The contribution of UNIFE: NGTC and STARS projects. Peter Gurník Technical Affairs Manager

The contribution of UNIFE: NGTC and STARS projects Peter Gurník Technical Affairs Manager

Who we are UNIFE represents the European Rail Supply Industry (rolling stock, infrastructure, sub-systems and signalling) UNIFE is a trusted partner of European and international institutions in all matters related to rail transport and industrial competitiveness Over 95 full members of the largest and small and mediumsized companies in the rail supply sector and 17 associated members including 14 National Associations, representing almost 1000 suppliers of railway equipment World leaders: UNIFE members have a 84% market share in Europe and supply 46% of the worldwide rail production 2

The role of UNISIG UNISIG is an industrial working group within UNIFE actively contributing to the technical specification of the European Train Control System (ETCS); To maintain and improve the ETCS specification UNISIG works closely with e.g. the European Commission, the European Union Agency for Railways, the Community of European Railways and the European Rail Infrastructure Managers; It can also be noted that developments of UNISIG are published as open standards, and are in the public domain. 3

UNISIG satellite positioning WG UNISIG has started investigating the application of GNSS for ETCS in June 2011, when a global market study showed a significant interest in the possibility to reduce trackside infrastructure; UNISIG WG has proposed several architecture options; The final decision dependent on technical factors that needed more research; All the investigated options follow Virtual Balise Concept Reduction / Replacement of physical Eurobalises with virtual balises Use of GNSS for virtual balise detection Reduce cost of ETCS trackside Reduce exposure to theft, vandalism, etc. Minimise impact on existing ETCS architecture UNISIG WG has investigated an impact on ERTMS specifications for the virtual balise location accuracy of 100m; 4

Virtual Balise Detection Physical Balise Detection Virtual Balise Concept ETCS - based Train Positioning : ETCS Balise provides an absolute location reference to ETCS on-board Balise information is used by train for locating itself within a Moving Authority section Balise-based positioning information allows the trackside (RBC) to position a train, including the track Physical balise is used as well to transmit static data to ETCS on-board (e.g. announcement of ETCS border) 5

In 2012: MoU on strengthening the cooperation on ERTMS signed in first mentioned GNSS / EGNOS as a potential add-on; In 2015: ERTMS Longer Term Perspective New MoU signed by the sector on 20th September 2016 Framework for virtual balise function developments from the sector perspective 6

Challenges ETCS complies with highest safety standards, permitting operation at very high speeds and traffic density, and without traditional optical lineside signals Compatible ETCS equipment is available from multiple suppliers Satellite positioning alone will not fulfill these requirements, a gap exists that has to be filled with other means (such as e.g. balises or additional sensors) Factors that should be taken into account: harsh railway environment including multipath, interference and signal blockages, interoperability requirement, safety and security, etc. 7

Research Experts have to investigate to which extent the overall requirements can be reduced, e.g. by limiting the use of satellite positioning to certain applications. Multi-constellation approach, including European GNSS, has the positive effect for number of performance parameters, but is not enough, especially from the safety perspective. 8

Challenges for using GNSS in ETCS RAILWAY SIGNALLING AVIATION VS Uses a very specific approach to safety, which is largely based on an absolute proof of safe system behaviour, coupled with the availability of a safe state Aviation uses an approach to safety which is largely based on continuity, coupled with degraded modes which allow continuation of flight even under reduced safety due to the lack of a safe state (braking the train to standstill) 9

Historical Context Research projects For GNSS safety rail applications, initial publicly funded research programmes can be dated back to 1990s; So far, even tough, some progress has been made, there were only few results that have been successfully commercialised; Coordinated approach on development of practical solutions backed by the whole sector was missing; 10

GSA: E-GNSS in Rail - Roadmap Major developments are currently ongoing under the umbrella of GSA, ESA, Shift2Rail IP2 and UNISIG; A good collaboration of all the stakeholders, including ERA, RUs and IMs is a key factor for an effective introduction of standardised solution for GNSS-based positioning in rail signalling; 11

Next Generation Train Control (NGTC) Project 42 months research project, under the coordination of UNIFE, running in the frame of the EU FP7 programme; Major objective was to evolve the key technologies and concepts for the next generation of train control systems (mass transit and mainline) NGTC WP7 (Satellite Positioning) focused on the development of virtual balise concept 12

NGTC Satellite Positioning WP Significant support and help from satellite positioning experts: ESA, GSA and ESSP Public documents available for download on NGTC website 13

(Preliminary) NGTC Functional Architecture Existing ERTMS ERTMS With Virtual Balise Detection using GNSS TRACKSIDE ON-BOARD TRACKSIDE ON-BOARD Sensors Sensors Interface «A» Odometry Interface «A» Odometry Interface «SAT» Balise (location / data) Balise Reader Positioning (incl. Linking) Balise (location / data) Balise Reader Positioning (incl. Linking) Virtual Balise Reader GNSS Satellites RBC Interface «GSM-R» Linking Information Position (safe) Verify Position Report RBC Interface «EURORADIO» Linking Information Position (safe / for validation) Virtual Balise Information Au. Dissem. Augmentation Information On-board Supervision functions On-board Supervision functions Interface «Augment» Spacebased Au. Link Groundbased Au. Link 14

