Measurement Guide KATHREIN MSK 200 Version 5 Instrument Firmware Stand V3.14 1
Content Theme Page General switching the unit on 3 First Steps.... 4 Measuring Analogue Cable... 6 Measuring Digital Cable (DVB-C - QAM)... 14 Measuring Analogue SAT.... 22 Measuring Digital SAT (DVB-S/S2 - QPSK).. 26 Measuring Digital Terrestrial (DVB-T)... 36 Measuring Analogue Terrestrial 57 Measuring FM-Radio.. 61 Switching the unit off.. 63 Special Measurement Methods.. 64 C/N Measurment (Carrier to Noise Ratios) 64 C/N Measuring a QPSK Carrier.... 66 Measuring a Down-stream DOCSIS signal. 67 Saving results and documenting.... 69 Saving instrument settings and re-calling these..... 71 Remotely Controlling the MSK200 (Remote)... 73 Tips & Tricks how to simplify using the MSK200. 78 Fuse, Accumulator, Charger status... 78 Extending the measurement display...... 79 Handling the instrument front cover.. 80 Working with Markers..... 81 Changing the level units (dbµv, dbmv, dbm).... 83 RF Offset... 84 RF Settings...... 86 LNB Control...... 87 SCIF/SCR (SAT-IF Singlecable Systems)... 88 HELP.. 89 Searching for a transponder or programme. 89 When Softkeys are not available... 90 Updating the instrument s Software. 92 The List Editor.. 95 Automeasure (Automatic Measurement). 103 Précis of all steps for an automatic DVB-T Measurement... 113 2
General Switching the unit on One can operate the instrument using the Touch Screen or by using a USB mouse & keyboard. The operational system is LINUX based. The instrument can be operated in the Measurement mode (CST mode = Cable, Satellite, Terrestrial) or in the PC mode (CONTROL). After the boot process the instrument is in the CST mode. In the following texts the Function keys are in [BLUE] and the Soft keys are in [RED]! In this measurement guide only the basic steps required to operate the unit are described Details should be taken from the menu HELP! Start the boot process by pressing on the key [ON/OFF] After the boot process is finished the HELP screen will be displayed. The HELP can be closed tipping on the closure icon. by If one does not want to have the HELP screen automatically displayed after booting the instrument, then press on Diese Hilfe Seite in Zukunft nicht mehr anzeigen.. 3
When the instrument is delivered the HELP page is displayed in English. To change this to German or any other language, press on the keys [EXTEND] and then on [SETUP]. Now one can change the HELP language under [Help Lang.]. The HELP menu has been designed so that the page corresponding to what one is doing with the meter will be called up when one presses on [HELP]! First Steps: What does one want to measure? The most important three points to remember when measuring with the MSK 200 are: 1. Using the key [SOURCE] one calls up the menu in which the signal type is selected. These are: Digital Cable, Digital SAT, Digital terrestrial, Analogue Cable, Analogue SAT, Analogue terrestrial and FM Radio, and also AV/TS Input (Audio-Video/Transportstream). 2. Using the key [ANALYSE] one calls up the menu in which one selects the type of measurement to be carried out. These are: [SPECTRUM] (Spectrum Analyser), [CONST.] (Constellation Diagramme only in Digital), [IMPULS] (Echo Measurement only in Digital terrestrial), [SIDATA] (Service- Information-Daten only in Digital), [SCOPE] (Oscilloscope), [SUMMARY] (Level, S/N, BER, MER aso.), [TV-PICT.] (TV-Picture) and [AV/TS-MODE] (setting the AV/ASI-Video In and Outputs). 3. Using the key [EXTEND] - and then using [PREFER.] one can set: the Sub-Menu [Couple Chan] to set the Frequency or Channel selection to NOT COUP (not coupled), or TO STAND (coupled). The default setting is TO STAND! That is, here one determines if one wants to work with the frequency tables stored in the instrument TO STAND, or if one wants to measure using frequencies and channels which are not saved in a standard channel plan or in any table. Typical Example - the SAT frequencies of a satellite which is not listed in the SAT tables or a pilot frequency in a CATV network. 4
Setting the unit to... or to pre-set channels free selection of frequencies [Couple Chan - TO STAND.] or channels [Couple Chan - NOT COUP.] We recommend leaving the unit, for the first steps, set to [Couple Chan - TO STAND] (= general setting)! 5
Measuring Analogue Cable Pressing on the key [SOURCE] opens up the possibility to select the type of signal to be measured. Pressing on the key [ANALYSE] allows selection of the type of instrument to be used to measure: Spectrum analyser, Oscilloscope, Measurement value table, TV picture After pressing on the key [SOURCE] under Select... select the type of signal required, here [ANA CABL] (Analogue Cable) and then select the corresponding chanel table. Normally BG.gcr (=BG generell). One can also select a customer or system specific channel table which must have been created beforehand! 6
Channel selection [Channel] using the scroll bar on the right and by tipping on the wanted channel...... or by entering in the required frequency [Frequency]. 7
Spectrum Analyser (SPEC) Analogue Cable Selection of the measurement mode Spectrum Analyser [ANALYSE] [SPECTRUM]. With [Ref.Level] one can set the level of the upper reference line. This will be required for higher signal levels when the signal peaks are higher than the upper reference line, so that the markers cannot be seen. 8
After activating the softkey [SETTINGS], one can set the analyser functions. Standard settings are: [Span] 10 MHz and under [SETTINGS]: [Res.BW] 100kHz 3dB [Video BW] 100kHz [Detector] MAX PEAK [Trace] Clear Write [Grid Type] Absolute Both available markers are automatically set on the highest signal peaks. In this fashion the instrument automatically registers e.g. the Video/Audio level difference see arrow. 9
