Appendix Figure 1 Sample Appendix An appendix is a section in that back of the book which supports the main body of the text. An appendix may contain tables, graphs, additional articles or information. If more than one appendix, the appendices may have different page numbers from the rest of the book. Purpose: Can include writing that further explains the text or offers samples. Can include documents. Bibliography A list of all works used when doing research on a specific topic. The bibliography is a list of citations in alphabetical order by author s last name, editor s name, or source title when an author or editor is unknown. Purpose: To document works used in research and to provide more information about a topic of interest. Figure 2 Sample Bibliography If an author wanted to add a table to support the text, in which section would a reader find it? A appendix B glossary C preface D index When writing a research report on Mary Rodas, how should a student correctly make a reference to a book that is used? A Dan Meyer. Children Success Stories. Appleheart Publishers: New York, 2008. B Children Success Stories. Dan Meyer. New York: Appleheart Publishers, 2008. C Appleheart Publishers. Children Success Stories. Meyer, Dan. New York: 2008. D Meyer, Dan. Children Success Stories. New York: Appleheart Publishers, 2008. [1] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Bold Print/Boldfaced Figure 3 Sample Newspaper with Bold Print Why are the section headings boldfaced? Signals the word is important and/or found in the glossary. Located throughout texts, both print and online. Purpose: Helps students find important information in the book chapters or online quickly. A to introduce readers to new words B so readers can more easily find what they need C so readers will remember what is most important D to help readers better understand the information Chapter Headings or Section Headings or Headings Figure 4 Sample Document with different section headings Writers use section headings for a variety of reasons: to help readers figure out what to expect in an upcoming section, to hint at a main idea, or to organize the article's information. Chapter Headings tell you the topics in a text. They also tell you if the book will give you the information you need. Headings identify the main idea or topic of the chapter or section. Headings also help to build skimming and scanning skills. Purpose: Understanding section headings can help students become strategic content-area readers. Read this text excerpt: Most bats eat fruit. Some bats eat insects, fish, and frogs. Bats are nocturnal and hunt for their food at night. Which chapter heading would most likely be above this text? A Insects and Bugs B What Bats Eat C Where Bats Live D When Bats Hunt [2] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Citation (citing, works cited, Figure 5 Different Citations that create a If this folk tale were found in a book, which documentation) Bibliography citation correctly credits the source? The information which identifies a book or article for a student report. Information for a book citation, also called a bibliographic citation, usually includes the author, title, place of publication, publisher, and date. This information is found on the front and back of the title page of a book. Citations are used to create an alphabetical bibliography. There are many standard formats (MLA, APA, Turabian, Chicago, etc.). Usually the MLA format for a book citation is: Author s last name, first name. Title. Place of Publication, Publisher, Copyright date. Usually the order for a magazine citation is: Author s last name, first name. Title of Article. Title of Magazine, Date, Page Numbers. Any electronic information (e.g. website, database, online encyclopedia) must include the date you accessed the information. A Ted L. Grant. Folktales from Around the World. Valley Press, Quebec: 1995. B Folktales from Around the World. Grant, Ted L. Valley Press, Quebec: 1995. C Grant, Ted L. Folktales from Around the World. Quebec: Valley Press, 1995. D Folktales from Around the World. Ted L. Grant. Quebec: Valley Press, 1995. Which is the correct way to show a magazine reference in a report about mollusks? A June 2009: Sea Life Magazine. Simpson, Fred. Soft-Bodied Animals 34 36. B Sea Life Magazine June 2009: Soft-Bodied Animals Simpson, Fred. 34 36. C Simpson, Fred. Soft-Bodied Animals. Sea Life Magazine June 2009: 34 36. D Soft-Bodied Animals. Simpson, Fred. Sea Life Magazine June 2009: 34 36. Purpose: To give credit to the original source of information. It also provides the reader a way to find more information about topics of interest. [3] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Footnotes are small notes at the bottom of a page. These notes explain, define, or cite information in the text. A word is marked for a footnote by a small raised number or symbol following the word or sentence (example: llamas¹). A matching number or symbol will guide the reader to an