Supplementary information Table S1 Neuroimaging studies in individuals with tinnitus

Supplementary information Table S1 Neuroimaging studies in individuals with tinnitus Method Number of individuals with tinnitus (type of tinnitus) Volume- based morphometry (structural volume) Number of controls (types of controls) Major findings BGC 61 45 A1 28 28 IC, HIP 28 28 THA, VMPFC 11 11 VMPFC 8 7 (HL) and 11 No effect of tinnitus, only of hearing loss 7 7 (HA) and STG, OFC 29 63 42 CC (change gender dependent) 23 11 VMPFC, DMPFC, SMG 31 16 A1 14 14 PFC, ACC, TC BGC and correlation 24 24 No effect of tinnitus, only of hearing loss Correlation 25 A1, INS, (distress) WGC and correlation 77 INS, IFG, FC, LG Diffusion tensor imaging (fractional anisotropy or diffusivity) BGC 8 7 (HL) and 11 No effect of tinnitus, only of hearing loss 13 13 (HL) ATR, SLF, ILF 28 12 FC, PC 10 10 AUD, AMY 14 14 PFC, AUD, CoC Single- photon emission computed tomography WGC 55 8 Abnormal perfusion MTG, TPC Functional MRI (BOLD signal) BGC 13 12 (HL) and PHC, INS, AMY 12 BGC and correlation 20 20 VMPFC BGC, correlation and 34 19 (HL) AUD, MGB, IC, CN, CER, IC AC connectivity WGC 35 A1, A2, IC, MGB 19 19 SMA, INS, ACC, PFC, PUT, CAU, GP, SN, PCC, IFG 16 (THDP) 16 ACC, MCC, PCC, rspcc, INS and 16 (TLDP) Resting- state functional MRI (BOLD signal) BGC and correlation 31 32 MTG, SFG, AG, CUN, MOG, THA Between- group ICA 12* 11 No effect of tinnitus 13* 12 AC decreased connectivity PFC, FUS, OCL; AC increased connectivity STEM, BG, CER, PHC, PFC, PAR, SMC Between- group ICA and seed- to- 4* 6 AC increased connectivity AC, AC AC increased connectivity voxel connectivity AMY, DMPFC Connectivity graph 13* 12 AC increased connectivity PHC Seed- to- voxel connectivity 12 13 (HL) and AC & FEF increased connectivity PHC; DMN; IPS decreased 15 connectivity SMG Seed- to- seed and seed- to- voxel 17 17 AC decreased connectivity VC; VC decreased connectivity TPJ connectivity IFG, INS; OCL decreased connectivity INS, IFG 18 23 No differences Positron- emission tomography (metabolism or blood flow) BGC 11 14 AC 4 metabolism of STG, MTG, SFG 20 20 No effect of tinnitus BGC and WGC 4 6 TTG, MGB, MTG, STG 8 7 AC, STG, IFG, MGB WGC 8 SFG, MFG, MTG, STG, ACC, AMY, SPL 1 PTC, PC, CBLL (gracilys, vermis), IFG, FC, TC, PFC, PUT 1 STG 20 A1 9 AG, MTC, ITC, PCC 11 10 A1, A2 Ref 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 14 15 16 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Correlation 90 IFC, VMPFC, PCC, ITG, PHC, HC Meta- analysis (10 studies) A1, A2, PHC, MTG, MGB, IFG, PR, ACC, 44 MFG, IFG, AG, CLUS Electroencephalography or magnetoencephalography (oscillatory power or functional connectivity) BGC 10 10 (MH) and power of AC(θ), dacc(β), PHC (β) 45 10 62 PHC, AG, AC, SPFG, PHC for β and γ 46 27 21 sgacc, INS, PHC, PCC, PR, DLPFC for α 47 8 15 PHC (δ, θ), AC (δ,θ,α), INS (δ, θ), ACC (θ) 48 46 21 PHC, AC for γ 49 14 AC for γ 50 82 40 FPC (δ), PCC (β, γ), PHC (β, γ) 51 26 21 AC (θ,γ), AC (α) 52 53 59 ACC (β,γ), PHC (β), OFC, (δ,β,γ) DLPFC (δ,β,γ) 54 BGC and correlation 21 INS (α), sgacc (θ,α), dacc (β,γ), VMPFC/prACC (α) BGC and connectivity 55 84 sgacc (α,β), PHC (α,β); increased connectivity between 55 pracc sgacc dacc OFC VMPFC INS PHC for α 18 AC (γ), SMA (θ), dacc, (β) INS (β); increased 56 connectivity between AC INS DLPFC PHC for γ BGC, correlation and 36 36 OFC (β); PCC (β); increased connectivity between OFC 57 connectivity INS sgacc PHC AC for α WGC 26 dacc (α), pracc (β), AC (γ) 58 63 AC (δ,β)), PFC (δ), OFC (δ), ACC (θ) 59 34 AC (δ) 60 BGC, WGC and connectivity 