Oscilloscope (SCOPE) Analogue Cable Selection of the mode Oscilloscope [SCOPE]. This operational mode allows the display of any individual line, as in a line test oscilloscope! With [Trig.Line] one can select the required line In the screen-shot the CCIR Video test line 17 is displayed. In analogue transmission technology this is the standard reference line for noise and video PP measurements. Thereby the so-called Flag signal bar (red marker), is the maximal white signal. The (negative) line sync signal (green marker) is the lowest signal level in the video signal. The sum of both markers is the video signal level in (mvpp) see arrow. Nominal is 1000mVpp (=1Vpp)! 10
Measurement Value Summary Table (SUMMARY) Analogue Cable Select the display mode Measurement Value Summary table with [ANALYSE] [SUMMARY]. Displayed will be Signal level, S/N, Video level, AC1-spacing, TT2-spacing. Only after selecting an empty line as reference for the noise ration measurement [S/N Line] - in the xample line 6 = Standard! - will the correct S/N value be displayed. The reference line for the maximal white level is the CCIR line 17. The S/N value can be weighted [S/N Filter WEIGHTED] as is usual, or left unweighted [S/N Filter OFF]. S/N reference line 6 MUST as can be seen in the screenshot be an empty line. Should the S/N values displayed in the [SUMMARY] seem unrealistic then one should check using the [SCOPE] mode! 11
If no CCIR standard line 17 is available as a reference for the S/N measurement, then one can refer the white signal (video blanking signal) to a nominal signal level of 0,7V. This is possible from the SW Version 3.10 onwards. To do this one activates the softkey [Nom.Line] to set the nominal reference (Signal line) to ON. Now that one is not refering to line 17 this window is made inactive! One must though still define an empty line as the Noise Line generally one uses line 6! 12
Video Displaying (TV-PICT) Analogue Cable On selecting the key [VIDEOPIC ON] A window is opened on screen in which the TV picture is displayed in all measurement modes. The window can be made larger or smaller and placed on the screen where required! By selecting [ANALYSE] and then [TV-PICT.] one can zoom the picture for control purposes. If VPS data is available (Video Programming System) this will be displayed in the header line see also the guide covering msk200_vps-code_evaluation.pdf 13
Measuring Digital Cable (DVB-C / QAM) After activating the key [SOURCE] one has the possibility to select the type of signal to be measured. Activating the key [ANALYSE] allows selection of the measurement mode to be used: Spectrum analyser, Oscilloscope, Summary, NIT and TV picture After pressing on the key [SOURCE] under Select... select the signal type [DIG CABL] (Digital Cable) and then the corresponding channel table. Normally BG.cr (=BG generell). One could also select a customer or system specific channel table which must first of all be created! 14
Channel selection [Channel] using the scroll bar on the right and by tipping on the wanted channel...... or by entering in the required frequency [Frequency]. 15
Spectrum Analyser (SPECTRUM) Digital Cable Selecting the display mode Spectrum analyser [SPECTRUM]. The level displayed is in RMS (=Effective value referenced to the bandwidth)! To be seen by the red backgrounded area (=Measurement bandwidth)! The pre-requisite for this is that [FULL/CHAN.] is set to CHAN! (= channel referenced mode) The modulation can be set under [Mapping], the Symbol Rate under [Symbol-Rate]. NOTE! The red backgrounded area is not displaye if the measured level is higher than the level setting under [Ref.Level]! If [FULL/CHAN.] is set to FULL (=broadband display), then the level is NOT measured in RMS then the level displayed for the digital carrier is incorrect! Normal settings are: [Span] 10 MHz and under [MORE ]: [Res.BW] 100kHz 3dB [Video BW] 100kHz [Detector] RMS [Trace] Clear Write [Grid Type] Absolute 16
Constellation Diagramme (CONST) Digital Cable Standard values for: Gate Time = 20ms Limit Fact. = 100 Select the display mode Constellation Diagramme [ANALYSE] [CONST]. In the header are displayed as in the SUMMARY menu the most important transponder measurement data! Activating the softkey [ZOOM] zooms the display. 17
Measurement Values (SUMMARY) Digital Cable Select the display mode SUMMARY using the keys [ANALYSE] [SUMMARY]. Displayed will be the Signal level, S/N (= Signal to noise ratio of the programme), Bit Error Rate before (BER Chan) and after (BER fec) the FEC- (Forward Error Correction), MER and the Video level. Note: the values for S/N and Video Upp will only be correctly displayed if beforehand under [SIDATA] (see below), a programme has been selected from the list!! 18
Stream-Info-Data (SIDATA) Digital Cable Select the display mode Transport stream Information using the keys [ANALYSE] [SIDATA]. By tipping on the corresponding line a programme can be selected from the packet. Here one can view apart from the SID (Service-ID), the programme names, the Service Type, the actual Status and the Coding information (CA), and over the field More... also all the programme Stream Data. Select the display mode Picture window using the key [VIDEOPIC ON] which is now also active in the mode SIDATA A window is opened in which the TVpicture can be viewed in all display modes. The picture can be down and upsized and positioned on the screen where wanted! 19
