi/ feo/a unfriendly /Jm'cpCmXoi/antipático/a young /qjn/ mozo/a Unit 2 apple /'DUo/mazá banana /VL'mEmL/banana bean /VAm/feixó, faba bread /VpCX/pan bus station /'VJg gwmim/estación de autobuses butter /'VJWL/manteiga cake /YMY/torta, pastel cheese /aah/queixo chicken /'abybm/polo Chile /'iboi/chile Chilean /'aboilm/chileno/a chip /abu/pataca fritida coffee /'YFci/café corn /YGm/millo country /'YJmWpi/país dangerous /'XMmbLpLg/perigoso/a eat /AW/comer egg /CZ/ovo English /'BnZoBi/inglés/esa; inglés (lingua) fair /ccl/feira fast food /cegw 'cix/comida rápida fish /cbi/peixe food colouring /'cix YJoLpBn/colorante France /cpemg/francia French /cpcma/francés/esa; francés (lingua) fruit /cpiw/froita German /'bkllm/alemán/á; alemán (lingua) Germany /'bkllmi/alemaña ice cream /Og 'YpAl/xeado Ireland /'OLoLmX/Irlanda Irish /'OpBi/irlandés/esa; irlandés (lingua) Japan /bl'udm/xapón Japanese /XjDULm'Ah/xaponés/esa; xaponés (lingua) manufacturer /ldmqh'cdywilpl/fabricante market /'leybw/mercado meat /law/carne meatball /'lawvgo/albóndega milk /lboy/leite Morocco /ll'pfylh/marrocos onion /'JmqLm/cebola outdoors /PW'XGh/fóra pancake /'UDmYMY/freixó, filloa Peru /UL'pI/Perú Peruvian /UL'pIdiLm/peruano/a rice /pog/arroz salad /'gdolx/ensalada sausage /'gfgbb/salchicha scientist /'golmwbgw/científico/a soup /giu/sopa spaghetti /gul'zcwi/espaguete Spanish /'gudmbi/español/a; español (lingua) steak /gwmy/filete, bisté strawberry /'gwpgvlpi/amorodo sugar /'ihzl/azucre Sweden /'graxm/suecia Swedish /'graxbi/sueco/a; sueco (lingua) taste /WMgW/comer, probar; degustar, catar tea /WA/té Thai /WO/tailandés/esa; tailandés (lingua) Thailand /'WOoDmX/Tailandia tomato sauce /WLlEWN 'ggg/prebe / mollo de tomate type /WOU/tipo, clase vegetables /'dcbwlvoh/verdura(s) vegetarian /dcbl'wclprm/vexetariano/a Unit 3 bird /VKX/paxaro building /'VBoXBn/edificio cage /YMb/gaiola character /'YæpLYWL/personaxe
Glossary chimpanzee /abludm'ha/chimpancé clean your room /YoAm qg 'pil/limpar o teu cuarto corner /'YGmL/recanto cow /YP/vaca do homework /XI 'knlrky/facer os deberes do sport /XI 'gugw/practicar deporte each /Aa/cada eagle /'AZo/aguia elephant /'CoBcLmW/elefante/a exercise /'CYgLgOh/exercicio feed /cax/alimentar / dar de comer a feed the dog /cax fl 'XFZ/dar de comer ao can fox /cfyg/raposo, golpe frighten /'cpowm/asustar, amedrentar frog /cpfz/ra fun /cjm/diversión, divertimento germ /bkl/xerme, xermolo get up /ZCW 'JU/erguerse giraffe /bl'pec/xirafa go to bed /ZLH WL 'VCX/deitarse go to school /ZLH WL 'gyio/ir ao colexio gorilla /ZL'pBoL/gorila hamster /'kdlgwl/hámster have a shower /kdd L 'ipl/ducharse have breakfast /kdd 'VpCYcLgW/almorzar horse /kgg/cabalo howl /kpo/ouvear hunt /kjmw/cazar hunter /'kjmwl/cazador/a kill /YBo/matar leave /oad/saír de lion /'oolm/león long hours /ofn 'PLh/até tarde meet friends /law 'cpcmxh/quedar cos/as amigos/as mice /log/ratos monkey /'ljnyi/mono/a mosquito /ll'gyawlh/mosquito mouse /lpg/rato pet /UCW/mascota pig /UBZ/porco rabbit /'pdvbw/coello/a shark /iey/tiburón, quenlla sheep /iau/ovella/s shoe /ii/zapato snake /gmmy/serpe sticker /'gwbyl/adhesivo take off /WMY 'Fc/quitarse, sacarse tiger /'WOZL/tigre timetable /'WOlWMVo/horario walk the dog /rgy fl 'XFZ/pasear o can watch TV /rfa WA 'da/ver a televisión water /'rgwl/auga wheel /rao/roda wild /roox/salvaxe wolf /rhoc/lobo/a wolves /rhodh/lobos/as Unit 4 above /L'VJd/enriba de, encol de, sobre at the corner of /LW fl 'YGmL Ld/ no curruncho / recanto de bakery /'VMYLpi/panadaría bank /VDnY/banco behind /VB'kOmX/detrás de between /VB'WrAm/entre (dúas cousas) burp (n) /VKU/arroto, eructo burp (v) /VKU/arrotar, eructar butcher s /'VHaLh/carnizaría can /Yæm/lata, bote church /WiKWi/igrexa cinema /'gbmlll/cine, cinema come out of /YJl 'PW Ld/saír de event /B'dCmW/acontecemento exhibition /CYgB'VBim/exposición fizzy drink /'cbhi XpBnY/bebida con gas; refresco forget /cl'zcw/esquecer GI /ba'o/gastrointestinal gift /ZBcW/agasallo, galano Go straight. /ZLH 'gwpmw/seguir dereito / recto. go through /ZLH 'epi/atravesar guest /ZCgW/convidado/a guide /ZOX/guía hospital /'kfgubwo/hospital
Glossary in /Bm/en, dentro de in front of /Bm 'cpjmw Ld/diante de intestine /Bm'WCgWBm/ intestino library /'oovplpi/biblioteca look for /'ohy cg/procurar, buscar model /'lfxo/maqueta, modelo museum /lqi'hall/museo next to /'mcygw WL/preto de, a carón de on /Fm/sobre, en opposite /'FULhBW/en fronte de pass /UEg/pasar post office /'UNgW FcBg/oficina de correos restaurant /'pcgwpfmw/restaurante right /pow/correcto/a (to be ~ : ter / levar razón) right now /pow 'mp/arestora, agora mesmo shopping centre /'ifubn gcmwl/ centro comercial skin /gybm/pel slide /goox/tobogán smell /glco/ulir, cheirar sports centre /'gugwg gcmwl/polideportivo spot /gufw/ lunar, mancha stadium /'gwcbxill/estadio supermarket /'giulleybw/ supermercado swimming pool /'grblbn UIo/piscina ticket /'WBYBW/entrada town /WPm/cidade Turn left. /WKm 'occw/torcer / Virar á esquerda. Turn right. /WKm 'pow/torcer / Virar á dereita. under /'JmXL/debaixo de wait /rmw/agardar, esperar wall /rgo/parede, muro way /rm/maneira, forma, xeito Unit 5 athlete /'DeoAW/deportista, atleta attack /L'WDY/atacar basketball /'VEgYBWVGo/baloncesto bowling /'VLHoBn/birlos (xogo) bowling alley /'VLHoBn Doi/pista de birlos brake /VpMY/freo catch /YDa/coller, atrapar climb /YoOl/escalar cycling /'goyobn/ciclismo dance /XEmg/bailar drive /XpOd/conducir, pilotar (un coche) fly /coo/pilotar (un avión) football /'chwvgo/fútbol gentle /'bcmwo/delicado/a, suave gymnastics /bbl'mægwbyg/ximnasia helmet /'kcolbw/casco hit /kbw/golpear judo /'bixn/judo juggle /'bjzo/facer xogos malabares jump /bjlu/chimpar, brincar, saltar kick /YBY/dar unha patada lift /obcw/erguer, levantar match /læwi/partido; competición muscle /'ljgo/músculo pin /UBm/birlo player /'UoML/xogador/a race /pmg/carreira racetrack /'pmgwpdy/circuíto (de carreiras) race walker /'pmg rgyl/marchador/a race walking /'pmg rgybn/marcha racing car /'pmgbn YE/coche de carreiras rescue /'pcgyqi/rescatar ride /pox/montar (en); pilotar run /pjm/correr running /'pjmbn/correr (deporte) sail /gmo/navegar; gobernar (un barco) ski /gya/esquiar skiing /'gyabn/esquí stomach /'gwjlly/estómago; abdome surf /gkc/facer surf surfing /'gkcbn/surf swim /grbl/nadar swimming /'grblbn/natación tennis /'WCmBg/tenis throw /epn/guindar, lanzar; tirar weightlifter /'rmwobcwl/levantador/a de peso, halterófilo/a weightlifting /'rmwobcwbn/levantamento de peso, halterofilia win /rbm/gañar
Glossary Unit 6 action /'DYim/ (de) acción adventure /LX'dCmWiL/ (de) aventuras all over /Go 'NdL/ por todas as partes amazing /L'lMhBn/ asombroso/a, incríbel animated /'DmBlMWBX/ (de) animación / debuxos animados appear /L'UBL/ aparecer attach /L'WDWi/ pegar, adherir barnacle /'VEmLYo/ percebe bat /VDW/morcego blood /VoJX/ sangue boring /'VGpBn/ aborrecido/a (que aborrece) channel /'admo/ canal, canle comedy /'YFlLXi/ comedia correct /YL'pCYW/ correcto/a (to be ~ : estar no certo, levar / ter razón) creature /'YpAaL/ criatura definitely /'XCcBmLWoi/ sen dúbida disgusting /XBg'ZJgWBn/ noxento/a, repugnante drama /'XpElL/ drama educational /CXjH'YMiLmo/ educativo/a enjoyable /Bm'bQLVo/ agradábel; entretido/a exciting /BY'gOWBn/ emocionante fair /ccl/ branco/a (pel) frightening /'cpowmbn/ arrepiante, estarrecedor/a horror /'kfpl/ (de) terror / medo instead of /Bm'gWCX Ld/ no canto de interesting /'BmWpLgWBn/ interesante jump out /bjlu 'PW/ saír dun chouto / brinco miss /lbg/ perder(se) musical /'lqihbyo/ musical realistic /pil'obgwby/ realista romance /pn'læmg/ romántico/a safe /gmc/ a salvo, san e salvo science fiction /golmg 'cbyim/ (de) ficción científica shout /ipw/ berrar, gritar silly /'gboi/ parvo/a special /'gucio/ especial suddenly /'gjxlmoi/ de súpeto / socato / pronto surprising /gl'upohbn/ sorprendente tentacle /'WCmWLYo/ tentáculo terrible /'WCpLVo/ arrepiante, terríbel traditional /WpL'XBiLmo/ tradicional twilight /'WrOoOW/ crepúsculo unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/ pouco común / corrente vampire /'ddluol/ vampiro/a western /'rcgwlm/ película do Oeste, western Unit 7 armchair /'ElWiCL/cadeira de brazos bathroom /'VEepIl/ cuarto de baño bedroom /'VCXpIl/ dormitorio, habitación blanket /'VoDnYBW/ manta carpet /'YEUBW/alfombra challenge /'WiDoLmb/ desafío, reto clock /YoFY/reloxo cupboard /'YJVLX/ armario curtain /'YKWBm/ cortina cushion /'YHim/ coxín desk /XCgY/ escritorio dining room /'XOmBn pil/ comedor dishwasher /'XBirFiL/ lavalouza even /'Adm/ mesmo, incluso floor /cog/ piso; chan fridge /cpbb/ neveira, frigorífico garden /'ZEXm/ xardín item /'OWLl/ artigo kitchen /'YBWiBm/ cociña lamp /odlu/ lámpada living room /'obdbn pil/ cuarto de estar, salón mess /lcg/desorde, desfeita messy /'lcgi/ desordenado/a microwave /'loyplrmd/ microondas mirror /'lbpl/ espello mobile phone /lnvoo 'cnm/ teléfono móbil move (n) /lid/ mudanza move (v) /lid/mudar(se) neighbourhood /'mmvlkhx/ veciñanza, barrio office /'FcBg/ despacho, oficina organise /'GZLmOh/ organizar oven /'Jdm/ forno photographer /cl'wfzplcl/ fotógrafo/a