explanation or definition at the foot (or bottom) of the page. If the note that explains, defines, or cites information is at the end of a text, it is called an endnote. Endnotes are organized by numbering the items in the order they are found in the text. Please note that a Bibliography is in alphabetical order. Elementary Text Features Study Guide Definitions, Images and Sample CRT Questions Endnotes / Footnotes Figure 6 Footnotes at the bottom; Endnotes at the end! (Footnotes) How does the author help the reader with unknown words in this passage? A by placing footnotes on the page B by writing words in bold print C by underlining them D by italicizing them Purpose: To provide readers information or to explain, define, or cite information in the text. Format Students will use text formats as an aid in constructing meaning from nonfiction (expository) text (e.g. heading, subheading, bold print, italics, graphics, sequence, diagrams, illustrations, charts and maps). Source: Pass Objectives. Purpose: To assist readers in understanding the information in a text. (Endnotes) Figure 7 Format change in font to highlight words in a quote. In paragraph 6, the word flew is in quotation marks because the moth A flies like a bird. B flies very quickly. C is known for its flying. D only looks like it is flying. [4] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Glossary Figure 8 Glossary example A glossary is a list of words in ABC order relating to specific vocabulary within a book; includes definitions that enhance understanding of the subject of the book. A glossary is usually located at the end of a book before the index. Purpose: It s like a mini-dictionary that defines important words and concepts in a book. Imagine you are reading a science textbook when you come across the word photosynthesis. In what part of the book would you find the meaning of photosynthesis? A table of contents B index C glossary D dictionary Graphic Organizers A visual and graphic display that depicts the meaning, or the relationship between information. Charts, bars, graphs, Thinking Maps and word webs are a few types of graphic organizers. Purpose: Organize and create a visual presentation of the information to help the reader understand the text. Figure 9 Graphic Organizers Which is the best way for a student to remember what happens to a young seahorse when it leaves its father s pouch? A Write a summary of each paragraph. B List the difficult words in the passage. C Underline the main idea in each paragraph. D Make a graphic organizer showing events in the passage. [5] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Graphics Photographs or other visual representations (charts, graphs, cartoons, timelines and diagrams) that are added to the text to make the information easier to understand. Purpose: To enhance reader s understanding of the text. Figure 10 Graphics as a part of text make us happy and help us learn! The author includes a picture of a llama in order A to show why llamas are helpful. B to help readers visualize the animal. C to explain how llamas protect sheep. D to teach readers to respect unusual animals. Guide Words Guide words appear at the top of pages in dictionaries, encyclopedias and other resources that are in alphabetical order. Guide words are the first and last words or topics on a page. Guide words let you find what words appear alphabetically on that page. Purpose: Helps students find information quickly in any source that is in alphabetical order (e.g. dictionaries, thesauri, encyclopedias, phone books, etc.). Figure 10 Guide Words Guide Words: braid bread braid brand brain brass bramble brave bran braze branch bread Between which two topics would a student find Arrowheads in an encyclopedia? A Ants and Apaches B Arenas and Artists C Aardvarks and Armor D Airplanes and Almanacs [6] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Index: Figure 11 Sample Index An index is an alphabetical list of all the important topics in a book, along with the page numbers where each topic can be found in the book. If you want to find information on the federal armory in Harper s Ferry in The Making of America: History of the United States from 1492 to the Present, you would look up Harper s Ferry in the index. Use an index to find all the pages about a topic in a book. The index is located in the back of the book. Purpose: Helps students locate information more efficiently. In a book of poetry, which section would help a student locate poems about stars? A appendix B glossary C preface D index Using the above index, find the page where you would find an appetizer made with artichokes? A Page 521 B Page 23 C Page 18 D Page 40 [7] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Italics Figure 12 Italics for Emphasis A style of typeface in which letters are slanted to the right. Italicize the titles of complete works. Examples: books, magazines, newspapers, plays, poems, TV programs and works of art. Italics in text signify importance it