BIBLIOGRAPHIES MLA 7 Style

BIBLIOGRAPHIES MLA 7 Style GENERAL RULES: Collect information for your bibliography as you do your research. Every source of a quote/paraphrase/idea you use that isn't your own must be acknowledged. Use the following rules when "citing" sources correctly: Acknowledge sources directly in your text with short parenthetical citations. Have a matching and detailed list of sources on a separate "Works Cited" page. Citations begins with the first author's last name or with the title of the work if there is no listed author(s). Italics are used for titles, quotations are used to identify parts of a work (e.g. the title of an article from a journal). Capitalize the first and all other significant words in a title.(e.g. Gone with the Wind, The Art of War). Arranged citations in alphabetical order by the first name or word in each citation. (Ignore beginning articles: A, An, & The.) For place of publication, use the first city listed or first Canadian city. For copyright date, use the most recent publication date listed. Identify the publication medium. (i.e. Print, Web, DVD, CD, etc.). Web sources must include date accessed and (if your instructor requests) the <URL>. Format citations with hanging indentations, (i.e. with the first line against the margin and subsequent lines indented inwards). Double space the Works Cited list.

MLA CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES MLA citations for print sources have four main sections: Author Title Publication information Medium General Structure: Last Name, First Middle. Title. City published: Publisher, Date published. Print. e.g. One Author: Weber, David. On Balsilisk Station. Riverdale: Baen, 1993. Print. e.g. Two Authors: Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000. Print. e.g. Three Authors: Francis, R. Douglas, Richard Jones, and Donald B. Smith. Destinies: Canadian History since Confederation. Toronto: Harcourt, 2000. Print. e.g. More Than Three Authors: Block, Holly, et al. Art Cuba: The New Generation. New York: Abrams, 2001. Print. e.g. Books by the Same Author (Use three hyphens and a period for each subsequent entry under same author.): Follett, Ken. Lie Down with Lions. New York: Signet, 1986. Print. ---. The Pillars of the Earth. New York: Signet, 1990. Print. e.g. Corporate Authors: American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Family Medical Guide. 4 th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2004. Print. e.g. No Author (List by title.): The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2009. Print. e.g. Government Publication: Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Freedom from Fear: Canada's Foreign Policy for Human Security. Ottawa: DFAIT, 2002. Print. e.g. Revised Editions (Specify edition by number (2 ed.) or name (Rev. ed.).): Castro, Peter, and Michael E. Huber. Marine Biology. 4th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Print.

MORE PRINT SOURCES e.g. Graphic Novel (Include name of illustrator.): Moore, Alan. V for Vendetta. Illus. David Lloyd. New York: Vertigo-DC Comics, 2008. Print. e.g. Anthology (Cite entire anthology or collection by editor(s) name followed by a comma and "ed." or "eds."): Harmon, William, ed. The Top 500 Poems. New York: Columbia UP, 1992. Print. e.g. Work in an Anthology (The title of an essay, story, or poem within an anthology is placed in quotes after the author s name. Editor(s) are listed after the anthology title. Include page range of entry after publication information.): Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems. Ed. Philip Smith. New York: Dover, 1995. 26. Print. e.g. Article in a Reference Book or Encyclopedia (Include volume number and page range.): Kay, Jason. Hockey. World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. Chicago: World Book, 2009. 274-282. Print. e.g. Unsigned Article in a Single Volume Encyclopedia: Kamloops. Encyclopedia of British Columbia. Ed. Daniel Francis. Madeira Park: Harbour, 2000. 374. Print. e.g. General Dictionary Entry (Omit publication information and page number, but include edition.): "Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary. 3rd ed. 1997. Print. e.g. Specialize Dictionary Entry (Include editor(s), publication information, page range, etc.):: Rich & Poor. Quotationary. Ed. Leonard Roy Frank. New York: Random, 2001. 736-7. Print. e.g. Article in a Scholarly Journal (Include volume, issue, date and pages of journal.): Jacoby, William G. Public Attitudes Toward Government Spending. American Journal of Political Science 38.2 (1994): 336-61. Print. e.g. Article in a Magazine (Include date and pages for magazines and newspapers.): Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71. Print. e.g. Article in a Newspaper: Paillard, Sylvie. Playground vandalism puts kids in jeopardy. The Daily News 27 March 2012: A5. Print.

