VILNIUS BUSINESS COLLEGE METHODICAL INSTRUCTIONS ON WRITTEN WORK LAYOUT AUTHORS: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Virgilija Vasilienė-Vasiliauskienė Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tomas Butvilas Vilnius, 2014
Contents INTRODUCTION... 3 1. STRUCTURE OF THE WRITTEN WORK... 4 2. LAYOUT OF THE WRITTEN WORK... 6 ANNEXES... 8 Annex 1. An example of the Title Page... 9 Annex 2. An Example of the Content... 10 Annex 3. Structure of the Introduction... 11 Annex 4. An Example of References... 12 Annex 5. An example of Citing and Reference Presentation... 13 Annex 6. An Example of Presentation of Pictures and Tables... 14 2
INTRODUCTION Written work is an integral part of the educational process in Vilnius Business College (further College). Methodical instructions on the layout of written work were developed in order to unify the form of written work performed by college students and submitted to the lecturers. We call written work any type of work that was performed in the form of writing by the student during the time of his or her period of studies. There are different types of written work at the College: reflective essay, abstract, course work, project, thesis / final project, internship report and others. Every written work has to meet general and special methodical and layout requirements. It is worth noticing that these instructions provide the most important general layout requirements. Special methodical requirements for the written work are determined by the lecturer supervising the paper. If those specific to each study program methodical instructions provide different recommendations for layout, it is recommended to follow these methodical instructions. Usually the title page of written work contains additional information. For example, final paper / project title page provides additional information (code of the study program, records for permission to defend thesis, etc). Methodical instructions (layout section) for specific study programs will be unified under this methodological guidance before September 2015. 3
1. STRUCTURE OF THE WRITTEN WORK Written work consists of the following parts: Title page, stating (see Annex 1) the full name of the college, department name, study program name, title of the written work, author s name, supervisor s name, place and the year of performance (at the bottom of the page). This page is not numbered, but is the first page of the written work. Content, in which the titles of all sections are written in succession and the number of the first page of section is indicated. (see Annex 2). Introduction, conclusions and references are not numbered in the contents. The chapter title should not be repeated in the subchapter and the subchapter title should not be repeated in the smaller section. Introduction, (see Annex 3) in which the relevance of the written work has to be specified, objective 1 and tasks 2 formulated and definitions of all the terms used in the written work presented (keywords of the topic). To sum up, introduction is the foundation for all that is analyzed in the other chapters. In order that the reader could follow author's idea easily, each statement of the introduction should be well-grounded and logically linked to the previous statements. Main chapters and sub-chapters of written work are presented in accordance with the teacher s (written work supervisor s) specifications for the structure of the written work. In conclusions the main results of the written work are presented. In the formulation of conclusions clear connection between the objective and tasks of the written work should be felt. According the requirements of a lecturer additional part of Recommendations can be written. Literature (see Annex 4). The list of references is made in accordance with Latin alphabet, indicating authors surname first. Authors names that are spelled in Russian alphabet (Cyrillic) appear after the Latin sources list. Annexes are not included in the volume of the written work, they have to be numbered and titled. The number and title of the annex is included in the content of the written work. Annexes contain large tables (that take one or more pages), as well as illustrations that have an auxiliary function but are analyzed in the text, calculations, methods and etc., which 1 Only one objective of the work is formulated in the form of infinitive, as it is general vision of work. 2 Tasks are all the activities, which enables to achieve objective. There should not be more than 4-5 of them. They are numbered. 4
