Humanities and Social Sciences Library (McLennan-Redpath) Citation Style for Social Science Term Papers This guide is based on the 6th edition of Kate Turabian s book A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). There are a variety of ways or styles to arrange citations. Turabian is one way which is generally accepted in Social Science circles. However it is recommended that you check with your professors or department, to discover any requirements they may have concerning the particular style to be followed. Turabian allows two methods or styles of citation, parenthetical references with a reference list at the end of the paper OR the more traditional method of footnotes, placed at the bottom of the page, with a bibliography at the end of the paper. Endnotes placed at the end of the paper may be used instead of footnotes, but that is more common for a book than a research paper. In the natural and social sciences, the use of parenthetical references and a reference list is generally preferred. Whichever style is used it must be consistently followed throughout the term paper. Turabian recommends using unjustified, left aligned Times Roman 12 point type (although Courier is still used for the examples in the Manual) and prefers italics to underlining. This guide shows examples in Times Roman type. Students needing guidance on selecting a topic, researching it and writing the results are directed to the companion to Turabian, The Craft of Research by W.C. ooth, G.G. Colomb, and J.M. Williams (McLennan Q180.55 M466 1995). PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES IN THE AUTHOR/DATE STYLE In the parenthetical reference style, authors names and dates of publication of works cited and page number are placed in parentheses within the text of the paper where a paraphrase of a work is given, or at the end of a quote, and keyed to a list of works cited, placed at the end of the paper. elow is an example of a parenthetical reference at the end of a quote. Laurence Peter (of The Peter Principle) writes that when you see yourself quoted in print, and you re sorry you said it, suddenly it becomes a misquotation (Peter 1977, 418). FOOTNOTES STYLE A footnote is always placed at the bottom of the same page on which a quote or paraphrase appears. The number of the footnote appears at the end of the quote. Footnotes are numbered consecutively throughout the paper if it is not divided into chapters: otherwise begin anew at 1 starting at the beginning of each chapter, e.g. Laurence Peter (of The Peter Principle) writes When you see yourself quoted in print, and you re sorry you said it, suddenly it becomes a misquotation. 1 Single spacing is used within the footnote, with double spacing between footnotes. Separate the text from the footnotes on each page with a short rule or separator. Indent the first line of each footnote the same number of spaces as the paragraph indention in the text (6, 7 or 8 spaces). Type the footnotes singlespaced, with a blank line between each. Numbers may be superscript or placed on the line and followed by a period. elow
is an example of a footnote for a book by a single author. This is the last line of the text on the page. 1 Laurence J. Peter, Peter s Quotations: Ideas for Our Times (New York: William Morrow, 1977), 418. 2 Ibid., 297. Footnote no. 2, above, cites Peter s book a second time, but refers to a different page, so an abbreviation of the Latin word ibidem (in the same place) is used with the new page number. If intervening references do occur between the times you quote from the same book, the second footnote consists of the author s name, the short title of the work and the page number, e.g. 3 Peter, Quotations, 16.
