ANIMAL & HUMAN BRAINS (Heny 636) CHAPTER 2 THE BRAIN AND LANGUAGE (35-70) PowerPoint by Don L. F. Nilsen to accompany An Introduction to Language (8e, 2007) by Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams 32 1 32 2 LEFT HEMISPHERE OF HUMAN BRAIN (Heny 639) LEFT HEMISPHERE (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 39) 32 3 32 4 CORPUS CALLOSUM ALLOWS Auditory Crossover Visual Crossover Arm- and Leg-Sensing Crossover Left-Hemisphere Brain Crossover resulting in left-hemisphere domination, esp. for right-handed people (Heny 646-647) With the corpus callosum intact, the two halves of the body have no secrets from one another. With it sectioned (as in severe epilepsy), the two halves become two different conscious mental spheres, each with its own experience base and control system for behavioral operations. Unbelievably as this may seem, this is the flavor of a long series of experimental studies first carried out in the cat and monkey. (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 46) 32 5 32 6 1
THE CRITICAL AGE FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING For human babies, the brain is very flexible, and the left hemisphere is not dominant. By the Critical Age, the left hemisphere is dominant and Broca s area and Wernicke s area become less adaptable to new language stimuli. (Heny 649) The critical-age hypothesis assumes that language is biologically based and states that the ability to learn a native language develops within a fixed period, from birth to middle childhood. (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 53) ANIMAL HANDEDNESS Among all nonhuman higher primates, handedness is evenly distributed approximately fifty percent of chimpanzees are righthanded and fifty percent lefthanded. (Kemp and Smith 676). 32 7 32 8 HUMAN HANDEDNESS In contrast, something like ninety percent of human beings are right handed that is, left hemisphere dominant. (Kemp and Smith 676). LATERALIZATION 1 The left hemisphere is dominant in most humans; however the following people are more balanced: Bilinguals, Especially Asians and users of Character-Writing-Systems Deaf users of American Sign Language Literate People Left-Handed People Women (Clark 628,Heny 649-654) 32 9 32 10 LATERALIZATION 2 LEFT-BRAIN SPECIALTIES: Left Hemisphere Dominant: Art Critics Literary Critics Music Critics Right Hemisphere Balanced: Artists Authors Musicians Analytical Processing Temporal Relations Speech Sounds Mathematics Intellectual Activities (Heny 643) 32 11 32 12 2
RIGHT-BRAIN SPECIALTIES: Synthetic and Creative Activities Holistic Processing, Gestalts, and Overall Patterns Spatial Relations Nonspeech Sounds Music Appreciation Emotion (Heny 643) BROCA S APHASIA Cookie jar fall over chair water empty ov ov [Ex aminer: overflow? ] Yeah. (Heny 637) 32 13 32 14 People with Broca s aphasia sometimes substitute synonyms of the words they mean: freedom for liberty, parrot for canary, overseas for abroad, long for large, small for short, long for tall. Or they may substitute the word in its wrong grammatical category: decision for decide, concealment for conceal, portrait for portray, bath for bathe, dliscussion for discuss, and memory for remember. (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 64) BROCA S APHASIA IS LIKE TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH Compare the Following: Broca s Aphasia Children s Language Tarzan s Language The Lone Ranger s friend Tonto s Language Genie s Language The Language of a Telegram 32 15 32 16 WERNICKE S APHASIA Well, this is mother is away here workingout o here to get her better, but when she s working, the two boys looking in the other part. One their small tile into her time here. She s working another time because she s getting, too. (Heny 638) People with Wernicke s aphasia might use sentences like these collected by Harry Whitaker: There is under a horse a new sidesaddle. In girls we see many happy days. I ll challenge a new bike. I surprise no new glamour. Is there three chairs in this room? Mike and Peter is happy. Bill and John likes hot dogs. Proliferate is a complete time about a word that is correct. Went came in better than it did before. (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 65) 32 17 32 18 3