Network information Table (NIT) Digital Cable Notes on the Cable-NIT: Of growing importance in a cable system which carries QAM signals, is the use of NIT tables (= Cable NIT). A Cable NIT which is incomplete or incorrect makes standard DVB-C operations impractical. Primarily the Cable NIT is required so that cable STBs can find the individual programme packets more rapidly. A rising number of cable STBs are able to find the individual programmes after carrying out a programme scan, but are afterwards not able to display the programmes not because they are defect, but rather due to faulty NIT tables. The MSK200 offers from the SW Version 3.11 a broad display of all the NIT data and can help one to solve any problems in such tables. Select the display mode NIT (only for Digital Cable) using the keys [ANALYSE] [NIT]. 20
Excerpt from a Cable NIT as should be carried in any QAM transponder in a cable system. Each line, which here portrays a QAM transponder consists of 5 parameters. The transport-stream-id (TS_ID), Original Network-ID (ORIG_NID), Transponder frequency in the cable system (Frequency), Symbol rate (Symbols) and the Modulation type (Mod.System). Tipping on More Info will display all the other data of the QAM transponder. The name in the line Network Name and the Network ID are given by the cable provider. It is then of importance when a cable provider offers own MUX bouquets together with a proprietary coding system (eg. Conax). 21
Measuring Analogue SAT After pressing on the key [SOURCE] under Select... select the signal type [ANA SAT] and then the corresponding frequency table. Normally for e.g. ASTRA 19,2 O Astra019.2.cr (= Astra 19,2 ). A customer specific or another satellite specific frequency table could also be selected but this must be created beforehand! Tipping on the key [MORE ], opens the selection menu for DISEqC commands, LNB-voltages, 22kHz and the LNB oscillator frequency. Multi-switch: VERTICAL SAT-polarity = 14V HORIZONTAL SAT-polarity = 18V. 22kHz ON = HIGH-Band 22kHz OFF = LOW-Band. 22
The required analogue SAT programme can be selected as follows: By directly entering the downlink frequency under [Frequency]......or by selecting the wanted transponder from the transponder list [Transponder] (recommended!) The LNB voltage (for H/V) and the 22kHz signal (for H/L) is also saved in this table, the instrument will be correspondingly set required for measurements using a multiswitch! 23
Further Settings for ANALOGUE SAT Video Deviation: set using the Softkey [MORE] for ASTRA 16MHz for HOTBIRD 24MHz Audio Sub-carriers nominal 7,02/2,20 MHz Can be changed as required e.g. 6,5MHz for MONO Spectrum Analyser (SPEC) SAT-Analogue Standard settings are: [Span] 40 MHz and under [SETTINGS]: [Res.BW] 100kHz 3dB [Video BW] 100kHz [Detector] MAX PEAK [Trace] Clear Write [Grid Type] Absolute Select the mode Spectrum Analyser using the keys [ANALYSE] [SPECTRUM]. 24
Measurement Values (SUMMARY) Analogue SAT Select the display mode SUMMARY using the keys [ANALYSE] [SUMMARY]. Signal level, S/N and the video level will be displayed. For the S/N measurement the reference line [Signal Line] and the empty line [Noise Line] must be entered. Also here one can refer to a nominal Video voltage of 0,7V should the CCIR reference line 17 not be available. 25
Measuring Digital SAT (DVB-S / S2) After pressing on the key [SOURCE] under Select... select the signal type [DIG SAT] (Digital SAT) and then select the corresponding frequency table. Normally for e.g. ASTRA 19,2 O ASTRA_19.2.gcr (=general list Astra 19,2 ). One can also select a customer specific or satellite related frequency table which must be created beforehand! The required digital SAT channel can be selected as follows: By directly entering the downlink frequency under [Frequency]... 26
.or by selecting the wanted transponder from the transponder list [Transponder] (recommended!) The LNB voltage (for H/V), the 22kHz signal (for H/L), required for measurements over a multiswitch, and the symbol rate and the code rate, have been saved in this table the unit will be correspondingly set! Tipping on the key [MORE] opens the selection menu for the [SID] (Programme Service-ID), [Video-PID] (Programme Video-ID), [Audio- PID] (Programme Audio-ID) and [PCR-PID] (mostly identical with the Video-PID. Further one can set here also the [DISEqC] commands, [LNB-Volt], [22kHz] and the [Oscillator] LNB-Oscillator frequency. Multi-switch: VERTICAL SAT-polarity = 14V HORIZONTAL SAT-polarity = 18V. 22kHz ON = HIGH-Band 22kHz OFF = LOW-Band. 27
Constellation Diagramme (CONST) Digital SAT To ensure that the MSK 200 now locks onto the selected Digital MUX we recommend that one now selects the Constellation Diagramme using the keys [ANALYSE] [CONST]. Standard values for: Gate Time = 20ms Limit Fact. = 100 The correct symbol rate for the transponder will be automatically recognised (using the Blindscan Mode) and the instrument locks on. The symbol rate is displayed in the header. The Blindscan Mode can alo be selected by entering 0 under [Symbol-Rate]! In the header all other data will be displayed such as: Signal level, Lock status, MER, BER before and after the FEC correction, the Frequency offset (showing the accuracy of the LNB oscillator), the Modulation type (DVB-S = QPSK, DVB-S2 = 4PSK / 8PSK) and the FEC (Forward Error Correction). One can also enter in the symbol rate directly. This will be required if e.g. when the transponder frequency is not (yet) entered into the SAT list, or if the instrument is in the Not Coupled mode. 28
If the transponder has not been selected from an existing table, then one must also enter in the corresponding symbol rate under [Symbol-Rate]. The FEC code rate selection is carried out automatically 29