suggests that you pay attention. Purpose: Italics are a clue that information is important. Italics can also signify a book title or a foreign word or phrase. The word MEANWHILE, in the above excerpt suggests that the reader not only pay attention to where Sheldon is, but where he came from. What font style or text feature is this an example of? Key Words or keywords Key words are words or short phrases that unlock the topic that is being studied. Key words can be used as a reference point for finding other words, topics or synonyms. Purpose: To locate relevant information quickly. These words can be found in an index, database, or literary work. Figure 13 Key Words or keywords A Bold Face B Color Print C Italics D Underline Which key words would best help a student find information about the fair on the Internet? A carnival rides B Oklahoma Festivals C Oklahoma State Fair D events at the fairgrounds [8] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Notecards Definition: Note Cards are on an index card or similar card used for recording notes or other information. This information can be used to summarize or paraphrase information, use a direct quote, and cite the source to be used in a bibliography. Purpose: Puts research and sources at student s fingertips. The advantage of using note cards easier organization of information you have on one topic together. Outlines A list of headings and subheadings that cover the main points about a topic. Provides a shorthand system to think about and organize paper or project either using complete sentences or short phrases. Purpose: An organizational tool that provides a snapshot of the main topics featured in a paper or project. Provides both organization of the project and a summary of the main ideas. Figure 15 Outlines Which would most help a student prepare a report about The Legend of the Cherokee Rose Rock? A a timeline of statehood events B a list of rocks found in Oklahoma C a notecard summarizing the legend D a map of the United States showing Oklahoma Title: Shark Attack 1. Many people are afraid of sharks for no reason. a. Most sharks bites are from nurse sharks that have been provoked by divers. b. Sharks sometimes attack people who are wounded or drowning. c. Sharks are responsible for only 10 to 15 human deaths each year. 2. Humans are a bigger threat to sharks than sharks are to humans. a. Humans kill 100 million sharks each year. i. Some sharks are caught in nets. ii.? Which information about sharks should be added to correctly complete the outline? A Shark fin soup is a Chinese specialty. B Sharks are hunted for their skin, meat, oil and fins. C Nurse Sharks get caught in fisherman s nets. D The movie Jaws caused people to fear sharks. [9] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Preface Figure 17 Sample of Preface Usually located at the front of the book. The introductory portion of the book written by the author to explain why the book was written, what it is about or how to use it. If written by someone other than author, it is called a foreword which would precede or come before the preface in a book and is usually written by someone famous. In the beginning of his book, The Rose that Grew from Concrete Tupac Shakur writes about why he organized the poems in a certain way. This is known as A. A foreword B. An index C. A glossary D. A preface Purpose: This brief overview can let student decide if the material fits their needs. The author provides reader with significant background on the book s content. Subheadings Divide text into sections tells the supporting details of the main idea for each heading of the text usually printed in large or bold print to make them stand out. Purpose: Help the reader locate specific details or information in text chapter. Provides supporting details of main topic under discussion. Figure 20 Subheading The author includes dates as subheadings in the passage to show the reader that A Stubblefield encountered problems that took 10 years to resolve. B Stubblefield s public demonstration took place 10 years later. C Stubblefield s work on his invention stopped for 10 years. D Stubblefield worked on other inventions for 10 years. [10] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Summarize Figure 21 Summarize To concisely discuss the main ideas or the main points. It s a review or a short version usually done in your own words. Purpose: This is an essential skill and builds students ability to extract the most important idea(s) from the content they are learning. Summarizing a reading assignment increases recall and condenses an author's idea down to a few sentences. Strategies necessary for good summarizing: cover the 5 Ws (who, what, when, where, why) examine text features (headings, illustrations, charts, to hone in to main ideas, etc.) In 1911, Kenny helped a young girl recover from polio by wrapping her legs with hot, damp rags and having the girl do special exercises. (Thomas, Henry. Elizabeth Kenny, p. 58) In 1940, Kenny