have certain informative importance that compliments to the issues under analysis. Each annex is given a name and a number. Annexes are placed in the order in which they appear in written work. For example, Annex 1, Annex 2 etc. In the text where the data of the annex is presented only the number of an annex should be specified in brackets, for instance (see Annex 1). 5
2. LAYOUT OF THE WRITTEN WORK Written work is written with the help of computer, in Times New Roman font, printed on a white A4 paper. Each part (introduction, main body, conclusions, recommendations and annexes) is started on a new page. The titles of chapters are written in capital letter in 14pt bold font, the titles of sub-chapters are written in 12pt bold font in small letters, only the first letter is capital. Chapters and sub-chapters are numbered in Arabic numbers: 1., 1.1., 1.2., 2., 2.1., 2.2., 3. etc. After the title of a chapter or subchapter it is mandatory to leave some space that is a size of one line (12pt). The titles of smaller sub-chapters may be written in a different font (Italic). Text is printed on one side of the paper with 1.5 line interval, in 12pt font and with mutual alignment (Justify). Margins on the sheet of paper should be: top 2cm bottom 2cm left 3cm right 1,5 cm Pages are numbered in Arabic numbers at the bottom of the page on the right side. Each paragraph has to be started from a new line, at least one centimetre interval from the left margin. The introduction and conclusions of the written work are not numbered in the content or in the text. The references used in texts are market in the brackets, indicating the author s surname and year of issue; if the text is cited, page number has to be indicated in addition (see Annex 5). Graphs, charts, drawings that illustrate the text of the written work are called pictures. All visual aids are numbered using Arabic numbers in continuous numbering pictures in their own sequence, tables consequently in their own, irrespectively of sub-chapter s or chapter s number. All tables and pictures must have titles and numbers, for example Table 1, Picture 1, Annex 1. It is important to remember that the title of the picture is written underneath it and the title of the table above it. The title of the table is written above the table aligned to the left margin. The number of the table is written in front of the title of the table. The number and title of the picture are written in the centre under the picture. The picture author s name has to be indicated after the title of the picture. If the picture is created by the student him/herself it has to be written: made by the author of the written work. If the picture was modified by the author of the written work, the author of the original picture is 6
indicated in addition, for example: made by the author of the written work using Goldman (2006). The tables or other visual aids can take part of the page or the whole page. It is not advisable to split the table or other visual aids into two sheets of paper if it is possible to fit them into one. Compact text tables are preferred. They are more informative and picturesque and it is easier to analyze them. If formulas are used in the text and there are more than one formula, they are numbered. The number is written immediately after the formula in parentheses, closer to the right side of the sheet of paper. The reference should be provided in the text or next to the formula that would indicate the author of the formula or the source where it was taken from. Approved and common abbreviations, units of measurement, markers (for example USA, JSC, kg, m, Lt and others) do not have to be explained and discussed in the text. Uncommon or created by the author abbreviations that are used for the first time have to be explained in the text and deciphered there or in the footnote. Other words cannot be abbreviated. The text of the written work has to be accurate, explicit, written in a correct Lithuanian or English language. Student is responsible for the quality of the language used. Academic dishonesty is not allowed when writing the work, as well as plagiarism and deliberate distortion of the actual material. A properly filed written work should be submitted to the teacher. The written work has to be filed following its structure. The students can use a usual file folder with a paper clip to file a written work. (see Picture 1). Picture 1. File folder with a paper clip (according to www.officesystem.lt) paper sleeve. Written work has to be neat. It should be noticed there is no need to put each page into a 7
ANNEXES 8