Glossary pillow /'UBoN/almofada; coxín recycling /pa'goyobn/ reciclaxe scavenger hunt /'gyddbmbl kjmw/ xogo de busca / procura schoolchild /'gyioaoox/ colexial/a schoolchildren /'gyiowiboxplm/ colexiais secret service /gayplw 'gkdbg/ (do) servizo secreto shelf /icoc / andel, estante, balda shelves /icodh/ andeis, estantes, baldas shower /'ipl/ ducha sink /gbny/vertedoiro, pía; lavabo sofa / 'glhcl/ sofá toilet /'WQoLW/ baño, servizo, váter trophy /'WpNci/ trofeo washing machine /'rfibn lliam/lavadora worker /'rkyl/ traballador/a Unit 8 actor /'DYWL/actor / actriz ancient /'MmiLmW/ antigo/a architect /'EYBWCYW/ arquitecto/a artist /'EWBgW/ artista athlete /'DeoAW/ deportista; atleta bake a cake /VMY L 'YMY/ enfornar un pastel / unha torta build a model /VBoX L 'lfxo/ construír / facer unha maqueta builder /'VBoXL/ albanel championship /'adluilmibu/ campionato chimney /'ablmi/ cheminea computer programmer /YLlUqIWL 'UpLHZpDlL/ programador/a dentist /'XCmWBgW/dentista diver /'XOdL/ saltador/a do the laundry /XI fl 'ogmxpi/ facer a bogada / coada doctor /'XFYWL/ doutor/a, médico/a download music /XPmoNX 'lqihby/ descargar música electrician /BoCY'WpBim/ electricista employer /Bl'UoQL/ patrón/oa factory worker /'cæywpi rkyl/ traballador/a dunha fábrica finish /'cbmbi/ rematar, concluír, terminar firefighter /'colcowl/ bombeiro/a genius /'bamilg/ xenio go hiking /ZLH 'koybn/ facer sendeirismo law /og/ lei lawyer /'ogql/ avogado/a medallist /'lcxlobgw/ medallista pick up /UBY 'JU/ coller plumber /'UoJlL/ fontaneiro/a poor /UG/ pobre prepare dinner /UpBUCL 'XBmL/ preparar a cea prodigy /'UpFXLbi/ prodixio quickly /'YrBYoi/ axiña, á présa, rapidamente rich /pbwi/ rico/a sailor /'gmol/ mariñeiro/a secretary /'gcyplwlpi/secretario/a select /gb'ocyw/ elixir soldier /'gnobl/ soldado start /gwew/ comezar (~ a fire: prender un lume) waiter /'rmwl/ camareiro wash the dishes /rfi fl 'XBiBh/ lavar / fregar a louza water the plants /rgwl fl 'UoEmWg/ regar as plantas write e-mails /pow 'AlCBoh/ escribir correos electrónicos writer /'powl/ escritor/a Unit 9 almost /'GolNgW/ case autumn /'GWLl/ outono beach /VAWi/ praia boots /VIWg/botas canyon /'YæmqLm/ canón coat /YNW/ abrigo collect /YL'oCYW/ coller; reunir, xuntar desert /'XChLW/ deserto disaster /XB'hEgWL/ desastre, desfeita dream /XpAl/ de soño, soñadas dress /XpCg/ vestido forest /'cfpbgw/ bosque glacier /'ZoDgiL/ glaciar hat /kdw/ gorro/a, pucho/a; sombreiro, chapeu hill /kbo/outeiro
Glossary holiday /'kfolxm/ vacacións island /'OoLmX/ illa jeans /bamh/ pantalóns vaqueiros jungle /'bjnzo/ selva, xungla lake /omy/ lago main dish /lcbm 'XBi/ prato principal middle /'lbxo/ medio, metade mountain /'lpmwlm/ montaña ocean /'Nim/ océano reef /pac/ con, farallón, arrecife river /'pbdl/ río sandals /'gdmxoh/ sandalias shirt /ikw/ camisa shorts /igwg/ pantalóns curtos side /gox/ lado, banda skirt /gykw/ saia sleeping bag /'goaubn VDZ/ saco de durmir sock /gfy/ calcetín, peúgo spider /'guoxl/ araña squid /gyrbx/ lura sweater /'grcwl/ xersei swimsuit /'grblgiw/ traxe de baño top /WFU/ superficie trainers /'WpMmLh/ zapatillas de deporte travel agency /'Wpædo CBbLmgi/ axencia de viaxes trousers /'WpPhLh/pantalóns T-shirt /'akw/camiseta valley /'ddoi/ val waterfall /'rgwlcgo/ fervenza, catarata, cachoeira weigh /rm/ pesar worm /rkl/ miñoca, verme
Grammar Appendix Introduction OS PRONOMES PERSOAIS SUXEITO I eu you he she ti; vostede el ela it iso we you they nós, nosoutros/as vós, vosoutros/as; vostedes eles/as Fan de suxeito e nunca poden faltar para que a oración sexa correcta e teña sentido de seu. I like Adam. He is very funny. (Cáeme ben Adam. É moi gracioso.) Sandra is Scottish. She is twelve. (Sandra é escocesa. Ten doce anos.) Lembra que I sempre se escribe con maiúscula e que it (que se refire a cousas ou animais) non se adoita traducir. OS ADXECTIVOS POSESIVOS my o meu, a miña, os meus, as miñas your his her its our your their o teu, a túa, os teus, as túas; o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (de vostede) o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (del) o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (dela) o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (dunha cousa ou animal) o noso, a nosa, os nosos, as nosas o voso, a vosa, os vosos, as vosas; o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (de vostedes) o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (deles/delas) this, that, these, those This este / esta / isto That ese / esa / iso ou aquel / aquela / aquilo Empréganse con substantivos contábeis en singular e non contábeis. These estes / estas Those eses / esas ou aqueles / aquelas Só para substantivos contábeis en plural. Indican se o substantivo ao que se refiren está preto ou lonxe do falante. Cando son pronomes van sós. This is her car. (Este é o seu coche.) That is my school. (Esa é a miña escola.) These are my friends. (Estes son os meus amigos.) Those are his glasses. (Aquelas son as súas lentes.) Funcionan como adxectivos cando van diante dun substantivo. This dress is nice. (Este vestido é bonito.) That girl is tall. (Esa rapaza é alta.) These books are new. (Estes libros son novos.) Those men are Italian. (Eses homes son italianos.) Sinalan de quen é algo. Sempre van diante do substantivo que sinala a cousa posuída, sen importar o xénero nin o número que esta teña: my cake, my apples (a miña torta, as miñas mazás). Na 3ª persoa do singular hai tres formas, dependendo de se o posuidor é de xénero masculino (his), feminino (her) ou é un animal ou cousa (its).