(Preliminary) NGTC Virtual Balise Reader Interface «EURORADIO» ETCS On-board Virtual Balise Reader 2D train pos. and HPL Augmentation information Interface «SAT» Unconstrained GNSS Position Determination Function GNSS Signals GNSS Signal Acquisition & Tracking Function Augmentation Information Location Determination System Raw GNSS measurements (possibly Augmentation Info via «SAT») Constrained (Along-Track) Train Position Determination Function Position Diagnostic Function Independent of GNSS 1D train pos. and ATPL Virtual Balise Detection Function Time or odometer reference ERTMS/ETCS Kernel Virtual balise telegram Time or odometer stamp of detected balise centre Virtual balise detection accuracy (VBDACC) Detects virtual balises using GNSS and preknown virtual balise positions Provides information to the ETCS on-board kernel when a balise passage occurs: Guarantees delivery of virtual balises in the correct sequence. Virtual Balise Info Temporary Storage Buffer / On-board Database Track geometry Absolute virtual balise positions and virtual balise telegram content 15

(Preliminary) NGTC Safety Analysis Operational Aspects Working Group Virtual Balise Principles 1. Hazard Identification FMEA NGTC WP7 Functional Architecture Safety Working Group Virtual Balise Reader Functional Architecture Appendix C Appendix E Positioning Performance Parameter Definitions FMEA 2. Development of fault-trees to link VB hazards to ETCS Core Hazard Fault-tree Analysis Operational Aspects Working Group Mission Profile Scenarios 3. Apportionment Preliminary Safety Reqs for Technical Interop. Appendix F Appendix A Safety Working Group Integrity Reqs for GNSS 16

STARS Project - Motivation Technical challenges for using GNSS on railway lines lie in the environment, which differs significantly from the ones aviation and maritime applications The major differences are: Limited and continuously changing satellite visibility Signal Attenuation Electromagnetic Interference Significant multipath signals In some locations, such as in urban and mountainous areas, these effects might all appear at the same location To push GNSS applications into safety applications, a much better understanding of GNSS behavior in the railway environment is needed: This is especially true for standardized applications, such as ERTMS 17

STARS Project Introduction 18

STARS Consortium 19

Expected results To predict performance in the railway environment in terms of accuracy, availability and safety To achieve interoperability between equipment of different suppliers To allow inclusion of GNSS into ERTMS STARS Objectives To develop a universal approach to predict the achievable GNSS performance in a railway environment, especially for safety critical applications within ERTMS and to determine the necessary evolution of ETCS to include GNSS services To quantify the economic benefits through reduction of cost, which will increase market appeal of ERTMS 20

STARS Work Plan GNSS Measurement Campaign GNSS Data Analyses and Performance Evaluation Preparation of campaign Methodology, Procedures, Identification of the suitable lines Field measurement, data collection Data post-processing, Railway environment characterization EGNSS services evolution, EGNSS performances assessment in rail environment GNSS Economic Evaluation Cost Benefit & Impact Assessment EGNSS / ERTMS evolution roadmap Implementation plan 21

STARS Measurement Campaign - Methodology Identified sources of error Specified Methods how to measure them Defined unified measurement setup Defined criteria and selected the representative railway lines Orbits and clocks Ionosphere Troposphere Multipath Interference Receiver noise Masking 22

Measurement Campaign Site in Italy 23

Measurement Campaign Switzerland 24

Measurement Campaign Sites in Switzerland Swiss test train belongs to a pool of identical vehicles which operates on many different lines. This has the advantage that data can be collected in many different environments, but also makes generation of ground truth data significantly more complex 25

Measurement Campaign Sites in Switzerland Swiss test train belongs to a pool of identical vehicles which operates on many different lines. This has the advantage that data can be collected in many different environments, but also makes generation of ground truth data significantly more complex 26

Measurement Campaign Sites in Switzerland Swiss test train belongs to a pool of identical vehicles which operates on many different lines. This has the advantage that data can be collected in many different environments, but also makes generation of ground truth data significantly more complex 27

Measurement Campaign Sites in Czechia 28

STARS Data Processing Development of methods for GT determination and GT based reference position of GNSS antenna Number of analyses performed in order to identify anomalies and effects influencing the positioning performance in rail environmnet: Pseudorange evolution in time Comparison of pseudorange and real satellite-receiver distance C/N 0 based data analysis Code minus carrier data analysis Sum of squared errors analysis Evaluation of multipath assessment data provided by receiver Evaluation of RF interference data provided by receiver AGC level evaluation 29

STARS Overall Process Perspective Reliability Data collection Railway environment characterisation Railway receiver error budget model proposal EGNSS Performance Assessment considering environment constraints Availability Safety 30

STARS Economic Analysis Comparison Scenarios of ERTMS implementation compared: BASELINE SCENARIO: What happens (costs and benefits) if no technological innovation is introduced PROJECT SCENARIO: What happens (costs and benefits) if a technological innovation is introduced 31

Thank you for your attention! Peter Gurník (UNIFE) Technical Affairs Manager For more information: Peter Gurník UNIFE Avenue Louise 221 B-1050 Brussels (Belgium) +32 2 431 04 61 peter.gurnik@unife.org http://www.unife.org 32