PRINT SOURCES CONTINUED e.g. Newspaper Editorial (Add word "Editorial" after the author's name (if signed) or the title (if unsigned).): Let s raise province driving age to 18. Editorial. Kamloops This Week. 27 March 2012. A8. Print. e.g. Letter to the editor (Add the word "Letter" after the author's name. Omit title given to the letter.): Komljenovic, David. Letter. The Daily News. 28 March 2012. C2. Print. e.g. Review: Kauffmann, Stanley. "A New Spielberg." Rev of Schindler's List, dir. Steven Spielberg. New Republic 13 Dec. 1993. 30. Print. e.g. Pamphlet: Best Museums: New York City. New York: Trip Builder, 1993. Print. NON-PRINT & AUDIO-VISUAL SOURCES e.g. Interview (Conducted by others.): Harper, Stephen. Interview by Peter Mansbridge. The National. CBC. CBOT, Ottawa. 16 Jan. 2012. Television. e.g. Personal Interview (That you conducted.): Martin, Lesra. Personal interview. 26 March 2012. e.g. DVDs & Blu-rays (Normally list by title. Include name of director, distributor, and release year.): Schindler's List. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Universal Pictures. 1993. DVD. (If relevant, list performer name(s) after the director s name.): Hamlet. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. Perf. Mel Gibson. Warner Bros., 1990. DVD. (To reference a specific performer (perf.) or director (dir.), you can begin citation with their name.): Howard, Ron. Dir. Apollo 13. Universal Studios, 1995. Blu-ray. e.g. Television Shows (With title information include network name, station letters, city, and broadcast date.): "Bart gets an F." The Simpsons. FOX. KCPQ, Seattle, 11 Oct. 1990. Television. (Indicate narrator or host for documentaries, etc.): Money, Truth and Spin. Narr. Linden MacIntyre. The Fifth Estate. CBC, Toronto, 8 Feb. 2006. Television. e.g. Sound Recordings - CDs or MP3 file (Generally, citations begin with the artist or group name.): Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind. Geffen, 1991. CD. Jones, Norah. "Light as a Feather." The Fall. Blue Note Records, 2009. MP3 file.

CITATIONS FOR WEB SOURCES MLA citations for web sites have these essential sections: Author (and/or) Titles Date of Creation Medium Date of Access General Structure: Last Name, First Middle. Website article. Website. Publisher, Date published. Web. Date accessed. <URL>. *Note: URL is optional. Consult your teacher. MLA style uses the following abbreviations to indicate when the above information is not available: n.p. when neither a publisher nor a sponsor name has been provided and n.d. when there is no publication date provided. Examples: e.g. Websites (For a whole non-subscription website list by author.): Lepage, Denis. Avibase: The World Bird Database. Bird Studies Canada, 2005 (No author or creation date, with optional URL.): The Intelligence of Dogs. n.d. Web. 17 Oct.2006. <http://www.petrix.com/dogint/>. e.g. Specific Section or Article on a Website (Note: Optional URL is kept intact on one line.): Yoder, Mike. "Battle of Stalingrad." Military History Online. MilitaryHistoryOnline.com 2 Apr. 2003. Web. 2 Nov. 2011. <http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx>. e.g. Article from an Online Journal : Calabrese, Michael. "Between Despair and Ecstasy: Marco Polo's Life of the Buddha." Exemplaria 9.1 (1997). Web. 22 June 1998. e.g. Article from a Subscription Database (Both journal title and database are italicized.): Vargas, Jose Antonio. "The Face of Facebook." New Yorker 86.28 (2010): 54-63. EBSCO Academic Search Premier. Web. 25 Jan. 2011. e.g. Articles from a Reference Database or Online Encyclopedia: Concrete." Funk & Wagnall's New World Encyclopedia. EBSCO, 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2004. Euraque, Dario A. "Nicaragua." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2012. Web. 29 Mar. 2012.