grammar appendix Unit 1 O verbo to be en presente I am You are He is She is It is We are You are They are Afirmativa Negativa I am not You are not He is not She is not It is not We are not You are not They are not I m You re He s She s It s We re You re They re Forma contraída Forma contraída I m not You aren t He isn t She isn t It isn t We aren t You aren t They aren t Respostas curtas Interrogativa Afirmativa Negativa Am I...? Yes, I am. No, I m not. Are you...? Yes, you are. No, you aren t. Is he...? Yes, he is. No, he isn t. Is she...? Yes, she is. No, she isn t. Is it...? Yes, it is. No, it isn t. Are we...? Yes, we are. No, we aren t. Are you...? Yes, you are. No, you aren t. Are they...? Yes, they are. No, they aren t. O verbo to be significa principalmente ser ou estar. Afirmativa: suxeito + am / is / are. É o único verbo que ten tres formas distintas no presente. As formas contraídas empréganse máis na conversa. He is very tall. (El é moi alto.) Negativa: suxeito + am / is / are + a partícula not ou a contracción n t (que se pode engadir a is e a are, mais non a am). They aren t famous. (Non son famosos.) Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are + suxeito. Is Messi a football player? (Messi é xogador de fútbol?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + o verbo to be, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Is Dylan from England? Yes, he is. / No, he isn t. (Dylan é de Inglaterra? É. Si. / Non.) os usos do verbo to be Definicións e feitos xerais Sentimentos e estados Idade Profesións, relixións e nacionalidades Prezos Medidas Tempo atmosférico o verbo have got I have got You have got He has got She has got It has got We have got You have got Afirmativa They have got Negativa I have not got You have not got He has not got She has not got It has not got We have not got You have not got They have not got Interrogativa Glasgow is in Scotland. (Glasgow está en Escocia.) He is happy and I m thirsty. (El está feliz e eu teño sede.) She is fourteen years old. (Ela ten catorce anos.) My brother is a lawyer. (Meu irmán é avogado.) How much is it? It s 3 euros. (Canto é? Son 3 euros.) It s 10 metres long. (Mide 10 metros de longo.) It is sunny. (Vai sol.) I ve got You ve got He s got She s got It s got Afirmativa We ve got You ve got Forma contraída They ve got Forma contraída I haven t got You haven t got He hasn t got She hasn t got It hasn t got We haven t got You haven t got They haven t got Respostas curtas Negativa Have I got...? Yes, I have. No, I haven t. Have you got...? Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Has he got...? Yes, he has. No, he hasn t. Has she got...? Yes, she has. No, she hasn t. Has it got...? Yes, it has. No, it hasn t. Have we got...? Yes, we have. No, we haven t. Have you got...? Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Have they got...? Yes, they have. No, they haven t. 10
grammar appendix O verbo have got significa ter. Expresa o que posuímos ou os trazos de alguén ou algo cando o describimos. Afirmativa: suxeito + have ( ve) got ou has ( s) got. You have got a famous mother. (Tes unha nai famosa.) Negativa: suxeito + have / has + not (n t) + got. They haven t got sandwiches for lunch. (Non teñen sándwichs para comer.) Interrogativa: Have / Has + suxeito + got. Have you got a favourite artist? (Tes un artista preferido?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + have / has ou haven t / hasn t (sen got). Has she got an iphone? Yes, she has. / No, she hasn t. (Ela ten un iphone? Ten. Si. / Non.) O XENITIVO SAXÓN Emprégase para sinalar posesión e úsase con persoas, animais ou países. Para formalo, engadimos un apóstrofo ( ) e un s. Brian s dog (o can de Brian) the dog s teeth (os dentes do can) Scotland s climate (o clima de Escocia) Se o substantivo é plural rematado en s, engade só o apóstrofo, mais se é un plural irregular engádese s. my parents house (a casa de meus pais) the women s photo (a foto das mulleres) Se o nome propio remata en s, pódese engadir ou s. James / James s house (a casa de James) Coas cousas emprégase of, non o xenitivo saxón. the roof of the house (o tellado da casa) Unit 2 THERE IS / THERE ARE Contábeis Non contábeis Afirmativa There is a banana. There are apples. There is tea. Negativa There isn t an egg. There aren t beans. There isn t milk. Interrogativa Is there a cake? Are there onions? Is there bread? Respostas curtas Yes, there is. / No, there isn t. Yes, there are. / No, There aren t. Afirmativa: There is vai seguido de substantivos en singular ou non contábeis. There are vai seguido de substantivos contábeis en plural. Ambos os dous tradúcense como Hai.... Negativa: There is / There are + a partícula not (There is not / There are not) ou a contracción n t (There isn t / There aren t). Interrogativa: as preguntas comezan polo verbo Is / Are + there. Respostas curtas: vólvese á orde normal e na negativa empréganse as formas contraídas. os determinantes the a / an some any Con substantivos contábeis e non contábeis. Empréganse diante dun nome que é coñecido polo falante. o, a, os, as I have got one egg. The egg is white. Con substantivos contábeis en singular. Empréganse diante dun substantivo que non é coñecido polo falante. un, unha a picture, an orange Frases afirmativas: Con substantivos contábeis en plural e non contábeis. Frases interrogativas: Cando a pregunta expresa unha oferta ou pedimento e agárdase que a resposta sexa afirmativa. uns, unhas algúns, algunhas algo de un pouco de (ou non se traduce) There are some trees. We ve got some fruit. Would you like some tea? Frases negativas e interrogativas: Con substantivos contábeis en plural e non contábeis. ningún, ningunha nada de (ou non se traduce) algún/unha algúns/unhas algo de (ou non se traduce) HOW MUCH / HOW MANY How many...? Cantos/as...? How much...? Canto/a...? I haven t got any sisters. She hasn t got any money. Are there any biscuits? Have you got any water? Substantivos contábeis en plural. How many chairs are there? Substantivos non contábeis. Cando vai co verbo to be serve para preguntar o prezo dunha cousa. How much flour do you need? How much is it? Empregamos estas expresións para preguntar pola cantidade de algo. 11
