Chicago and Turabian Style Chicago Style (CMS) is widely used for academic writing across the disciplines (e.g., humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, physical sciences), as well as for professional writing. Turabian style refers to The Turabian Manual for Writers originally compiled in 937 by Kate Turabian, the University of Chicago s dissertation secretary, who sought to create a simplified set of guidelines for students using Chicago style to writer papers, theses, and dissertations. Students can confidently use the Turabian manual when writing in Chicago style, and take advantage of the many resources it offers on finding, engaging and incorporating source material that are not present in the Chicago manual. When using CMS, you should first establish the type of documentation style to use because choosing between Footnotes/Endnotes and Author-date references depends upon your subject matter. Consult with your professor or editor to make this determination. For the purposes of this handout, we will focus on Footnotes/Endnotes, but for more information, consult The Chicago Manual of Style, The Turabian Manual for Writers, or A Writer s Help. Footnotes/Endnotes Ø Ø A footnote is placed at the bottom of a page of text to further explain, expand, or cite a source as indicated by a superscript. Ø Ø An endnote is exactly the same as a footnote; however, it is found at the end of the paper in a single list after the heading of Notes. The basic format for a Chicago-style note is as follows: First name Last name, Title in Italics (City of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pg.- pg. A note entry of a book with a single author looks like this: Gordon MacKenzie, Orbiting the Giant Hairball: A Corporate Fool s Guide to Surviving with Grace (New York: Penguin, 998), 73-77. Ø Ø 2 Ibid., 78-79. The first line of a footnote or endnote is indented; subsequent lines are flush with the left margin. Ø Ø Notice that the abbreviation Ibid. is used when the same work is cited in the note immediately preceding. The word Ibid may take the place of all the identical material; different page numbers may be added. This abbreviation cannot be used if more than one work is in the previous citation. If a work is cited again later in the footnote or endnote, you may simply use the last name of the author, an abbreviated title, and the page number, omitting publication information (see Mackenzie example below). 5 MacKenzie, Orbiting the Giant Hairball, 79. Writingcenter.appstate.edu 828-262- 344 writingctr@appstate.edu Updated 04/204
Ø Ø A few tips A shortened footnote, like the MacKenzie example above, is unlike Ibid in that it may not come immediately after a previous MacKenzie note. Users may use shortened notes if the source has previously been used and noted. Ø Ø Notes pages have single-spaced entries with double-spacing between each entry. Ø Ø The state of publication can be omitted in footnotes and endnotes if the city is commonly known (e.g., New York, Chicago). Ø Ø Chicago style allows users to not only add citation material in notes, but also commentary or additional material, such as extra quotations. Examples: Notes BOOKS Book with One Author Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (New York: Penguin, 2005), 229. Book with Two or Three Authors or Editors Donna Smith and Doug Ames, Dogs in Ireland (New York: Random House, 200), 26. 3 Jack Beatty, ed., Big Book About Ireland (New York: Knopf, 200), 77. Book with Four to Ten Persons Alton Robinson et al., eds. Farming in America (Boston: Knopf, 2005), 56. Anonymous Works Women and Mental Health (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 996), 243. JOURNAL ARTICLES Article in Print Christopher S. Mackay, Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian, Classical Philology 94, no. 2 (999): 205. Article in Electronic Form *The additions of a URL or DOI and paragraph numbers are the only differences between an electronic article citation and a print citation. Hope A. Olson, Codes, Costs, and Critiques: The Organization of Information in Library Quarterly, 93-2004, Library Quarterly 76, no. (2006): par. 20, doi: 0.086/504343. Writingcenter.appstate.edu 828-262- 344 writingctr@appstate.edu Updated 04/204
