Transferência de Tecnologia Establishing Product Specs in Project Context (project P, Multilevel Digital Audio Amplifier,. 5º ano MEEC. Specifications Specifications rule out in precise, usually measurable detail, the behavior and performance of the product A specification consists of a metric and a value Specifications = product requirements = engineering characteristics = technical specifications Product specifications = set of individual specifications Product specifications must include regulatory and agency approval requirements
Reminder: PWM Class D amplifiers High efficiency (>90%) Relatively high THD and low S/N; Sensitivity to noise and ageing; Needs D/A conversion (analog parts); Needs a minimum switching frequency: 6 X,kHz=,9GHz Minimum pulsewidth of output pulses: 0,5ns (!) Alternative designs: Sigma Delta modulation, PDM,.... Customer needs No. Product Need Relative importance Audio Amplifier provides high perceived sound quality Audio Amplifier has affordable (Low) cost Audio Amplifier has low power consumption Audio Amplifier has a Slim design 5 Audio Amplifier is Good looking 6 Audio Amplifier has elegant front and knobs 7 Audio Amplifier fits existing cabinets Audio Amplifier looks good in the existing furniture 9 Audio Amplifier has simple interconnections 0 Audio Amplifier has the required and compatible inputs Audio Amplifier Is compatible with existing speakers Audio Amplifier has adequate output connections Audio Amplifier can be upgraded Audio Amplifier provides a remote controller 5 Audio Amplifier has enough output power 6 Audio Amplifier can be fed from the electrical network 7 Audio Amplifier Has low standby power consumption 5 Audio Amplifier Has stereo and surround modes
. Customer needs (cont.) 5 No. Product Need Relative importance 9 Audio Amplifier Is compatible with super audio 0 Audio Amplifier Is lightweight Audio Amplifier has commom input sensitivities and impedances Audio Amplifier has one or two headphone sockets Audio Amplifier accepts either low or high impedance phones Audio Amplifier Is mechanically robust 5 Audio Amplifier Accepts a wide range of temperatures 6 Audio Amplifier Accepts a wide range of humidity 7 Audio Amplifier Does not interfere with nearby equipment Audio Amplifier Is immune (robust) to external sources of interferences 9 Audio Amplifier Has enough ride through capability to electrical disturbances (imunidade) 0 Audio Amplifier Observes international and national relevant standards (TUV, CE, VDE, ) Audio Amplifier Is not harmful to people Audio Amplifier Has adequate sound levels Audio Amplifier Has output voltage protection for the speakers Audio Amplifier Is made by a well known brand, instills pride (etiqueta) 5 Audio Amplifier Has enough and high quality accessories 6 Audio Amplifier Is high-end looking feeling and earing. Relevant technical specifications What is really needed: All digital audio power amplifier; Digital audio power amplifier with 90% efficiency; A digital audio power amplifier with 6 bits resolution (S/N near 96 db and THD<0.%); Amplifier suited for audiophiles 6
7. Establishing Target Specifications (objectives) Metric Need Value& Units Rel. Metric No. No imp. THD+N 96 db Frequency response Hz-0kHz +-db Max distortion 0.% cost 500 5 efficiency >90% 6 Max front height 70mm 7 5,6 Design subjective 7 Max dimensions 00x50x70mm 9 finishing Dark, silver 0 9 Standard input plugs Gold plated 0 Phono, preamp, tape, cd, mp, video Stdard Zs& levels Required and compatible inputs Nº inputs (#) Output impedance to (Ω) Output connections Sturdy gold plated Upgradeability Modular Nº of remote controllers and a spare 5 Output power >0W (>00W) 6 Power supply 00V-0V, 50-60Hz 7 Standby power consumption <W 5 Stereo and surround modes Remote based Sample Specifications
Sample Specifications () 9 Sample Specifications () 0