Spectrum Analyser (SPEC) Digital SAT The signal level is displayed in RMS (=Effective value relative to the bandwidth)! Recognisable by the red background area (Measurement bandwidth)! Pre-requisite is that [FULL/CHAN.] is set to CHAN! (= channel related mode) Select the display mode Spectrum analyser using the keys [ANALYSE] [SPECTRUM]. NOTE! The red background will not be displayed if the measured level is larger than the setting under [Ref.Level]! Normal settings are: [Span] 40 MHz and under [MORE ]: [Res.BW] 1 MHz 3dB, [Video BW] BYPASS, [Detector] RMS, [Trace] Clear Write, [Grid Type] Absolute If the unit is in the mode COUPLED, then the most appropriate Video BW will be selected for the measurement! 30
Trace Functions (SPECTRUM) Newly available in the SW V3.14 is the possibility to save up to 3 spectrum measurement curves. This e.g. usefull even when aligning a SAT antenna. Trace 1 is the actual measurement curve - with [Trace 2/3] one can select 2 further measurement curves (blue/green), which can be saved with [T3 SAVE] or [T2 SAVE]. [T3 ON/OFF] or [T2 ON/OFF] serves to switch on or off the corresponding curve. In the picture we show 3 possible measurement curves. If the measurement sweeps are averaged, then an averaged measurement curve will be displayed. In the example Trace 1 (yellow) after 64 sweeps. 31
Stream-Info-Data (SI-DATA) Digital SAT Select the display mode Transport stream Information using [ANALYSE] [SIDATA]. On tipping on the wanted line one can select a programme from the packet. Selecting [Expand All] (Softkey top right) opens a table displaying the transponder or the programme data. 32
Measurement Values (SUMMARY) Digital SAT Select the display mode Summary using [ANALYSE] [SUMMARY]. Displayed will be the Signal level, S/N (Signal to noise ratio of the programme), Bit Error Rate before correction (BER chan), Bit Error Rate after correction (BER fec), MER (=SNR of the transponder!) and the Video level (of the programme). NOTE: the values for S/N and Video Upp are only correct if one beforehand under [SIDATA] (see above) selected a programme from the list!! Picture Display Digital SAT Select the display mode Video PIC [VIDEOPIC ON]. A window is opened in which the TV picture is displayed in any of the display modes. The picture can be enlargened and positioned on the screen where wanted! 33
Network Information Table (NIT) Digital SAT Select the display mode Network Information Table using the keys [ANALYSE] [NIT]. The Network ID required to create a Cable NIT (see page 20) can be seen in the first line. The corresponding Transport stream ID (TS_ID) is displayed in the transponder list. IMPORTANT NOTE! The SAT-NIT lists ALL Transponder in a satellite system - which mostly has several satellites in the example this is ASTRA 19,2 East. The Transport stream ID for the selected transponder in the example at 11.361 MHz must be found by scrolling through the list until the correct entry is found. 34
All data on the set transponder can be viewed by selecting the grey field to the right in the same line. Transponder Data. If this transponder is transparently transmodulated from QPSK to QAM and then fed into a CATV system, then the transport stream ID (here 1011 ) and the Original Network ID (here 1 ) are important for the Cable NIT table! 35
Measuring Digital Terrestrial (DVB-T) Signal standard COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) After pressing on the key [SOURCE] under Select... select the signal type [DIG TERR] and then the corresponding frequency table. For e.g. Europe BG BG.gcr (=BG generell). A customer or system specific frequency table may also be selected but these must be created beforehand! These table files end with.cr Channel selection [Channel] using the scroll bar on the right and by tipping on the wanted channel... 36
...or by entering the wanted frequency [Frequency]. Standardly DVB-T signals are transmitted in UHF with a bandwidth [Bandwidth] of 8MHz. Signals can also be transmitted in a 6MHz channel plan (Standard M), or in a 7MHz channel plan (VHF). 37
Spectrum Analyser (SPEC) Digital Terrestrial Select the display mode Spectrum Analyser using the keys [ANALYSE] [SPECTRUM]. As the signal is a digital signal the level display is in RMS (=Effective value related to the bandwidth)! To be seen by the horizontal red background block! Pre-requisite is that [FULL/CHAN.] is set to CHAN! The standard settings for the spectrum analyser are: [Span] 10 MHz and under [MORE ]: [Res.BW] 100kHz 3dB, [Video BW] BYPASS, [Detector] RMS, [Trace] Clear Write, [Grid Type] Absolute NOTE! The red background block is not displayed when the measured signal level is higher than the setting under [Ref.Level]! 38
Trace Functions (SPECTRUM) New in the SW V3.14 is the possibility to save up to 3 spectrum sweeps. This is also useful when one is aligning an antenna or an amplifier. Trace (1) is the original sweep - with [Trace 2/3] one can select 2 other sweeps (blue/green), which can be saved using [T3 SAVE] or [T2 SAVE]. [T3 ON/OFF] or [T2 ON/OFF] function as switches for the corresponding sweep. In the picture 3 possible sweeps are shown. If the sweeps are averaged, then an average sweep will also be displayed. In the example Trace 1 (yellow) is shown after 64 sweeps. 39
Constellation Diagramme (CONST) Digital Terrestrial This measurement is selectable using the keys [ANALYSE] [CONST]. Constellation Diagramme of a directly received DVB-T signal. Standard values for DVB-T for: Gate Time = 20ms Limit Fact. = 30 40