demonstrated her technique to doctors in the United States, which was suffering through a severe polio epidemic. (Ostenso, Martha. Biography of Elizabeth Kenny, p. 241) Which best summarizes the information in these sources? A In 1940, Kenny traveled to the United States to give doctors a demonstration of the technique for treating polio that she had first developed in 1911. B Kenny showed doctors her technique by helping a young girl recover from polio by wrapping her legs with hot, damp rags and having the girl do special exercises. C When a polio epidemic hit the United States in 1940, Kenny showed doctors there her technique for treating the disease with special exercises and hot, damp leg wraps. D Kenny helped a young girl recover from polio by wrapping her legs with hot, damp rags and having her do special exercises, and [11] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
she demonstrated this technique to doctors in the United States. Table of Contents (TOC): Figure 22 Table of Contents Identifies key topics in the book and the order that the topics are presented. Printed tables of contents indicate page numbers where each part starts. Electronic texts also allow the reader links to go to each section. A table of contents tells you the title of each chapter of the book. It is located in the front of the book. A table of contents in a magazine tells you the names of the articles or stories in the magazine. Purpose: Helps guide students through patterns of organization so they can locate information more efficiently. To find out which chapter in a science book is about pelicans, a student would use the A index. B title page. C subheadings. D table of contents. [12] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Timeline Figure 23 Timeline Now they even have Legos that transform! Timelines are often used to help students and researchers understand events and trends for a particular subject. They display events in chronological order and can provide graphics of the topic. When studying for a test, a good way to remember the important events in Elizabeth Kenny s life would be to A make a timeline showing her achievements. B read the article aloud and silently three times. C copy the first and last paragraphs in your notes. D underline all of the important dates in the article. Purpose: Place an event in a sequence of time to better understand its importance. Based on the timeline below, who is the youngest person to allegedly violate the Montgomery, Alabama segregation laws in 1955? A. Rosa Parks B. Claudette Colvin C. Mary Louise Smith D. Montgomery Alabama http://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2008/01 /lego-brick4-timeline.jpg [13] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Figure 24 Title Page Title Page The title page of a text is at or near the front and displays the title, author, publisher, and place of publication. In this example. Check both the front and back of the title page (verso) for information. Purpose: Help students identify bibliographic information needed for reports: author, title, publisher, copyright, etc. To find out if a book has current information, look at the A copyright date on the back of the title page. B number of pages in the book. C name of the publisher. D table of contents. [14] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Research & Information Sample Test Questions Library Resources Sample Test Questions When you create a product, such as a short story, a graphic, a song, or an invention, that creation of your mind is referred to as your. A. fair use B. right to privacy C. copyright D. intellectual property If you need to know what chapters are in a book, which part of the book provides the best information? A. Cover of book B. Glossary C. Introduction D. Table of Contents What is a bibliography? A. Story of a person s life B. A type of book C. A magazine D. A list of resources used A magazine is a resource that you can use to find current information on a variety of topics. What is another library term that means the same as magazine? A. Bibliography B. Biography C. Thesaurus D. Periodical What is another name for copyright date? A. Author date B. Book date C. Publisher date D. Check-out date What resource should you consult to get background and introductory information on a topic? A. A Dictionary B. An Atlas C. An Encyclopedia D. An Almanac Your friend tells you about a website where you can download all of the latest songs you hear on the radio for free. If you use this website for this purpose, you will be violating which of the following? A. Fair Use B. Right to Privacy C. Copyright D. Freedom of Information What is the first page in a book that usually gives the title, author, illustrator, and publisher called? A. End page B. Back page C. Cover Page D. Title page [15] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