WERNICKE S APHASIA IS LIKE LEWIS CARROLL S JABBERWOCKY Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gire and gimble in the wabe All mimsy were the borogroves And the mome wraths, outgrabe. SLIPS OF THE TONGUE, EAR, PEN, AND HAND In 1973, Victoria Fromkin edited an important book entitled Speech Errors as Linguistic Evidence. In 1980, she edited another important book entitled Errors in Linguistic Performance: Slips of the Tongue, Ear, Pen, and Hand. In these books, Fromkin shows how slips of the tongue, ear, pen and hand (in signing) give important insights into the way the human mind works. Consider the following examples: 32 19 32 20 CHILDREN S BLOOPERS Children are often faced with language that they are unfamiliar with. That s why children may change chess into chest. Or they may change the church hymn Gladly the Cross I d Bear into Gladly, the Cross-Eyed Bear. (Nilsen & Nilsen 7) CHILDREN S EXCUSES FOR BEING ABSENT Mary could not come to school because she has been bothered by very close veins. Please excuse Jimmy for being. It was his father s fault. Teacher, please excuse Mary for being absent. She was sick and I had her shot. (Nilsen & Nilsen 8) 32 21 32 22 TOT: Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon: Sometimes when we are searching for a word in our brain, we come up with a near miss. The wrong word sounds like, scans like, or has a similar meaning to the right word: Queen Elizabeth was the Virgin Queen. When Elizabeth exposed herself before her troops, they all shouted hurrah. Then her navy went out and defeated the Spanish Armadillo. (Nilsen & Nilsen 7) (From Richard Lederer s Anguished English) It was an age of great inventions and discoveries. Gutenberg invented the Bible. Another important invention was the circulation of blood. Sir Walter Raleigh is a historical figure because he invented cigarettes and started smoking. And Sir Frances Drake circumsised the world with a 100-foot clipper. (Nilsen & Nilsen 7-8) (From Richard Lederer s Anguished English) 32 23 32 24 4
YOGI BERRA ARCHIE BUNKER Yogi Berra was the catcher for the New York Yankees baseball team. He said: I want to win 100 or 105 games this year whichever comes first. It s déjà vu all over again. It ain t over til it s over. Yogi Berra was the inspiration for the cartoon character on television named Yogi Bear. In All in the Family, Archie Bunker s mistakes showed that he was a xenophobic bigot: Milton Berlin, Morgan David wine, Blackberry Finn, pushy imported ricans, and a regular Marco Polish showed he was racist. Englebum Humperdunk and welfare incipients showed he was uneducated. The immaculate connection, Dunn and Broadstreet, and groinocologist showed he was sexist. (Nilsen & Nilsen 8) 32 25 32 26 SIGMUND FREUD Sigmund Freud said that slips of the tongue often are evidence of people s subconscious desires, as when the President of the Lower House of Parliament opened a meeting by saying: Gentlemen, I take notice that a full quorum of members is present and herewith declare the meeting closed. (Nilsen & Nilsen 8)!SAMUEL GOLDWYN Samuel Goldwyn of Metro Goldwyn Meyer said: A verbal contract isn t worth the paper it s written on. Every Tom, Dick, and Harry is named William. For your information, I would like to ask a question. Now, gentlemen, listen slowly. 32 27 32 28!!WILLIAM A. SPOONER British clergyman William A. Spooner was a professor at Oxford University who is reported to have said: Three cheers for our queer old dean (referring to Queen Victoria) Is it kistomary to cuss the bride? Stop hissing all my mystery lectures.!!!casey STENGEL Casey Stengel, the manager of the New York Yankees baseball team, said: I guess I ll have to start from scraps. Everybody line up alphabetically according to your height. 32 29 32 30 5
References # 1: Bickerton, Derek. The Continuity Paradox (Clark, 681-702). Clark, Virginia, Paul Eschholz, and Alfred Rosa. Language: Readings in Language and Culture, 6th Edition. New York, NY: St. Martin s Press, 1998. Crystal, David. Language and Thought (Clark, 629-633). Gazzaniga, M. The Bisected Brain. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970. References # 2: Fromkin, Victoria A., ed. Errors in Linguistic Performance: Slips of the Tongue, Ear, Pen, and Hand. New York: Academic Press, 1980. Fromkin, Victoria A., ed. Speech Errors as Linguistic Evidence. The Hague: Mouton, 1973. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. Brain and Language. An Introduction to Language, 8th Edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007, 35-70. Heny, Jeannine. Brain and Language (Clark, 634-657). Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Accidental Humor. Encyclopedia of 20th Century American Humor. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000, 6-9. 32 31 32 32 6