Explaining the displayed parameter in the header: Level 69.1dBµV FE fully locked yes Demod locked yes MER 34.3dB BER 6.21e-011 BER post 1e-011 Modulation/Hierarchy QAM16_a=0 Code Rate: 2/3 Carrier mode: 8k Cell-ID: 0-0 Guard 1/8 What do these parameter depict? - Some DVB-T basics. Level: Reception level Effective value (RMS). The MSK 200 measures the correct value referenced to the signal bandwidth. The minimal level on the input of the DVB-T receiver is dependant on the type of modulation, the code rate, the signal bandwidth and the receiver characteristics. Standard values are: Stationary antenna > 32dBµV Portable In-house antennas >38dBµV Mobile reception outdoor >48dBµV Mobile reception indoor >55dBµV FE fully locked: If a valid DVB-T signal is receive then the de-multiplexer in the MSK 200 locks onto the transmitter multiplex, then: yes is displayed - in case of lock-in errors: no is displayed Demod locked: If the COFDM modulation locks on: yes is displayed in case of lock-in errors: no MER: Modulation Error Ratio is a measure for disturbances in the received signal. The higher the MER value, the better the transmission is! The MER is a composite value for all occurring disturbances and is the calculation value describing the deviation of the I/Q values from an ideal signal status and therefore a measure for the complete signal quality. The MER value is comparable with the SNR value ( Signal-to-Noise-Ratio ) in analogue systems. It is dependant from the modulation type and the code rate! Recommended minimal values are: QPSK 16dB QAM16 20dB QAM64 26dB 41
BER (Bit Error Rate): Bit error rate before the FEC (Forward Error Correction). Errors occur with values from < 2e-002. BER = the number of faulty bits in Time interval / total number of all bits transmitted in the time interval. BER post: Bit error rate after the FEC. Errors occur with values from < 2e-004. Modulation / Hierarchy: Available are: QPSK / 16QAM / 64QAM The differences generally lie in how robust the modulation is and in the number of transmittable TV signals. QPSK is more robust than QAM, but has a lower transmission capacity! Hierarchy (α): This is a format not used anywhere yet, as most of the DVB-T receivers do not software support this option! Function: Two transport streams are simultaneously transmitted. The transport stream with the higher priority is QPSK modulated (= more robust m, but lower data rate, higher error protection). The 2 nd transport stream is QAM modulated (= higher data rate, lower error protection). In such a fashion a more secure transmission is available even in unfavourable transmission conditions. Possible are 4 stages: 0, 1, 2, 4 α = 0: Signal is not hierarchically modulated. α = 1: Signal is hierarchically modulated. Two transport streams are simultaneously transmitted, the one with higher priority in QPSK, the second in QAM modulated. The transmission quality of both is identical. α = 2: Signal is hierarchically modulated. The QPSK modulation is one stage more secure than the QAM modulated signal. α = 4: Signal is hierarchically modulated. The QPSK modulation is two stages more secure than the QAM modulated signal. Code Rate: Is the ratio of the used bit rate to the total bit rate. Possible are: 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8-1/2 = stronger error protection, 7/8 = weaker error protection. Carrier Mode: Possible are: 2k, 8k 2k mode with 1705 (1512 for useful data) carriers - requires in single frequency nets a smaller space between the transmitters. Symbol period is 224µs 8k mode with 6817 (6048 for useful data) carriers for SFN nets with greater spacing between transmitters. Symbol period is 896µs. Cell-ID: ID of the digital data stream 42
Guard (=Guard-Interval): Is the ratio between the guard interval and the symbol period. Possible are: 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 In order to use all single frequency signals and reflections, which do not arrive simultaneously at the receiver s input, the first section of the transmitted signal is not used for data transmission. This first section is called the guard interval and can be set to different lengths, such as 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32 of the total symbol transmission period. A longer guard interval means that even relatively late received signals will be used, but at the same time the useful data rate is therefore lower. In this fashion e.g. in 8k mode (Symbol period 896µs) with an Echo of 224 µs (Guard 1/4), signal path differences of up to 67 km will be tolerated. Net Types: SFN (Single Frequency Network): Uses several transmitters transmitting the same multiplex on the same frequency to cover the service area better. The receivers can use signals from different transmitters simultaneously. MFN (Multi Frequency Network): The transmitters transmit in different frequencies. Here one has the possibility to use demodulator repeaters working with a main transmitter. 43
Stream Info Data (SI-DATA) Digital Terrestrial Select the display mode Transport stream Information using [ANALYSE] [SIDATA]. Here one can tip on the line of a programme to select this from a packet. [More ] allows the display of the transport stream data of the selected programme. [Expand All] allows the display of the transport stream data of the whole DVB-T transponder. 44
Measurement Value (SUMMARY) Digital Terrestrial Select the display mode SUMMARY using the keys [ANALYSE] [SUMMARY]. Displayed will be the signal level, S/N (of the programme), BER before and after the Viterbi decoder, MER (=SNR of the transponder!) and the video level (of the programme). Note: the values for S/N and video Upp will only be correctly displayed if one beforehand under [SIDATA] (see above) has selected a programme from the list!! For the S/N measurement the reference line [Signal Line] and the empty line [Noise Line] are given. Also here one can refer to a nominal video voltage of 0,7V if the CCIR reference line 17 is not available. 45
Picture Display (TV-PICT) Digital Terrestrial Select the display mode Picture window using the key [VIDEOPIC ON]. A window will be opened on the screen with the TV picture as in all display modes. This can be changed in size and positioned on the screen where wanted! Measuring the MER over Carrier From the SW Version 3.11 one can display the MER for each individual COFDM carrier in the DVB-T transponder signal. The measurement is available over the keys [ANALYSE] [CONST] [MER]. The measurement allows e.g. one to determine if the DVB-T signal is disturbed by any other signals. 46
