Gerunds & Infinitives Week 14, Mon 11/23/15 Todd Windisch, Fall 2015
Announcements Computer lab on Wednesday: Building 26B, Room 1555
Updated Schedule 11/23 : Gerunds & infinitives, indirect speech quiz 11/25 : Final drafts of Writing Packet #4 11/30 : Review for final grammar, gerunds and infinitives quiz 12/2 : Writing Conferences Extra credit for Writing Packet #3 due 12/7 : FINAL EXAM Extra credit for Reading Response #2 & Writing Packet #4 due
Today s Agenda Direct/indirect speech practice Quiz Gerunds and infinitives
Indirect/Reported Speech (p. 261) Direct speech: Todd said, I love this part of the movie! Indirect speech, no quotation marks: Todd said (that) he loved that part of the movie. Need a reporting verb (previous slide) Usually use a noun clause or phrase to report indirect speech. Noun clause: (that) he loved that part of the movie. Noun clause = dependent clause that replaces a noun in a sentence (subject, object, or complement)
Spoken/Casual English In spoken English, we sometimes do not change verbs in a noun clause, especially if what we are reporting happened a short time ago Yesterday, Amy said, Jack didn t come to work. Yesterday, Amy said Jack didn t come to work. This is correct when speaking. Yesterday, Amy said Jack hadn t come to work. This is also correct and more common in writing.
Reporting Verb in Present/Future If the reporting verb is in the simple present, present progressive, present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause does not change. Betty says, I m going to buy a new car. Betty says that she s going to buy a new car. Betty says that she was going to buy a new car.
REVIEW Indirect Speech Review: What changes? DIRECT Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect Can Will May Could Should INDIRECT
REVIEW Indirect Speech Review: What changes? DIRECT Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect Can Will May Could Should INDIRECT Simple Past Past Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect Could Would Might Could Should
REVIEW Indirect Speech Review: What changes? This These Here Now Ago Yesterday Tomorrow We I DIRECT INDIRECT
REVIEW Indirect Speech Review: What changes? This These Here Now Ago Yesterday Tomorrow We I DIRECT That Those There Then INDIRECT Before/Previously The day before/the previous day The next day/the day after They He/She
COMICS I m leaving. Where are you going? It s a secret, but I want you to tell me what you think of my outfit. Don t I look pretty? You look like my grandma. I m supposed to look like Christina Aguilera!
What Is a Gerund? (p. 301) A gerund is the ing form of a verb used as a noun Is this a gerund? I am swimming in the competition tomorrow. NO! This is a present participle Swimming is my favorite hobby. YES! This ing verb is used as the subject of the sentence; it s a gerund Gerunds can be the subject or object of a sentence
Position of Gerunds in a Sentence Subject Planning for the future is very important in order to be independent. Object John loves calling people and hanging up right away. Object of a Preposition (p. 302) When you want to place a verb after a preposition, it s always a gerund I need to apologize for arriving so late to the party last weekend.
The Preposition to Be careful because to is a preposition, but it is also the beginning of an infinitive, which is a different verb form from gerunds. I used to play baseball when I was young. Infinitive form I am used to sleeping with the window open. Preposition + gerund I look forward to seeing the movie next weekend. Preposition + gerund Exercise 8, p. 305 Use the chart on p. 302 to help you!
Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds (p. 307) Some verbs can only be followed by a gerund, not an infinitive Enjoy Quit Finish Avoid Suggest Stop Stop is followed by an infinitive when you are showing purpose He stopped (in order) to get gas. Etc. Go (p. 309) We follow go with a gerund to express many activities What are some examples?
What s an Infinitive? (p. 313) An infinitive is to + verb (base form) When negative: not + to + verb (base form) There are two common patterns of verbs with infinitives: 1. verb + infinitive I asked to go to the restroom. I want to help you with your homework. 2. verb + object + infinitive The teacher doesn t allow us to make-up quizzes if we are absent. I encouraged my brother to apply to college.
Patterns (CONT D) Some verbs can follow both patterns: I want to help with your homework. I want you to help me with my homework. Be careful because often the meaning changes!
Words that Work with Both! (p. 317) Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund! Sometimes the meaning doesn t change: I love to go shopping. / I love going shopping. I prefer to watch TV rather than watch movies. / I prefer watching TV to watching movies. Sometimes the meaning changes: I tried to be her friend, but she never called me. (make an effort) I tried giving her space, but that didn t work. (experiment with new approach) Exercise 30, p. 318
Causative Verbs & Base Form (p. 344) Causative verbs express the idea that X causes Y My mom made me clean my room. X makes Y do something. Three main causative verbs: make, have, get Make & have are followed by base form Sad movies make me cry. I had the plumber repair the sink. Get is followed by an infinitive John got Mary to go to the movies with him by buying her flowers.
HOMEWORK When I assign homework from English Grammar, there is a specific way I would like you to do your homework: Complete the homework on a separate sheet of paper (not in your book) Correct your own homework using the answer key in the back of the book Try to understand why you got the answer wrong; if you cannot find out why, make a note and ask me during class Tonight s homework: Chapter 14: Exercise 5, 28, 35, & 46