Université de Mons AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION AND IDEOLOGY: BETWEEN CENSORSHIP AND FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIES The case of French films on the Algerian war of independence BRAHIM HANNACHI FACULTE DE TRADUCTION ET D INTERPRETATION ECOLE D INTERPRETES INTERNATIONAUX FTI-EII BELGIQUE www.facebook.com/tsresearch
CONTENTS Questions of research Corpus Methodology Theoretical framework Local translation decisions Global translation strategy The concept of effect between literature and cinematography Film analysis Results Conclusions and perspectives Université de Mons Brahim HANNACHI FTI-EII ECOLE D'INTERPRETES INTERNATIONAUX 2
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF IDEOLOGY: a censorship matter? Who censors? Laws and regulations Selfcensorship Université de Mons Brahim HANNACHI FTI-EII ECOLE D'INTERPRETES INTERNATIONAUX 3
QUESTIONS OF RESEARCH How can we explain self-censorship in film subtitling in the absence of prohibitive regulations and laws? Can censorship be considered as an adaptation strategy reducing the distance between the ideology prevailing in the source culture and the viewers of the target culture for a particular purpose? Université de Mons Brahim HANNACHI FTI-EII ECOLE D'INTERPRETES INTERNATIONAUX 4
How can we study the subtitling of ideological elements by putting more emphasis on the concept of strategy rather than censorship? Is it always about censorship or rather about subtitling functional strategies influenced by the pragmatic purposes of the film industry? How could the ethnocentric strategies of subtitling be considered as a functional tool to circumvent censorship? 5
CORPUS L ENNEMI INTIME العدو الحمیم INTIMATE ENNEMIES 6
METHODOLOGY Local decisions analysis in microcontexts Definition of the global strategy Effect analysis TRANSLATION PROCEDURES Nature of translation procedures predominently used Ethnocentric strategy -> effect of proximity Exotic strategy -> effect of distance 7
Université de Mons 8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Vinay & Darbelnet Translation procedures Local decisions of translation Global strategy considerations Jääskeläinen Ladmiral Venuti Iser Aesthetic response theory The concept of effect
LOCAL TRANSLATION DECISONS Translation: a decision making process Translation decisions operating in local parts of the text Translation procedures give concrete expression to the translator s decisions Comparative stylistics: Vinay & Darbelnet 9
Vinay & Darbelnet translation procedures Borrowing Modulation Calque Equivalence Transposition Adaptation Literal translation Omission 10
Université de Mons 11 GLOBAL TRANSLATION STRATEGY Rita JÄÄSKELÄINEN Global strategy VS local strategy 1. Global strategy: general principals 2. Local strategy: local translation decision Local strategy Local translation decision Translation procedure
Translation strategies dichotomies Jean-René LADMIRAL Sourcier VS cibliste Lawrance VENUTI Domesticating VS foreignizing Université de Mons 12
Université de Mons Ethnocentric VS Exotic Ethnocentric strategy procedures/oblique Exotic strategy procedures/direct Modulation Borrowing Equivalence Calque Adaptation Literal translation Omission transposition
THE CONCEPT OF EFFECT BETWEEN LITERATURE AND CINEMATOGRAPHY Effect in literature: Wolfgang ISER Theory of aesthetic response Theory of effect, not a theory of reception Preset effect through textual constituents Prefigured implicit reader Textual constituents Effect production in literature 14
Effect in Cinematography: Marcel MARTIN, Jean Mitry Audiovisual constituents Image Sound Verbal speech Effect production in a film 15
Parallels between the effect in literature and the effect in cinematography Sender Author (literature) Director (film) Constituents Textual (literature) Textual and audiovisual (film) Receiver Reader (literature) Spectator (film) INTERACTIONS 16
Effect of proximity VS effect of distance Ethnocentric strategy Effect of proximity Effect of distance Exotic strategy 17
FILM ANALYSIS L ENNEMI INTIME العدو الحمیم The geo-cultural and ideological and values of the film KABYLIA IN 1959 18
Example of micro-contexts Le 1 er novembre 1954, après 130 années de présence française, le Front de Libération nationale (FLN) déclenche la lutte armée en Algérie À la volonté du FLN de négocier l indépendance, la France répond par l envoi de 500000 jeunes appelés. في 1 نوفمبر 1954 بعد 30 سنة الوطنیة المقاومة في الجزاي ر. ورد ا 500,000 مجن د. من الاستعمار بدأت على إرادة التحرر جبھة التحریر أرسلت فرنسا Literal translation of the Arabic subtitle : In 01/11/1954, after 130 years of colonialism, the National Liberation Front (FLN) started the resistance in Algeria. To answer the liberation will, France sent 500000 conscripts. 19
RESULTS Regarding the effect of the original film 20
Regarding the translation strategy and the effect of the subtitled version of the film 21
Regarding the translation strategy and the effect of the subtitled version of the film 22
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Self-censorship in translation could be an ethnocentric strategy considering the fidelity to the original effect. The relevance of Iser's theory for the study of effect in the audiovisual context. Further research possibilities for the study of censorship under the functionalist approaches (skopos). Université de Mons Brahim HANNACHI FTI-EII ECOLE D'INTERPRETES INTERNATIONAUX 23
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Brahim HANNACHI FTI-EII UNIVERSITY OF MONS Bra.hannachi@gmail.com BELGIUM Follow our international community for Translation Studies on Facebook: www.facebook.com/tsresearch Université de Mons Brahim HANNACHI FTI-EII ECOLE D'INTERPRETES INTERNATIONAUX 24