ILIOGRAPHY () OR REFERENCE LIST ( ) The bibliography or reference list appears at the end of the research paper and is a listing of every work - book, article, government document - that supplied you with information. The list is alphabetical by author s last name (or by title if no author). The indention of bibliography entries is opposite to that of footnotes, i.e. it is the second line which is indented, 5 spaces from the left margin. As with footnotes, the spacing is single within the entry and double between entries. elow is an example of a citation of a book by a single author as listed in a bibliography () in the style used when the footnote style is used in the body of the paper. It is followed by a citation for the same title but in reference list style () which you should use when you have chosen the parenthetical reference system for the body of the paper. Peter, Laurence J. Peter s Quotations: Ideas for Our Times. New York: William Morrow, 1977. Peter, Laurence, J. 1977. Peter s Quotations: Ideas for our Times. New York: William Morrow. SAMPLE ILIOGRAPHIC () & REFERENCE LIST ( ) ENTRIES Two or More Authors Richardson, Charles E., Fred V. Hein and Dana L. Farnsworth. Living: Health, ehavior and Environment. 6th ed. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1975. Richardson, Charles E., Fred. V. Hein, and Dana L. Farnsworth. 1975. Living: Health, behavior and environment. 6th ed. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman. Note: Do not use et al. in the bibliography. Even if there are more than 3 authors, write out all the author s names (only the first in inverted format and the other names in normal order, given name first and family name last). Editor or Compiler as Author Scott, Frank and Michael Oliver, eds. Quebec States Her case: Speeches and Articles From Quebec in the Years of Unrest. Toronto: Macmillan, 1964. Scott, Frank, and Michael Oliver, eds. 1964. Quebec states her case: Speeches and articles from Quebec in the years of unrest. Toronto: Macmillan. Organization or Institution as Author American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured. 2d ed. Chicago: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1977. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1977. Emergency care and transportation of the sick and injured. 2d ed. Chicago: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Essay by One Author in a Work Edited by Another Sharp, Mitchell. The ureaucratic Elite and Policy Formation. In ureaucracy in Canadian Government: Selected Readings, ed. W.D.K. Kernaghan, 69-73. 2d ed. Toronto: Methuen, 1973. Sharp, Mitchell. 1973. The bureaucratic elite and policy formation. In ureaucracy in Canadian government: Selected readings. ed. W.D.K. Kernaghan, 69-73. 2d ed. Toronto: Methuen. Encyclopaedias - Signed and Unsigned Articles The New Encyclopaedia ritannica, 15th ed. Vol. 11, Micropedia. S.v. Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich, by Philip Longworth. The New Encyclopaedia ritannica, 15th ed. Vol. 11, Micropedia. S.v. Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich, by Philip Longworth. Encyclopedia Americana, 1985 ed. S.v. Chicano. Encyclopedia Americana, 1985 ed. S.v. Chicano. Periodicals - Popular Sheed, Wilfred. The Good Old Days in California. Atlantic, September 1968, 48-53. Sheed, Wilfred. 1968. The good old days in California. Atlantic, September 1968, 48-53. Periodicals - Scholarly Wooldridge, Frank. The Private Company. Journal of usiness Law 24 (October 1970): 317-331.
Wooldridge, Frank 1970. The private company. Journal of usiness Law 24 (October): 317-331. ook Review Swainson, Donald. Review of Trudeau, by George Radwanski. In ooks in Canada, May 1978, 12. Swainson, Donald. 1978. Review of Trudeau, by George Radwanski. In ooks in Canada, May, 12. Statutes, Acts Canada. Statutes of Canada. 1977-78. C. 5. Canada. 1977-78. Statutes of Canada. C. 5. SAMPLE FOOTNOTES (N) and PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES (PR) Two or More Authors N 2 Charles E. Richardson, Fred. V. Hein, and Dana L. Farnsworth, Living: Health, ehavior and Environment, 6th ed., (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1975), 36. PR (Richardson, Hein, and Farnsworth 1975, 36) Editor or Compiler as Author N 3 Frank Scott and Michael Oliver, eds., Quebec States Her Case: Speeches and Articles from Quebec in the Years of Unrest (Toronto: Macmillan, 1964), 93-96. PR (Scott and Oliver 1964, 93-96) Organization or Institution as Author N 4 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured, 2d ed., (Chicago: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1977, 52). PR (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 1977, 52) Essay by One Author in a Work Edited by Another N 5 Mitchell Sharp, The ureaucracy Elite and Policy Formation, in ureaucracy in Canadian Government, ed. W.D.K. Kernaghan, 2d ed. (Toronto: Methuen, 1973), 70. PR (Sharp 1973, 70) Secondary Source of Quotation N 6 K.Z. Paltiel, Political Party Financing in Canada (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1970), 92; quoted in Richard J. Van Loon and Michael S. Whittington, The Canadian Political System: Environment, Structure and Process, 4th ed. (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1987), 339, n. 12. PR (Paltiel 1970) N PR Encyclopaedias - Signed and Unsigned Articles 7 The New Encyclopaedia ritannica, 15th ed., vol. 11, Micropedia, s.v. Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich, by Philip Longworth. (The New Encyclopaedia ritannica, 15th ed.) N 8 Encyclopedia Americana, 1985 ed., s.v. Chicago. PR (Encyclopedia Americana 1985) Periodicals - Popular N 9 Wildred Sheed, The Good Old Days in California, Atlantic, September 1968, 48-53. PR (Sheed 1968, 48-53) Periodicals - Scholarly N 10 Frank Wooldridge, The Private Company, Journal of usiness Law 24 (October 1970): 317-331. PR (Wooldridge 1970, 317-331) ook Review Note: In a footnote, the volume number is indicated only when citing a scholarly journal.