85 DLFPC (α), sgacc (α), VMPFC (α); Default network 61 (α) 55 55 AUD (β,γ), sgacc (α,β), dacc (α,β), increased 62 connectivity between PCC AUD sgacc dacc PCC for (α,β) WGC and connectivity 9 AC (δ,γ), PCC (δ), DLPFC (α); increased connectivity AC 63 PCC (δ), decreased connectivity OFC PHC (γ), decreased connectivity AC PR (γ) 59 PC (γ), FC (γ), TC (γ), ACC (α); increased connectivity 64 DLPFC ACC for γ Correlation and connectivity 80 pgacc (δ,θ,β); decreased connectivity pgacc AC for β 65 136 - INS (α), pgacc (β), dacc (β); PHC (γ); AUD (β,γ); 66 increased connectivity PHC AC for θ Correlation 10 INS (δ,α,γ) 67 15 AC (β,γ) 68 Connectivity 317 256 increased connectivity sgacc PHC for α 69 28 increased connectivity AC PCC for δ and γ, increased 70 connectivity AC DLPFC for α 28 19 (HL) Increased connectivity AC global network for γ 71 *The auditory network was investigated in this study. The default- mode, dorsal attention and auditory networks were investigated in this study. Auditory, visual, somatosensory, dorsal attention, ventral attention and executive control networks were investigated in this study. The dorsal attention, ventral attention, cognition, auditory, visual, somatosensory and default- mode networks were investigated in this study. A1, primary auditory cortex; A2, secondary auditory cortex; AC, auditory cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; AG, angular gyrus; AMY, amygdala; ATR, left anterior thalamic radiations; BG, basal ganglia; BGC, between- group comparison; CAU, caudate; CC, cingulate cortex; CoC: corpus callosum; CER, cerebellum; CLUS: claustrum; CN, cochlear nucleus; CUN, cuneus; DMPFC, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex; DMPFC, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex; FC, frontal cortex; FEF, frontal eye fields; FUS, fusiform area; GP, globus pallidus; HA, individuals with hyperacusis; HIP, hippocampus; HL, individuals with hearing loss, but no tinnitus; IC, inferior colliculus; ICA, individual components analysis; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; ILF, inferior longitudinal fasciculus; INS, insula; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; LG, lingual gyrus; MCC, medial cingulate cortex; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; MGB, medial geniculate body; MH, individuals with musical hallucinosis; MOG, middle occipital gyrus; MTG, medial temporal gyrus; OCL, occipital lobe; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PAR, parietal lobe; PC, parietal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PFC, prefrontal cortex; pgacc, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex; PHC, parahippocampus; PR, precuneus; PUT, putamen; rspcc, retrospinal posterior cingulate cortex; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; sgacc, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex; SLF, superior longitudinal fasciculus; SMA, supplementary motor area; SMC, sensorimotor cortex; SMG, supramarginal gyrus; SN, substantia nigra; SPL, superior parietal lobule; STEM, brainstem; STG, superior temporal gyrus; TC, temporal cortex; THA, thalamus; THDP, individuals with high- distress tinnitus; TLDP, individuals with low- distress tinnitus; TPC, temporal parietal cortex; TPJ, temporoparietal junction; TTG, transverse temporal gyrus; VC, visual cortex; VMPFC, ventral medial prefrontal cortex; WGC, within- group comparison; δ: delta frequency band, θ: theta frequency band, α: alpha frequency band, β: beta frequency band, γ: gamma frequency band 43

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