MAGAZINES Magazine in Print Jeffrey Selingo, Tulane Slashes Departments and Lays Off Professors, The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 6, 2005, 7. Magazine in Electronic Form Jessica Reaves, A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids, Time, March 4, 200, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,02443,00.html. Magazine in a Database 3 Big Trouble for Wall Street, Time, September 8, 203, 27, Expanded Academic ASAP (A209905060). NEWSPAPERS Newspaper in Print Mike Royko, Next Time, Dan, Take Aim at Arnold, Chicago Tribune, September 23, 992, sec. A. Newspaper in Electronic Form Gretchen Morgenson, Applying a Discount to Good Earnings News, New York Times, April 23, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/. WEBSITES Website content Style Guide. Wikipedia. Last modified July 8, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/styleguide. Blog entry Miland Brown, The Flawed Montevideo Convention of 933, World History Blog, May 3 2008, http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2008/05/flawed-montevideo-convention-of-993.html. MISCELLANEOUS Unpublished Dissertations William M. Wisser, Rhetoric and Riot in Rio de Janerio, 827-83 (PhD diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006), 42, ProQuest (AAT 9976409). Government Documents U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 943 (Washington, DC: GPO, 965), 562. Personal Communication Andrew MacMillian, email message to the author, August 3, 2003. Examples: Bibliography Remember that a Bibliography is used with the footnote/endnote format of CMS while a References Page is used for the author-date format. This is because a References Page only includes sources cited directly Writingcenter.appstate.edu 828-262- 344 writingctr@appstate.edu Updated 04/204
in the paper, while a Bibliography can include sources that are not necessarily cited but have had an influence on the research. However, it is always important to check with your professor or editor. BOOKS Book with One Author Fielding, Henry. The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling. New York:Penguin, 2005. Book with Two Authors Smith, Donna, and Doug Ames. Dogs in Ireland. New York: Random House, 200. Book with Multiple Authors Sechzer, John Adams, Stephanie Pfaffilin, Florence Denmark, Adrianna Griffin, and Steve J. Blumenthal, eds. Women and Mental Health. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 996. JOURNAL ARTICLES Article in Print MacKay, Christopher S. Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian. Classical Philology 94, no. 2 (999): 205-25. Article in Electronic Form Warr, Mark and Christopher G. Ellison. Rethinking Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in Family Households. American Journal of Sociology 06, no. 3 (2000). http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ajs/journal/issues/v06n3/05025/05025.html. MAGAZINES Magazine in Print Selingo, Jeffery. Tulane Slashes Departments and Lays Off Professors. The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 2005, 7. Magazine in Electronic Form Reaves, Jessica. A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids. Time, March 4, 200. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,02443,00.html. Magazine in a Database Big Trouble for Wall Street. Time, September 8, 203, 27. Expanded Academic ASAP (A209905060). NEWSPAPERS Newspaper in Print Royko, Mike, Next Time, Dan, Take Aim at Arnold. Chicago Tribune, September 23, 992, sec. A. Newspaper in Electronic Form Morgenson, Gretchen. Applying a Discount to Good Earnings News. New York Times, April 23, 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/. Writingcenter.appstate.edu 828-262- 344 writingctr@appstate.edu Updated 04/204
WEBSITES Website content Style Guide. Wikipedia. Last modified July 8, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/styleguide. Blog entry Brown, Miland. The Flawed Montevideo Convention of 933. World History Blog. May 3 2008. http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2008/05/flawed-montevideo-convention-of-993.html. MISCELLANEOUS Unpublished Dissertation Budin, Stephanie Lynn. The Origins of Aphrodite. PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2000. ProQuest (AAT 9976404). Government Document U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 943. Washington, DC: GPO, 965. Personal Communication These are not included in the Bibliography. Other Rules CMS provides an extensive set of rules to keep published writing uniform. Here are some you may find important. Headlines Capitalize the first and last words and all other major words. Titles of Works (Italics vs. Quotation Marks ) Titles of Books and Periodicals are italicized. Titles of Articles, Chapters and other Shorter Works require quotation marks. Book Series are capitalized, not italicized. Poem Titles use quotation marks. Italicize Play Titles. Freestanding Publications are italicized. Italicize Movies, Television and Radio Shows, but Single Television and Radio Episodes require quotation marks. Websites are capitalized (e.g. Google). Blog Titles are italicized. Writingcenter.appstate.edu 828-262- 344 writingctr@appstate.edu Updated 04/204
Writingcenter.appstate.edu 828-262- 344 writingctr@appstate.edu Updated 04/204