MER display over the complete carrier range in the example carrier 2525 is being measured. The display range can be set by selecting the start point [Start Carrier] and the stop point [Stop Carrier]. Selecting [all Carrier] sets the MER range to cover all OFDM carriers. Measurement example: Disturbance of the DVB-T signal (channel 48) by the analogue channel 48. The drop in MER in the sections where the analogue video and audio carriers lie is clearly seen. A DVB-T signal disturbed in this way is badly disturbed and instable in the long term! 47
Impulse Response Measurements (IMP RESP) Digital Terrestrial. This can be called up from the Constellation menu with [IMPULS], or over [ANALYSE] [IMPULS]. This measurement was carried out from a site in full view of the transmitter. This is part of a Multi Frequency Network (MFN) with only one transmitter working on one frequency. In the picture signal reflections (Echoes) can be seen, beginning from the received wanted signal (vertical violet line on the left 0µs/0km/0miles = red marker), and over the whole Guard Interval (area with the light brown bar = 0-224µs). This type of display is possible if the horizontal axis is set to [Zoom] 1. Signal reflections (Echoes) which reach the reception antenna over an indirect path arrive later than the main useful signal. If these Echoes are inside the Guard Interval (with a Guard of 1/4 this is 0-224µs), then they can possibly be used to improve the reception quality! One should though note that the Echoes should be reduced as much as possible, and should in no case be higher than the useful signal (at 0µs)! If this is the case, then one must try to adjust the alignment of the reception antenna (horizontal alignment and change the antenna installation height above ground!). Reflections, which are outside the Guard Interval (here 1/4 = 224µs), should in any case be avoided! In the measurement example above there is a recognisable echo <54dB at approx. 261µs. The level spacing to the useful signal is though so large that here no problem can occur. In bad reception conditions one will have, with [New Sync] to synchronise the MSK200 anew. 48
The following measurements were carried out at a site where the transmitter was not visible indirect reception. The reception antenna was aligned for maximal reception level. The reception level on the antenna is approx. 43dBµV after which a 20 db antenna amplifier and a 5 db cable losses are switched. The display in the frequency spectrum shows a strong wave form on the signal roof which indicates a high reflection component here is the old display form with the red bar indicating that it is an RMS measurement. The spacing between the useful signal and the ground noise base, due to the low input signal level on the amplifier, is also much lower than in the screen shot of the measurement in line of sight to the transmitter on page 38. 49
One can also see in the constellation diagramme, that the reception quality is clearly worse than in the direct line of sight example. Very noisy Constellation points and clearly worse MER and BER values, confirm the previous screen-shot in the frequency spectrum. All the same this signal was decoded without any problems by the MSK 200. The difficulty lies all the same in that this type of reception is not long-term stable. That is, that with any change in the weather situation, occurring inversion planes, snow, rain also., interruptions can occur! 50
The impulse diagramme of a signal out of sight of the transmitter. The right hand side of the display area after the guard interval can be extended if one changes the [x-position] into the negative range - here -10. By changing the signal level range [Lev.Range] to 60dB, also smaller, remote echoes can be displayed. The measurement example shows that in this signal any eventual existing echoes in the range from approx. 170µs to above 260µs are not measurable, as these are overlaid by the high base noise due to the reception site chosen. Compared with the screen-shot on page 48 one can see that with optimal reception conditions the base ground noise level can be lowered to 60 db below the useful carrier. Echoes up to -60dB are thereby still clearly visible. 51
Switching the Echo Period By changing the unit [Unit] to km, one can display the path of the echo in terms of distance. In the measurement example the green marker is set on a signal echo which after a path of 13,12 km arrives at the reception antenna. The base for the distance values for the echoes is the propagation velocity of the signal at the speed of light. At a v (light) of 299792,458 km/s, the signal travels in 1µs a distance of 0,2998 km. 224µs (the whole Guard Interval) is then 67,16km. 52
Echo List (Carrier List) Pressing on the softkey [Carr.List] will cause a list of all recognised echoes to be displayed. All recognised echoes with a level spacing of >-40 db to the useful carrier are listed. The selected echo (in the list backlit in blue), will be displayed in the impulse diagramme with a violet vertical line marked E (Echo). Depending on the selected unit [Unit], the transmission path is displayed in time in µs or in km (or miles), together with the level spacing to the useful carrier at 0µs. Should one want to remove the vertical line for the selected echo, then this can be done by switching back to the constellation diagramme [CONST] and by then re-selecting [IMPULS]. 53