WEB SOURCES e.g. Statistical Information from E-Stat (Include descriptor: Table, Chart, Figure, or Graph.): Statistics Canada. 2001 School Attendance, Education, Field of Study, Highest Level of Schooling and Earnings, 2001, Manitoba Census Subdivisions. Table. E-STAT. Web. 16 August 2005. e.g. Books Accessed Online: Frost, Robert. North of Boston. 2nd ed. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1915. Google Books. Web. 30 June 2009. Weber, David. On Balsilisk Station. Riverdale: Baen, 1993. Baen Free Library. Web. 2 Nov. 2011. e.g. Online Dictionary Entry: Hurdy-gurdy. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Web. 16 Aug. 2006. e.g. Online Radio Program (Indicate narrator or program host.): The Brains of Babes: Part 1. Narr. Jill Eisner. Ideas. CBC Radio. 9 Mar. 2009. Web. 8 Apr. 2009. e.g. Weblog (Cite a blog as you would an entire Web site.): Gristmill. Grist Magazine, 2008. Web. 19 Jan. 2009. e.g. Weblog Comment (If the comment or entry has no title, use the label Weblog entry or Weblog comment..): Burdick, Dennis. Web log comment. The Checkout. Washington Post, 28 Feb. 2006. Web. 19 Jan. 2007. e.g. Email (Indicate sender and receiver.): Miller, Barbara. "Re: Education Statistics." Message to Meredith Elsik. 25 Jan. 2005. E-mail. e.g. Digital Image (Cite the website (not the search engine) where image was found. Title is italicized if taken from the image caption along with the website name. Indicate format after image title.): Galactic Collision. Digital image. It's the End of the Galaxy as We Know It. UC San Diego, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2010. e.g. Untitled Digital Image (If it has neither title or caption, give image a short description without italics).): Kailua Beach. Digital image. Auntie Barbara's Vacation Rentals. AuntAthar, Sohaib (ReallyVirtual). Helicopter hovering above Abbottabad at 1AM (is a rare event). 1 May 2011, 3:58 p.m. Tweet.ie Barbara's Vacation Rentals, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2011.

MORE WEB SOURCES e.g. Painting or Artwork from Website. (Indicate year created and location of work.): Rousseau, Henri. The Ship in the Storm. 1896. Musee de l'orangerie, Paris. Web. 3 Sept. 2009. e.g. Painting or Artwork from a Database. (Italicize both title of work and database name.): Pollock, Jackson. Autumn Rhythm. 1950. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ARTstor. Web. 16 Sept. 2008. e.g. Digital Map (Title of map is in quotes followed by format, etc.): Granville Island, B.C. Map. Google Maps. Google, 2012. Web. 10 Feb. 2012. e.g. YouTubes (Provide the performer s or the author s name.):: Andrews, Austin, perf. Deaf Ninja. YouTube. 7 Feb. 2007. Web. 15 Mar. 2009. RebeccaESL. "English Writing: Paraphrasing." YouTube. 10 Aug. 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. e.g. Itunes Song (Italicize album and database names.): Winehouse, Amy. "Love Is a Losing Game." Back to Black. Universal, 2007. itunes. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. e.g. Tweet (Provide both common and user names. Put entire text of the tweet in quotes. Add date, time and medium.): Athar, Sohaib (ReallyVirtual). Helicopter hovering above Abbottabad at 1AM (is a rare event). 1 May 2011, 3:58 p.m. Tweet.

IN-TEXT PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS MLA in-text citation style requires that a writer acknowledge a source within the text of their essay usually at the end of the sentence in which the source was used or directly quoted. Citing Sources in the Text Provide an in-text citation when quoting/paraphrasing/summarizing someone else s work. In-text citations should direct the reader to the entry on the Works Cited page. Examples Author not named in text: Macbeth is socially inept because of Lady Macbeth s controlling nature (Magnusson 25). Author named in text According to Magnusson, Macbeth is socially inept because of Lady Macbeth s controlling nature (25). Two or three authors Macbeth is socially inept because of Lady Macbeth s controlling nature (Magnusson and Willard 25). Tips If a source has more than three authors, you may state the first author s name followed by et al. Example: Smith et al. argue Use italics if referring to an entire book and use quotation marks if the text is part of a larger work (i.e. if it is an article, poem, short story, etc.). Example: When analyzing the poem, "Kubla Khan," P. Smith notes... Anonymous works are referred to by the full or shortened title. Example: One article notes that young offenders generally benefit more from personal counselling and vocational training ( Alberta 36). (This citation refers to an unsigned article titled Alberta Surplus Funds Education").