Annex 1. An example of the Title Page VILNIUS BUSINESS COLLEGE (14pt)... DEPARTMENT (12pt)...STUDY PROGRAMME (12pt) TITLE OF THE WRITTEN WORK (16pt) TYPE OF THE WRITTEN WORK (12pt) Author of paper: Name Surname Supervisor: Prof. Dr. / Assoc. Prof. Dr. / Lect. Dr. / Lect. Name Surname 3 Original copy Name surname (Signature of the student) Vilnius, 2016 3 Before writing the name and surname of the supervisor it is necessary to indicate his or her pedagicigal name and academic degree. 9
Annex 2. An Example of the Content CONTENT (14pt) INTRODUCTION (12pt)... 2 1. TITLE OF THE CHAPTER... 3 1.1. Title of the sub-chapter... 4 1.1.1... 5 1.1.2... 6 1.2. Title of another sub-chapter... 7 2. TITLE OF THE SECOND CHAPTER... 9 2.1. title of the sub-chapter... 10 2.2.... 15 2.2.1... 16 2.2.2... 18 3. TITLE OF THE THIRD CHAPTER... 22 3.1.... 24 3.2.... 27 CONCLUSIONS... 33 REFERENCES... 38 ANNEXES... 40 10
Annex 3. Structure of the Introduction INTRODUCTION (14pt) Relevance of the work... Objective of the work... Tasks of the work: 1)... 2)... 3)... 4)... 5)... Terms used: 1)... 2)... 3)... 11
Annex 4. An Example of References REFERENCES 4 (14pt) 1. Adler, A. Scientific Approach Towards Human Emotions. Internet access: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/adler.html [žiūrėta 2009-01-29] 5. 2. Aleknavičienė, V., Jasūdienė, L., Misevičius, V. Inžinerinių projektų įvertinimas. Kaunas: Technologija, 1995. 3. Aleknevičienė, V. Investicijų rizikos valdymas. Kaunas: LŽŪU Leidybos centras, 1997. 4. Allport, H. Human Motivation. New York: Perentice House Inc., 2004. 5. Bagdonas, V. Kontraktai. Vilnius: Technika, 1995. 6. Bagdonas, V. Verslo rizika. Vilnius: Saulės vėjas, 1996. 7. Behrens, W., Hawranek, M. Manual for the preparation of industrial feasibility studies. UNIDO, Vienna, 1991. 8. Блех, Ю., Гетце, У. Инвестиционные расчеты. Калининград: Янтарный сказ, 1997. 9. Ипотечно-инвестиционный анализ. Под ред. зас. деят. науки РФ, проф В. Е. Есипова. СПб, 1998. 10. Савчук, В. П., Прилипко, С. И., Величко, Е. Г. Анализ и разработка инвестиционных проектов. Киев: Абсолют-В, Эльга, 1999. 4 Authors of Russian origin are indicated after the authors and sources of Latin alphabet. Other sources are written alphabetically. For example, if there are two authors whose surnames start with the same letter then the sequence has to be followed in accordance with the second letter of the surname. For example 1) Berger, 2) Bholann and so on. 5 Websites are not indicated in bibliography if authors are unknown. Then this page is presented in the page of the text where the information is used. The same has to be done with various regulatory, legal and project documents their sources should be indicated at the bottom of the page. 12
Annex 5. An example of Citing and Reference Presentation CITING AND REFERENCE PRESENTATION When writing the paper there are different ways to indicate author (-s) in the text: As L. Goldman states (2001), smurtas prieš vaikus gali pasireikšti ne vien fizine agresija, tačiau ir psichologiniu spaudimu. (Kuhn, 1999). Vaikų fizinė agresija yra vienas iš būdų parodyti save bei atkreipti kitų žmonių dėmesį According to A. Maslow (2005), poreikiai yra žmogaus elgesio stimulas (pagal Žukauskienė, 2006). According to A. Maslow (2005), poreikiai yra žmogaus elgesio stimulas (cit. pagal Žukauskienė, 2006, p. 13). According to R. Pociūtės (1999a), vaikų neigiamos emocijos dažniausiai kyla dėl kitų žmonių nehumaniško elgesio su jais. 6 p. 56). Meanwhile B. Bitinas states, kad auklėjimas yra aukščiausia ugdymo forma (2004, 56). The author states, jog auklėjimas yra aukščiausia ugdymo forma (Bitinas, 2004, p. 6 The letter is indicated next to the year, for example, a, b etc., only when the same author published several books or several articles in the same year. 13
Annex 6. An Example of Presentation of Pictures and Tables PRESENTATION OF PICTURES AND TABLES Before providing a visual aid, there should be a reference in the text, for example These differences are reflected better, when are they compared, using Paret s diagram (Picture 2). 100 80 60 40 20 0 Defects Picture 2. Paret s diagram (made by the author of the written work using Economy Review, 2006) Essential characteristics analysis should be presented at the bottom of the picture as well as its comparison to the data of the previous research. Before providing a visual aid there should be a reference in the text, for example, These results are more obvious when comparing the data according to the impact and probability (Table 1). Table 1. Assessment of significance of environmental aspects (according to P. Strazas 7, 1999) Effect: Large Medium Small Probability: Large Significant Significant Average value Medium Significant Average value Insignificant Small Average value Insignificant Insignificant Notice. The size of the text inside the table must be 10 pt. 7 If presented table is from a different source it must be speecified. 14