grammar appendix Unit 3 o PRESENT SIMPLE Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraída I play I do not play I don t play You play You do not play You don t play He plays He does not play He doesn t play She plays She does not play She doesn t play It plays It does not play It doesn t play We play We do not play We don t play You play You do not play You don t play They play They do not play They don t play Respostas curtas Interrogativa Afirmativa Negativa Do I play...? Yes, I do. No, I don t. Do you play...? Yes, you do. No, you don t. Does he play...? Yes, he does. No, he doesn t. Does she play...? Yes, she does. No, she doesn t. Does it play...? Yes, it does. No, it doesn t. Do we play...? Yes, we do. No, we don t. Do you play...? Yes, you do. No, you don t. Do they play...? Yes, they do. No, they don t. Afirmativa: é como a forma base do verbo (infinitivo sen to) en todas as persoas agás na 3ª do singular, na que se engade -s. He walks the dog every day. (El pasea o can todos os días.) Nos seguintes casos, engádese -es no canto de -s: - Se o verbo remata en ss, sh, ch ou x: pass passes wash washes mix mixes - Se remata en o: do does go goes - Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: study studies carry carries Negativa: suxeito + do / does + not (n t) + verbo na forma base. My dog doesn t eat fish. (O meu can non come peixe.) Interrogativa: Do / Does + suxeito + verbo. Do you like animals? (Gústanche os animais?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + do / does ou don t / doesn t. Do you do sport? Yes, I do. / No, I don t. (Fas deporte? Fago. Si. / Non.) os usos do Present Simple Verdades xerais The sun sets in the west. e descricións (O sol ponse polo oeste.) Feitos habituais We stay at home on Mondays. ou cotiáns (Os luns quedamos na casa.) Gustos e opinións He likes horses. (Gústanlle os cabalos.) Programas e horarios The plane leaves at 10 o clock. (O avión sae ás dez en punto.) Co Present Simple adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: every day / week / year (todos os días / semanas / anos), once / twice a year (unha / dúas veces ao ano), on + día da semana en plural, at night (pola noite), in the morning (pola mañá), in the summer (no verán), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. She goes to the zoo twice a year. (Ela vai ao zoo dúas veces ao ano.) os adverbios de frecuencia Co Present Simple adoitan empregarse os seguintes adverbios de frecuencia: always usually often sometimes rarely never sempre normalmente, polo xeral, xeralmente a miúdo ás veces, algunhas veces ao raro nunca, xamais Estes adverbios expresan a frecuencia coa que se fai algunha cousa. Colócanse diante do verbo, agás no caso do verbo to be, que van detrás. Rabbits usually eat carrots. (Os coellos polo xeral comen cenorias.) I am always tired at night. (Sempre estou cansa pola noite.) 12
grammar appendix Unit 4 o PRESENT CONTINUOUS Afirmativa I am cooking You are cooking He is cooking She is cooking It is cooking We are cooking You are cooking They are cooking Negativa I am not cooking You are not cooking He is not cooking She is not cooking It is not cooking We are not cooking You are not cooking They are not cooking Interrogativa I m cooking You re cooking He s cooking She s cooking It s cooking We re cooking You re cooking They re cooking I m not cooking Forma contraída Forma contraída You aren t / You re not cooking He isn t / He s not cooking She isn t / She s not cooking It isn t / It s not cooking We aren t / We re not cooking You aren t / You re not cooking They aren t / They re not cooking Afirmativa Respostas curtas Negativa Am I cooking? Yes, I am. No, I m not. Are you cooking? Yes, you are. No, you aren t. Is he cooking? Yes, he is. No, he isn t. Is she cooking? Yes, she is. No, she isn t. Is it cooking? Yes, it is. No, it isn t. Are we cooking? Yes, we are. No, we aren t. Are you cooking? Yes, you are. No, you aren t. Are they cooking? Yes, they are. No, they aren t. Expresa o que está a ocorrer no intre de falar ou no período de tempo presente. Afirmativa: suxeito + am / is / are + un verbo rematado en -ing. She is studying now. (Ela está a estudar arestora.) Nos seguintes casos, cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas para engadir -ing: - Se o verbo remata en e mudo, pérdese o e: live living - Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: run running sit sitting - Se é de 2 sílabas e ten o acento na última, dóbrase a derradeira consoante: refer referring begin beginning - Se remata en l, dóbrase a devandita letra: travel travelling - Se remata en ie, cámbiase ie por un y: lie lying die dying Negativa: suxeito + am / is / are + a partícula not ou a contracción n t (que se pode engadir a is e a are, mais non a am) + un verbo rematado en -ing. Na conversa adoita empregarse a forma contraída. They aren t sleeping right now. (Non están a durmir arestora.) Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are + suxeito + un verbo rematado en -ing. Are they working at the moment? (Están a traballar neste intre?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + o verbo to be, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Are you visiting the museum? Yes, I am. / No, I m not. (Estás a visitar o museo? Estou. Si. / No.) Co Present Continuous adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: now (agora), at the moment (neste intre), right now (arestora), today (hoxe), these days (hoxe en día), this week (esta semana), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. I am buying food right now. (Estou a mercar comida agora mesmo.) CONTRASTE PRESENT SIMPLE / present continuous O Present Simple expresa hábitos, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer no intre de falar. I usually study at home, but today I m studying at the library. (Polo xeral estudo na casa, mais hoxe estou a estudar na biblioteca.) Os verbos estáticos Os verbos estáticos empréganse para expresar gustos, sentimentos e desexos, actividades da mente, pertenza e percepción. Refírense a estados no canto de a accións, polo que non se adoitan empregar co Present Continuous. I want to eat at Lombardi s Pizzeria. (Quero comer na pizzaría Lombardi.) I don t know the answer. (Non sei a resposta.) 13