Citation: Johnson, Terry. Working Dogs Help Save Lives. Dog Fancy 24 June 2007: 75-77. What is Dog Fancy in the above example? A. Chapter of a book B. Title of a magazine C. Title of an article D. Publishing company Citation: Kors, Alan Charles. "Morality on today's college campuses." Vital Speeches of the Day. 64 (20): 633-637. Aug 1, 1998. What is "Morality on today's college campuses." in the above example? A. Chapter of a book B. Title of a magazine C. Title of an article D. Publishing company If you want to find a book about any topic, which library resource would you use? A. Library Card Catalog or Online Catalog B. Encyclopedia C. Reference Tool D. Periodical Database To find out which chapter in a science book is about pelicans, a student would use the A glossary. B title page. C subheadings. D table of contents. Smith, Robert. The Complete Guide to Seashells. New York: Shell Press, 2006. What is The Complete Guide to Seashells. in the above example? A. Title of a book B. Title of a magazine C. Title of an article D. Publishing company Between which two topics would a student find the word Arrowheads in an encyclopedia? A Ants and Apaches B Arenas and Artists C Aardvarks and Armor D Airplanes and Almanacs [16] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
You found a lengthy book that is a biography of Claude Monet. You need to find the chapter that deals with his work in Giverny. Which of the following do you use to locate the chapter on Giverny? A. Summary in the library catalog B. Table of contents C. Index D. All of the above Jeffrey, Nancy. "Are Tanning Beds Unsafe for Teens?" People 16 May 2005: 153-154. Using the MLA-style citation above, the last numbers, 153-154, refer to what? A. volume number B. issue number C. page number D. date Diaries, letters, photographs, and interviews created at the time of an event (e.g. The Holocaust or 9/11) are defined as: A Secondary Sources B Primary Sources C Fiction D Textbooks Which of these citations written according to the MLA Style Guide lists the author in the correct way? A. Caroline B. Cooney. The Face on the Milk Carton. New York: Bantam Books, 1990. B. Cooney, Caroline B. The Face on the Milk Carton. New York: Bantam Books, 1990. C. Cooney, Caroline, Mrs. The Face on the Milk Carton. New York: Bantam Books, 1990. D. Mrs. Cooney. The Face on the Milk Carton. New York: Bantam Books, 1990. Which section in a science book would give the pages that have more information about llamas? A index B glossary C title page D chapter headings If a student wanted to learn more about trying out for a part in a play, which book would be most helpful? A Working in the Theatre B A History of Musical Theatre C The Best Plays on Broadway D Auditioning Tips from the Pros [17] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
The lumbering Harley-Davidson driven haphazardly by the teen, skidded, rolled and crashed into a tree. A student wants to use the information from the sentence above in a research paper for English class. The teacher has asked that students properly paraphrase without plagiarizing. Which of the examples below is correctly paraphrased and not plagiarized? Which page lists the bibliography in correct order? A. Page 1 B. Page 2 C. Page 3 D. Page 4 Carter, Jimmy in every example refers to: A. an author B. a publisher C. the title of a book D. a place holder A. The big Harley driven haphazardly by the teen, skidded, rolled and then crashed into a tree. B. The lumbering Harley-Davidson driven by a teen driving haphazardly, skidded, rolled and crashed into a tree. C. The Harley-Davidson skidded, rolled and crashed into a tree, after being driven haphazardly by the teenager. [18] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012
A student must use a primary source for a research assignment on Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War. Which of these would be a primary source? A textbook chapter on Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War B online site about Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War C personal journal entries by Abraham Lincoln D encyclopedia article about the Civil War Which of these Web sites would be most helpful in learning how to become president of the United States? A. Presidents of the United States an online encyclopedia. Overall, the vast majority of U.S. presidents were very affluent upon entering office... Fillmore did run for president in the 1856 election as a Know Nothing Party... B. Abraham Lincoln an online encyclopedia Scholars rank Lincoln among the top three U.S. presidents... On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president of the United States,... C. Future presidential candidates To be eligible to be the next U.S. president, one must meet certain requirements... D. Welcome to the White House Whitehouse.gov is the official Web site for the White House and the president... In which part of a book would you be most likely to find its publication date? A. bibliography B. index C. back side of the title page D. preface [19] Contact: Library Media Services / kmlienke@okcps.org / 405-587-0331 Feb 2012