N 11 Donald Swainson, review of Trudeau, by George Radwanski, in ooks in Canada, May 1978, 12. PR (Swainson 1978, 12) Statutes, Acts N 12 Statutes of Canada, 1977-78, c. 5. PR (Canada 1977-78)
CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES The 6th edition of Turabian gives little guidance in citing electronic sources (see sections 8.139 141, 11.56 57 and 12.20). Most of the examples used are CD ROMs and online databases. Students may refer to the 14th edition of Turabian s parent, The Chicago Manual of Style (1993), specifically sections 15.422 424 and 16.209, for further guidance. Turabian does, however, lay down some principles which must be observed: (1) citations to Internet sources must contain the date of access* (2) the U (universal resource locator) should never be substituted for the name of a publication and publisher of an electronic book or journal (3) documents available through computer services and not previously published should be treated as unpublished material (see sections 8.131 132 and 8.139). The following examples of reference list citations were constructed in an attempt to adhere to the spirit of these principles and to approximate as much as possible the few examples given in Turabian. LISTSERV Jericho s Walls. 1990. In History Log9008. Electronic bulletin board. S.1. 27 August 1990- [cited 15 December 1990]. Available from listserv @ FINHUTC.ITNET. Article from Electronic Full-text Journal on World Wide Web Anderson, Sarah and Peter, Kristyne. 1996. NAFTA s Corporate Con Artists. Covert Action Quarterly. Journal on line. Available from http://mediafilter.org/mff/caq/caq54nafta.html Accessed March 29, 1996. Article from JSTOR Online Service (Electronic Full-Text Journal) Hitsman, J. Mackay and Desmond Morton. 1970. Canada's First Military Attache: Capt. H. C. Thacker in the Russo-Japanese War. Military Affairs 34, no.3 (October) 82-84. Journal on line. Available from http://www.jstor.org *Note: The date of access is not required for relatively fixed computer services such as JSTOR. Electronic ook on World Wide Web Townsend, Joseph. A Dissertation on the Poor Laws. n.p., 1786. ook on-line. Accessed 20 March, 1998. Available from http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/townsend/poorlaw.html Encyclopedia Article on CD-ROM Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Judaica, 1997 ed. CD-ROM. S.v. Kimhi, Joseph, by Frank Talmage Material Obtained Through an Information Service Columbia. 1998. PRS Group/International Country Risk Guide. January. Database on-line. Available from LEXIS-NEXIS. ook Review from a Discussion List Jeffery C. Livingston. "Review of Susan Ariel Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream: A Social History of Postwar Trade Policy," H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews, July, 1999. Journal and discussion list on-line. Available from http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=28846932145317. Accessed January 20, 2000. MORE INFORMATION ON CITING ELECTRONIC PULICATIONS Humanities and Social Sciences Library Electronic Reference Shelf -- Citation Style Guides: http://www.library.mcgill.ca/refshelf/citguide.htm#citation Chicago Manual of Style FAQ Page: http://www.press.uchicago.edu/misc/chicago/cmosfaq.html In print: Xia Li and Nancy. Crane's (1993) Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information (available at the McLennan Reference Desk) For Further Information, please ask a librarian. Copies of this guide are available in the McLennan Lobby and copies of the Chicago Manual of Style and Turabian's A Manual for Writers are available at the McLennan reference desk. The Manual is sold at the McGill bookstore.
RM December 2000 Social Science Guide.doc