grammar appendix Unit 5 can Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraída I can play I cannot play I can t play You can play You cannot play You can t play He can play He cannot play He can t play She can play She cannot play She can t play It can play It cannot play It can t play We can play We cannot play We can t play You can play You cannot play You can t play They can play They cannot play They can t play Respostas curtas Interrogativa Afirmativa Negativa Can I play? Yes, I can. No, I can t. Can you play? Yes, you can. No, you can t. Can he play? Yes, he can. No, he can t. Can she play? Yes, she can. No, she can t. Can it play? Yes, it can. No, it can t. Can we play? Yes, we can. No, we can t. Can you play? Yes, you can. No, you can t. Can they play? Yes, they can. No, they can t. O verbo modal can significa saber, poder, ser quen de ou dar + participio. Afirmativa: suxeito + can + verbo na forma base. Como é un verbo modal, non se engade -s na 3ª persoa do singular. He can play tennis. (El sabe xogar ao tenis.) Negativa: suxeito + cannot ou a contracción can t + verbo na forma base. My sister can t drive a car. (A miña irmá non é quen de conducir un coche.) Interrogativa: Can + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Can you run very fast? (Podes correr moi rápido?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + can ou can t. Can you take a picture? Yes, I can. / No, I can t. (Podes tirar unha foto? Podo. Si. / No.) Os usos do verbo can Habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo: saber, ser quen de, dar + participio Posibilidade de facer algo: poder Pedimento de permiso ou favores: poder MUST I must run You must run He must run She must run It must run We must run You must run Afirmativa They must run He can speak English. (El sabe falar inglés.) I can call you now. (Podo chamarte agora.) Can you close the door? (Podes pechar a porta?) I mustn t run Negativa You mustn t run He mustn t run She mustn t run It mustn t run We mustn t run You mustn t run They mustn t run O verbo modal must en afirmativa significa deber e expresa a obriga ou a necesidade grande de facer algo. En negativa, en cambio, ten un significado totalmente distinto: expresa prohibición, que algo non está permitido ou que non se debe facer porque non é axeitado ou correcto. Ademais, tanto en afirmativa como en negativa, tamén pode empregarse para dar consellos. Afirmativa: suxeito + must + verbo na forma base. Como tamén é un verbo modal, non se engade -s na 3ª persoa do singular. She must leave tomorrow. (Ela debe marchar mañá.) Negativa: suxeito + must not ou a contracción mustn t + verbo na forma base. You mustn t talk in the library. (Non debes falar na biblioteca.) [está prohibido] I mustn t be late. (Non debo chegar tarde.) [non é axeitado] Interrogativa: Must + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Neste caso, must expresa obriga ou necesidade, aínda que este verbo modal non se adoita empregar na forma interrogativa. Must I wear the helmet? (Debo poñer o casco?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + must ou mustn t. Must we run quickly? Yes, you must. / No, you mustn t. (Debemos correr rápido? Debemos. Si. / Non.) 14
grammar appendix OS ADVERBIOS DE MODO Adxectivo Adverbio de modo bad mao/má badly mal slow lento/a slowly a modo, devagar quick rápido/a quickly á présa, rapidamente careful coidadoso/a carefully con coidado, coidadosamente easy fácil, doado/a easily con facilidade, facilmente quiet calado/a quietly en silencio, sen facer ruído clear claro/a clearly con claridade, claramente generous xeneroso/a generously xenerosamente regular regular regularly regularmente good bo/a well ben hard duro/a, difícil hard duramente, moito fast rápido/a fast á présa, rapidamente high alto/a high a grande altura Os adverbios de modo modifican os verbos, pois describen a forma en que se realiza a acción. Con eles respóndese ás preguntas que comezan por How...? (Como...?). A maioría son regulares e fórmanse engadindo a terminación -ly ao adxectivo correspondente. Mais tamén hai adverbios irregulares, como os catro derradeiros da táboa anterior. He runs quickly. (El corre á présa.) They swim well. (Eles nadan ben.) OS ADVERBIOS DE INTENSIDADe very quite not at all fairly slightly completely moi bastante, moi nada, en absoluto bastante lixeiramente, un pouco completamente Van diante doutros adverbios ou de adxectivos e matizan o seu significado dando unha idea de maior ou menor intensidade. He runs very fast. (El corre moi á présa.) The exercise is quite easy. (O exercicio é bastante doado.) 15
grammar appendix Unit 6 o COMPARATIVO Para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas empréganse os adxectivos en grao comparativo. O comparativo de superioridade (máis... que/ca/do que) emprégase para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas cando unha supera á outra nalgún aspecto. Para formalo cómpre reparar na lonxitude do adxectivo: 1. Se ten 1 sílaba, ou 2 e remata en y, o adxectivo considérase curto e engádeselle a terminación -er. Detrás pónselle a partícula than. My dad is taller than my mum. (Meu pai é máis alto ca miña nai.) Nos seguintes casos, o adxectivo muda ao lle engadir -er: - Se ten 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esa consoante: thin thinner big bigger - Se ten 2 sílabas e remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: crazy crazier lucky luckier - Se remata en l, duplícase a devandita letra: cruel crueller - Se conclúe en e mudo, só se engade -r: nice nicer 2. Se ten 2 sílabas (agás, como xa vimos, os rematados en consoante + y, que os consideramos curtos) ou máis, o adxectivo considérase longo e a comparativa fórmase con more + adxectivo + than. Boots are more expensive than shoes. (As botas son máis caras cós zapatos.) 3. Algúns adxectivos son irregulares e non seguen ningunha destas regras, de xeito que cómpre aprendelos de memoria. good better bad worse OS PRONOMes PERSOAIS OBXECTO me me (a min) you him her it us you them te (a ti), che, o, a, lle, se (a vostede) o, lle, se (a el) a, lle, se (a ela) o, a (unha cousa) nos (a nós, a nosoutros/as) vos (a vós, vosoutros/as), os, as, lles (a vostedes) os, as, lles, se (a eles/as) Fan as funcións de obxecto, isto é, de complemento directo, indirecto ou preposicional. I am visiting him today. (Estou a visitalo hoxe.) I buy her a present every year. (Mércolle un agasallo todos os anos.) I m cooking for them. (Estou a cociñar para eles.) Se na frase hai un obxecto directo e outro indirecto na súa forma de pronome, póñense nesta orde: OD + preposición + OI. Greg needs those keys. Give them to him, please. (Greg precisa esas chaves. Dállas, por favor.) Ollo! A diferenza do que ocorre en galego, en inglés os pronomes persoais obxecto non contraen nunca. Give them to him. = Dállas [Dá + lle + as] 16