When an information source contains no page numbers just include the author s name in the text or in parentheses. Example: One website describes the side effects associated with this drug (King). MLA citation style requires that writers cite a source within the text of their essay usually at the end of the sentence in which the source is used. The parenthetical reference should be inserted after the last quotation mark but before the period at the end of the sentence. General Form: (Author s Last Name Page #) E.g.: (Smith 42) If two quotations from different sources are used in the same sentence, the parenthetical reference associated with a particular quote should be placed as close to the quotation as possible without interrupting the flow of the sentence. If a paragraph includes several quotations from a single source, a single parenthetical reference may be placedat the end of the paragraph. Page numbers should be included for each quotation organized by placement inthe paragraph. In the following example, the first quotation from Smith appeared on page 43 of the text. Thesecond quotation used in the paragraph came from page 12. Example: (Smith 43, 12) If the author is included more than once on the Works Cited page, the following form should be used. Note that the format of the title on the Works Cited sheet should be mirrored in the parenthetical reference (i.e., if the title is italicized on the Works Cited page, then the title fragment should be italicized in the parenthetical reference). General Form: (Author Last, "Title Fragment" Page #) or (Author Last, Title Fragment Page #) Examples: (Smith, "Who Moved" 42) or (Smith, Big Changes 172)

The following examples illustrate format for texts that have more than one named author: Two Authors: (Johnson and Smith 244) Three Authors: (Johnson, Smith, and White 244) More than Three: (Johnson et al. 244) If there is no author, a title fragment should be used to make a connection between the use of the source andthe citation for the source on the Works Cited page. General Form: ("Title Fragment" Page #) or (Title Fragment Page #) Examples: ("Library Links" 13) or (Building a Bookshelf 42) If page numbers are not available for a source (particularly electronic sources) this space should be blank. IN-TEXT PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS MLA citation style requires that writers cite a source within the text of their essay at the end of the sentence in which the source is used. The parenthetical reference should be inserted after the last quotation mark but before the period at the end of the sentence. General Form: (Author Last Name Page #)

Example: (Smith 42) If two quotations from different sources are used in the same sentence, the parenthetical reference associated with a particular quote should be placed as close to the quotation as possible without interrupting the flow of the sentence. If a paragraph includes several quotations from a single source, a single parenthetical reference may be placed at the end of the paragraph. Page numbers should be included for each quotation organized by placement in the paragraph. In the following example, the first quotation from Smith appeared on page 43 of the text. The second quotation used in the paragraph came from page 12. Example: (Smith 43, 12) If the author is included more than once on the Works Cited page, the following form should be used. Note that the format of the title on the Works Cited sheet should be mirrored in the parenthetical reference (i.e., if the title is italicized on the Works Cited page, then the title fragment should be italicized in the parenthetical reference). General Form: (Author Last, "Title Fragment" Page #) or (Author Last, Title Fragment Page #) Examples: (Smith, "Who Moved" 42) or (Smith, Big Changes 172) The following examples illustrate format for texts that have more than one named author: Two Authors: (Johnson and Smith 244) Three Authors: (Johnson, Smith, and White 244) More than Three: (Johnson et al. 244) If there is no author, a title fragment should be used to make a connection between the use of the source and the citation for the source on the Works Cited page. General Form: ("Title Fragment" Page #) or (Title Fragment Page #) Examples: ("Library Links" 13) or (Building a Bookshelf 42) If page numbers are not available for a source (particularly electronic sources) this space should be blank. For other considerations, see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed. (pp. 213-230).

Citing Sources in the Text Provide an in-text citation when quoting/paraphrasing someone else s work In-text citations should direct the reader to the entry on the Works Cited Examples Author not named in text Macbeth is socially inept because of Lady Macbeth s controlling nature (Magnusson 25). Author named in text According to Magnusson, Macbeth is socially inept because of Lady Macbeth s controlling nature (25). Two or three authors Macbeth is socially inept because of Lady Macbeth s controlling nature (Magnusson and Willard 25). Tips If a source has more than three authors, you may state the first author s name followed by et al. Example: Smith et al. argue Use italics if referring to an entire book and use quotation marks if the text is part of a larger work (i.e. if it is an article, poem, short story, etc.). Example: When analyzing the poem, "Kubla Khan," P. Smith notes... Anonymous works are referred to by full or shortened title. Example: One article notes that young offenders generally benefit more from personal counselling and vocational training ( Alberta 36). (This citation refers to an unsigned article titled Alberta Surplus Funds Education"). When an information source contains no page numbers just include the author s name in the text or in parentheses. Example: One website describes the side effects associated with this drug (King).