5. Needs-Metrics Matrix No. Need high sound quality has affordable (Low) cost has low power consumption has a Slim design 5 is Good looking 6 has elegant front and knobs 7 fits existing cabinets looks good in the furniture 9 has simple interconnections 0 has the required&compatible Is compatible with speakers has adequate outputs can be upgraded provides a remote controller 5 has enough output power 6 can be fed from the electrical 7 Has low standby power Has stereo and surround Metric THD+N Frequency response Max distortion cost efficiency Max front height Design Max dimensions finishing Standard input plugs Phono, preamp, tape, cd, mp, video Output impedance Adequate output connections Upgradeability Nº of remote controllers Output power Power supply Standby power consumption Standby power consumption 6. Benchmarking on Metrics Metric Need Our Electron Class AB Class D Class D Metric No. No DIGITAL valve TJB THD+N 00 db 96 db 90 db 90 db 90 db Frequency Hz-0kHz 0Hz-0kHz 0Hz-0kHz 0Hz-0kHz 0Hz-0kHz response +-db +-db +-db +-db +-db Max 0.% <=0.% 0.% <=0.% 0.% distortion cost Estim 500 k 0k.7k.5k 5 Max >90% 50% >9% >90% 0% efficiency 6 Max front 70mm 9mm 65mm 75mm 50mm height 7 5,6 Design subjective - - - - 7 Max 00x50mm 90x0mm 50x00mm 90x0mm 0x90mm dimensions 9 finishing Black, Black, Gold Black, Black Black, Silver Silver Silver 0 9 Standard Gold plated Gold plated Normal Gold plated Gold plated input plugs Phono, Standard No mp, no No video No mp 0 preamp, impedances No mp, no video tape, cd, signal video mp, video levels
6.. Benchmarking on High-End Audio Amplifiers Electron Valves - class A ( 000 ) Transistors - class AB (0 000 ) 6.. Benchmarking on High-End Audio Amplifiers class D (700 ) class D (550 )
6.. Benchmarking on Metrics 5 7. Benchmarking on Needs 6 Need Our Electron Class AB Class D Class D Need No. DIGITAL valve TJB high sound quality affordable cost power consumption has a Slim design 5 Good looking 6 elegant front and knobs 7 fits existing - cabinets looks good in furniture 9 simple interconnections required and 0 compatible inputs Speaker compatibility Total 6 6 5
. Target specifications 7 Metric Need Marginal value Ideal value Metric Imp. No. No THD+N 96 db 00 db Frequency Hz-0kHz +-db Hz-0kHz +-db response Max distortion 0.% 0.% cost 500 000 5 efficiency >90% >9% 6 Max front 75mm 70mm height 7 5,6 Design subjective subjective 7 Max 00x50x75mm 00x50x70mm dimensions 9 finishing Black, Silver Black, Silver 0 9 Standard input Sturdy, gold plated Sturdy, gold plated plugs 0 Phono, preamp, tape, cd, mp, video Standard impedances&signal levels Standard impedances&signal levels 9. Main Operating Model U U Multilevel converter: stages, PSupply,5X S S S S S S S S U 0 LC filter NPE PWM S δ = L N N + L L N N
0. Cost Model 9 Component FPGA MOSFET Bridge DSP Opto-Couplers Drivers Power Supply Resistors Capacitors Zeners Box&PCB Knob Switches Inp Plugs Out plugs Power cord Screws Dampners Assembly (0 /h) Testing (00 /h) Profit (5%) TOTAL Qty 5 High Price 50 0 60 5 50 0, 0,5 0,7 50 5 0, 0,5 0 00 Low Price 0 5 50 50 0,0 0, 0,6 0,5,5,5,5 0,5 0, 0 00 High Total 50 60 60 0 700,,5 5,6 00 0 6 6, 0 00 6,55 6,75 Low Total 0 50 50 6 500, 0, 0 6,5 0,5 5,,6 0 00,5,675. Final Specifications - Multilevel Digital Audio Amplifier with PCM/PWM NPE All digital amplifier, without any feedback. Noise floor at -0dB. THD+N comparable to high-end audio amplifiers. System clock at 0 MHz. nd order low-pass output filter. Needs low computational power, all signal processing fits on 0% of a low cost FPGA, XCS00. Needs two low-cost full-bridges, LM65TF, as fullbridge inverters in the multilevel power converter. Needs two DC power supplies. 0
. Final specifications Metric Need Final value Metric Imp. No. No THD+N >96 db Frequency 5Hz-0kHz +-db response Max distortion <0.% cost <500 5 efficiency >90% 6 Max front <70mm height 7 5,6 Design subjective 7 Max 00x50x70mm dimensions 9 finishing Black, Silver 0 9 Standard input Sturdy, gold plated plugs 0 Phono, preamp, tape, cd, mp, video Standard impedances&signal levels