grammar appendix Unit 7 o VERBO TO BE EN PASADO Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraída I was I was not I wasn t You were You were not You weren t He was He was not He wasn t She was She was not She wasn t It was It was not It wasn t We were We were not We weren t You were You were not You weren t They were They were not They weren t Respostas curtas Interrogativa Afirmativa Negativa Was I...? Yes, I was. No, I wasn t. Were you...? Yes, you were. No, you weren t. Was he...? Yes, he was. No, he wasn t. Was she...? Yes, she was. No, she wasn t. Was it...? Yes, it was. No, it wasn t. Were we...? Yes, we were. No, we weren t. Were you...? Yes, you were. No, you weren t. Were they...? Yes, they were. No, they weren t. O pasado do verbo to be emprégase para describir ou contar feitos pasados. Afirmativa: suxeito + was / were. Emprégase was para a 1ª e 3ª persoa do singular, e were para as demais. The fridge was in the kitchen. (A neveira estaba na cociña.) Negativa: suxeito + was / were + a partícula not ou a contracción n t. Na conversa adoita empregarse a forma contraída. The blanket wasn t in the washing machine. (A manta non estaba na lavadora.) Interrogativa: Was / Were + suxeito. Were you at the cinema? (Estabades no cine?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + was / were ou wasn t / weren t. Was the cat on the sofa? Yes, it was. / No, it wasn t. (Estaba o gato no sofá? Estaba. Si. / Non.) Para sinalar en que momento ocorreu a acción, as oracións en pasado adoitan levar as seguintes expresións temporais: cantidade de tempo + ago (hai + cantidade de tempo) ao final da expresión, last night / week / month / year (a pasada noite, a semana pasada, o mes / ano pasado), yesterday (onte), in the past (no pasado), at + unha hora, in + un ano, on + día da semana ou data, etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. Two years ago, we were in London on holiday. (Hai dous anos, estabamos en Londres de vacacións.) My room was very tidy last night. (O meu cuarto estaba moi limpo a pasada noite.) THERE WAS / THERE WERE Contábeis Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Respostas curtas There was a table. There were chairs. There wasn t an egg. There weren t shoes. Was there a cake? Were there beans? Non contábeis There was sugar. There wasn t tea. Was there milk? Yes, there was. / No, there wasn t. Yes, there were. / No, there weren t. Afirmativa: There was vai seguido de substantivos contábeis en singular ou non contábeis. There were vai seguido de substantivos contábeis en plural. Son as formas de pasado de There is e There are e, polo tanto, significan Había... ou Houbo.... Negativa: There was / There were + a partícula not (There was not / There were not) ou a contracción n t (There wasn t / There weren t). Interrogativa: as preguntas comezan polo verbo Was / Were + there. Respostas curtas: vólvese á orde normal e na negativa empréganse as formas contraídas. 17
grammar appendix Unit 8 o PAST SIMPLE Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraída I washed I did not wash I didn t wash You washed You did not wash You didn t wash He washed He did not wash He didn t wash She washed She did not wash She didn t wash It washed It did not wash It didn t wash We washed We did not wash We didn t wash You washed You did not wash You didn t wash They washed They did not wash They didn t wash Interrogativa Afirmativa Respostas curtas Negativa Did I wash...? Yes, I did. No, I didn t. Did you wash...? Yes, you did. No, you didn t. Did he wash...? Yes, he did. No, he didn t. Did she wash...? Yes, she did. No, she didn t. Did it wash...? Yes, it did. No, it didn t. Did we wash...? Yes, we did. No, we didn t. Did you wash...? Yes, you did. No, you didn t. Did they wash...? Yes, they did. No, they didn t. Afirmativa: fórmase engadindo -ed aos verbos regulares e é igual en todas as persoas. Os verbos irregulares non seguen regra ningunha e por iso cómpre aprendelos de memoria. I visited Larry last night. (Visitei a Larry a pasada noite.) Nos seguintes casos, cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas para engadir -ed: - Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: stop stopped drop dropped - Se é de 2 sílabas e ten o acento na derradeira, dóbrase a derradeira consoante: prefer preferred permit permitted - Se remata en l, dóbrase esa letra: travel travelled - Se conclúe en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: worry worried try tried - Se remata en e mudo, só se engade -d: bake baked live lived Negativa: suxeito + did not ou didn t + un verbo na forma base. She didn t go there yesterday. (Ela non foi alí onte.) Interrogativa: Did + suxeito + un verbo na forma base. Did you call her last night? (Chamáchela a pasada noite?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + did ou didn t. Did she go to the party? Yes, she did. / No, she didn t. (Ela foi á festa? Foi. Si. / No.) os usos do Past Simple Expresarmos accións They went home yesterday. pasadas (Marcharon á casa onte.) Dicirmos o que se fixo nun momento concreto Contarmos historias en pasado Contarmos como eran as cousas noutro tempo We watched that film last night. (Vimos esa película a noite pasada.) I washed the dishes. Then I cleaned my room. (Lavei os pratos. Logo limpei o meu cuarto.) In the past, only boys studied. (No pasado, só os rapaces estudaban.) Co Past Simple adoitan empregarse estas expresións temporais: cantidade de tempo ago (hai + cantidade de tempo) ao final da expresión, last night / week / year (a pasada noite, a semana pasada, o ano pasado), at + unha hora, on + un día ou unha data, in + un ano, in the past (no pasado), yesterday (onte), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. Three days ago, they called me. (Hai tres días chamáronme.) She wrote a letter last night. (Ela escribiu unha carta a pasada noite.) O Past Simple dos verbos irregulares Os verbos irregulares non seguen regra ningunha e, por iso, cómpre aprender de memoria as súas formas de pasado. Na listaxe de verbos irregulares desta separata tes algúns deles. 18