Analysing Individual Carriers The nominal setting is the display of all carriers [all Carrier] Start: 0 Stop: 6816 From the whole COFDM carrier packet one can select a carrier range or even individual carriers by entering in the [start Carrier] and the [stop Carrier] (for a single carrier one enters in the same start and stop carriers). The central carrier in 8k mode is: 3408 Pilot carriers in 8k mode are: 34, 50, 209, 346, 413, 569, 595, 688, 790, 901, 1073, 1219, 1262, 1286, 1469, 1594, 1687, 1783, 1754, 1913, 2050, 2117, 2273, 2299, 2392, 2494, 2605, 2777, 2923, 2966, 2990, 3173, 3298, 3391, 3442, 3458, 3617, 3754, 3821, 3977, 4003, 4096, 4198, 4309, 4481, 4627, 4670, 4694, 4877, 5002, 5095, 5146, 5162, 5321, 5458, 5525, 5681, 5707, 5800, 5902, 6013, 6185, 6331, 6374, 6398, 6581, 6706, 6799 The analysis of individual carriers has no great function for reception measurements. It is more important for setting the I/Q imbalance of the modulation on DVB-T transmitters. 54
Further Impulse Response Measurement Examples The reception antenna was turned 90 away from the transmitter to create worst reception conditions. In order to better depict the nearest signal echo (green marker at 0,96µs), which is higher than the useful carrier, the minimal horizontal zoom [Zoom] of 20 and the lowest level range [Lev.Range] -30dB has been chosen. By depicting the signal echoes over the maximally possible range it is now possible to recognise a drop in the reflection spacing outside the Guard Interval. Compare to the display on page 48. 55
Possible Errors There are endless possibilities for errors in DVB-T reception systems. An antenna optimally aligned for the best reception level does not mean that the signal will be optimally received. Especially in SFN nets (several transmitters transmitting the same multiplex on the same frequency), one can have problems due to differences in propagation times. Here one may have to re-align the antenna to reduce the echoes. Breaking the Guard Interval This can happen when strong echoes exist outside of the Guard Interval. Such faults can be seen by a drop in the noise ratio, the MER and the BER and in extreme cases by picture break-downs. One is at the limits of decodability (Cliff effect). One can recognise a break in the Guard interval also when the outer points in a constellation diagramme are larger than the inner points. 0dB Echo When 2 or more echoes exist with the same level as the useful carrier, but with different propagation times, then this can lead to problems in synchronisation for some DVB-T receivers. This is especially so when these 0dB echoes are in the second half of the Guard interval! With a Guard = 1/4 this is between 112µs and 224µs. Pre-Echoes In an SFN net (single frequency transmitter network) reflections can also occur to the left of the useful carrier - when a transmitter of the SFN net is nearer to the reception site than the actually received transmitter. These pre-echoes should be >20dB below the useful carrier. 56
Measuring Analogue Terrestrial After pressing on the key [SOURCE] under Select..., select the signal type [ANA TER] and then the corresponding national specific frequency table. e.g. for the European BG standard BG.gcr (=BG generell). A customer specific frequency table can also be selected e.g. only for programmes in a particular region. Terrestrial frequency plan are standardised. Most of the standard-tables are saved in the MSK 200. Channel selection [Channel] using the scroll bar on the right and by tipping on the wanted channel... 57
... or by entering the wanted frequency [Frequency]. Spectrum Analyser (SPEC) Analogue Terrestrial Normal settings are: [Span] 10 MHz and under [SETTINGS]: [Res.BW] 100kHz 3dB [Video BW] 100kHz [Detector] MAX PEAK [Trace] Clear Write [Grid Type] Absolute Select the display mode Spectrum analyser using the keys [ANALYSE] [SPECTRUM]. Analyser-operation is as described under Analogue Cable from page 8 onwards! 58
Measurement Values (SUMMARY) Analogue Terrestrial Select the display mode SUMMARY using the keys [ANALYSE] [SUMMARY]. Displayed will be signal level, the noise ratio S/N, video level, AC1 spacing, AC2 spacing. Only aft one has selected a suitable empty line as the reference line to measure the noise ratio [S/N Line] - in the example line 6 = Standard! - will the correct S/N-value be displayed. The reference line for the maximal white level is the CCIR line 17. The S/N value can be displayed weighted [S/N Filter WEIGHTED] as is usual, or be not weighted [S/N Filter OFF]. S/N reference line 6 MUST as in the screen-shot be an empty line. Should in [SUMMARY] the displayed S/N values seemunrealistic, then please check using the scope [SCOPE]! If no CCIR nominal line 17 be available for the S/N measurement reference, then one can-reference the white signal (video blanking signal) to a nominal signal level of 0,7V. - see the description on page 11 (Measurement Values Analogue Cable (SUMMARY) 59
Oscilloscope (SCOPE) Analogue Terrestrial Select the display mode Oscilloscope [SCOPE]. This operational mode allows the depiction of any line, just as in a test line oscilloscope! Scope operation is as described under Analogue Cable from page 10! 60
Measuring FM Radio After pressing on the key [SOURCE] under Select... select the signal type [FM-RADIO]. For Europe the standard frequency table is with a 50kHz plan saved in the MSK 200 as EU.gcr. One can also create a customer list covering the transmitters in a region or CATV network. Normally one selects by entering in the wanted frequency [Frequency]. 61
Spektrum Analyser (SPEC) FM Radio Normal settings are: [Span] 1MHz and under [SETTINGS]: [Res.BW] 100kHz 3dB, [Video BW] BYPASS, [Detector] MAX PEAK, [Trace] Clear Write, [Grid Type] Absolute [Start] 85 MHz [Stop] 110 MHz To display e.g. the whole FM range one can enter in the wanted start and stop frequencies. The span (display bandwidth) is automatically set! 62