grammar appendix Unit 9 o FUTURO CON BE GOING TO Afirmativa I am going to run You are going to run He is going to run She is going to run It is going to run We are going to run You are going to run They are going to run Forma contraída I m going to run You re going to run He s going to run She s going to run It s going to run We re going to run You re going to run They re going to run Negativa e forma contraída I am not / I m not going to run You are not / You aren t / You re not going to run He is not / He isn t / He s not going to run She is not / She isn t / She s not going to run It is not / It isn t / It s not going to run We are not / We aren t / We re not going to run You are not / You aren t / You re not going to run They are not / They aren t / They re not going to run Interrogativa Afirmativa Respostas curtas Negativa Am I going to run? Yes, I am. No, I m not. Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren t. Is he going to run? Yes, he is. No, he isn t. Is she going to run? Yes, she is. No, she isn t. Is it going to run? Yes, it is. No, it isn t. Are we going to run? Yes, we are. No, we aren t. Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren t. Are they going to run? Yes, they are. No, they aren t. Significa ir / non ir + infinitivo. Afirmativa: suxeito + to be en presente + going to + verbo na forma base. Paul is going to visit Sam. (Paul vai visitar a Sam.) Negativa: suxeito + to be en presente + not (n t) + going to + verbo na forma base. They aren t going to climb a mountain. (Non van escalar unha montaña.) Interrogativa: to be en presente + suxeito + going to + verbo na forma base. Is she going to go camping? (Ela vai ir de cámping?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + o verbo to be, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Are you going to watch the football game? Yes, I am. / No, I m not. (Vas ver o partido de fútbol? Vou. Si. / Non.) Os usos do futuro con be going to Falarmos de intencións, I m going to visit London. proxectos ou intencións (Vou visitar Londres.) Expresarmos o que vai ocorrer porque vemos indicios diso She is going to have another baby soon. (Ela vai ter outro bebé axiña.) Con be going to adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: later (máis tarde, logo), soon (axiña, nun pouco), this afternoon / evening (esta tarde / este serán), tonight (esta noite), tomorrow (mañá), in + un ano, next week / month / year (a semana / o mes / o ano que vén / vindeiro/a), in the future (no futuro), on + un día da semana ou data, etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. I am going to meet my friends later. (Vou quedar cos meus amigos máis tarde.) Next year, I m going to travel to India. (O ano que vén vou viaxar á India.) o PRESENT CONTINUOUS CON VALOR DE FUTURO O Present Continuous (como xa vimos na unidade 4) emprégase para expresar o que está a ocorrer no momento de falar. Fórmase con to be + un verbo rematado en -ing, e débense seguir unhas regras ortográficas para engadir axeitadamente esa terminación (It s raining, She is living, etc.). Pero, ademais, o Present Continuous ten valor de futuro pois emprégase para anunciar accións fixadas con antelación que ocorrerán no futuro próximo. I am visiting a museum on Sunday. (Visito / Visitarei un museo o domingo.) A diferenza co Present Continuous normal está en que o que ten valor de futuro debe levar unha expresión temporal de futuro que indique cando vai ocorrer a acción: this afternoon / evening (esta tarde / este serán), on + un día da semana ou unha data, in + un mes ou un ano, next week / month (a semana / o mes que vén / vindeiro/a), at + unha hora, tomorrow (mañá), in ten minutes (en dez minutos), etc. The train is leaving in five minutes. (O tren sae / sairá en cinco minutos.) A diferenza con be going to é que non se trata só dunha intención, senón de algo que vai ocorrer con toda seguranza pois xa se fixou de antemán. Con este valor empréganse principalmente os verbos de movemento. She is flying to Paris tonight. (Ela voa / voará a París esta noite.) [xa ten o billete, é seguro] 19
Irregular Verbs BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO be /VA/ was/were /rfh/rk/ been /VAm/ ser, estar beat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, bater become /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a ser, converterse begin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar bend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se) bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostar bite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabar bleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrar blow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprar break /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper bring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traer build /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construír burn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimar buy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercar catch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrar choose /aih/ chose /alhh/ chosen /'alhhm/ elixir come /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vir cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custar cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortar dig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar do /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facer draw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxar dream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñar drink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beber drive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducir eat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ comer fall /cgo/ fell /cco/ fallen /'cgolm/ caer feed /cax/ fed /ccx/ fed /ccx/ alimentar feel /cao/ felt /ccow/ felt /ccow/ sentir(se) fight /cow/ fought /cgw/ fought /cgw/ loitar, pelexar find /comx/ found /cpmx/ found /cpmx/ atopar fly /coo/ flew /coi/ flown /colhm/ voar forget /cl'zcw/ forgot /cl'zfw/ forgotten /cl'zfwm/ esquecer forgive /cl'zbd/ forgave /cl'zmd/ forgiven /cl'zbdm/ perdoar freeze /cpah/ froze /cplhh/ frozen /'cplhhm/ conxelar(se) get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir, acadar; chegar give /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ dar go /ZN/ went /rcmw/ gone /ZFm/ ir grow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer, medrar; cultivar hang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænx/kjn/ hanged/hung /kænx/kjn/ pendurar have /kæd/ had /kæx/ had /kæx/ ter; haber hear /kbl/ heard /kkx/ heard /kkx/ oír, ouvir hide /kox/ hid /kbx/ hidden /'kbxm/ agochar hit /kbw/ hit /kbw/ hit /kbw/ golpear, bater, pegar hold /knox/ held /kcox/ held /kcox/ suxeitar, termar de hurt /kkw/ hurt /kkw/ hurt /kkw/ ferir, mancar; doer keep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manter know /mn/ knew /mqi/ known /mnm/ saber, coñecer lay /ocb/ laid /ocbx/ laid /ocbx/ poñer, pór; estender lead /oax/ led /ocx/ led /ocx/ guiar, conducir 20