Switching the unit off To switch the unit off first of all press on the key [ON/OFF] and then on the soft-key [SHUTDOWN] the unit switches off. Should it occur due to a software problem, that the unit cannot be operated then one can force the unit to shut down by pressing on the key [ON/OFF] for longer. Normally one can also carry out a new start (Reset) - carried out by pressing down simultaneously on the keys [FUNCTION] and [HELP]. 63
Special Measurement Methods: C/N Measurement (Carrier to Noise Ratio) C/N measurement on an anlogue carrier In the example the C/N of an FM carrier is to be measured. Select using the keys [SOURCE] [FM-RADIO] and then [ANALYSE] [SPECTRUM] e.g. FM frequency: 98,0 MHz Settings Analyser: [Span] 1MHz and under [SETTINGS]: [Res.BW] 100kHz 3dB, [Video BW] 30kHz, [Detector] MAX PEAK, [Trace] Max Hold Set the red Marker on the carrier (98,0 MHz) read off the level = 82,3dBµV 64
Changing the detector [Detector] to RMS. Set the green Marker on the base noise at (97,7 MHz) read off the level = 25,0dBµV (the measurement value of the red marker is of no consequence here!) The C/N of the FM carrier on 98,0 MHz can be calculated as follows: C/N = Signal level Noise level + -Correction factor Correction = 10 log (measurement bandwidth / signal bandwidth) Measurement bandwidth (Resolution) = 100kHz Signal bandwidth FM radio = 210kHz 10 log (100 / 210) = -3,2dB C/N = 82,3 25,0 + ( 3,2) = 54,1dB 65
C/N Measurement on a QPSK Carrier In the example we measure the C/N of ASTRA TP 117 (ORF). Select using the keys [SOURCE] [DIG SAT] For Horizontal High: [ROUTING] [LNB-Volt 18,0V] [20kHz ON] [ANALYSE] [SPECTRUM] [Center] 2000MHz, [Span] 500MHz... [SETTINGS]: [Res.BW] 100kHz 3dB [Video BW] 30kHz, [Detector] RMS [Trace] Clear Write Set the red Marker on the wanted QPSK carrier (2092 MHz). Set the green Marker on a lowest possible gap between the carriers, but not outside the LNB range (ca. 1894 MHz). The C/N value can be read off on the top right (Mark. 2-1) in the example = 20,3dB 66
Measuring a Downstream DOCSIS Signal Before preparing the instrument one must know the Frequency, the Modulation type and the Symbol rate of the signal. For the US-DOCSIS standard one uses 5,057MS/s (64QAM) und 5,361MS/s (256QAM) - - for the EuroDOCSIS standard one uses 6,952MS/S (64QAM & 256QAM). In the example we measure a US-DOCSIS signal on 177,0 MHz with 64QAM and 5,057MS/s. As 177,0 MHz is no frequency in a normal digital cable channel plan - standard would be 177,5MHz one must first of all uncouple the unit from the Standard BG Frequency table. Select using the keys [EXTEND] [PREFER.] [Couple Chan] NOT COUP (not coupled) for a detailed description see pages 4/5. After pressing on the key [SOURCE] under Select... select the signal type [DIG CABL] (Digital Cable). Under [Frequency] enter in the middle frequency in the example 177MHz. Now select the standard for DOCSIS under [Standard] select J83B. NOTE J83A is the standard for the normal DVB-C measurement so after carrying out the DOCSIS measurement don t forget to reset! Modulation is QAM64 US-DOCSIS QAM64 = 5.967MS/s (EuroDOCSIS QAM64 = 6.952MS/s) 67
Now call up the constellation menu with [ANALYSE] [CONST]. In the header is displayed the Level, BER, MER and the frequency offset. TIP: to have this measurement to hand hen one needs it, we recommend saving the set-up under Settings. To do this call up [COPY] [Store Settings] and save the set-up e.g. under Position 177... One calls up the set up with [COPY] [Recall Settings] 177 the result will be immediately displayed. For a more detailed description see Saving and Recalling Unit Settings see Page 71! 68
Saving and Documenting Measurement Results: If one wants to document the results of a SUMMARY measurement, then this can be done by pressing on the key [COPY] and then by pressing [Copy Data]. After entering in a file name and pressing on the key [Return], the measurement results will be saved in the instrument. New from V3.14 is the possibility to automatically save the data in Excel CSV format (Comma Separated Values), in the modes AUTOMEASURE, SPECTRUM, SIDATA, NIT and SUMMARY. A frequency spectrum will here, for example, be saved as a row of numbers for use in a different application. 69
The results can be called up for e.g. comparison or to change the file into a different format using the key [Show Data] One can create from the file listed under Name a PDF file, or a graphic in PNG or in JPEG format, or extract a copy onto a USB stick. After one has inserted a USB stick into one of the two available USB ports, after selecting Copy to USB-Storage one can copy the file to the USB stick in the selected format. The files on the USB stick can then be printed out or sent on using a Windows PC. Note: The USB stick facility cannot be used when in REMOTE-Modus (see page 73)! In Remote usage the file can be directly saved onto the controlling PC. 70
Saving and Re-Calling Instrument Settings: One can save instrument settings on the MSK 200 for measurements which have to be made all the time. Up to 100 settings (0-99) can be saved and re-called again. In the example the settings required to display the constellation diagramme of Transponder 11 on ASTRA 19,2 E are entered and then saved on memory position 11. [SOURCE] [DIG SAT] [Transponder] 11 (11.361GHz) [ANALYSE] [CONST.] The unit should now be locked onto the transponder and the constellation diagramme displayed. Now this setting will be saved on memory position 11. Select [COPY] [Store Settings]. 71
Enter in the memory position number and confirm with [RET]. The necessary settings for the constellation diagramme on TP 11 on ASTRA 19,2 E are now saved on memory position 11. To test if this has been carried out correctly one can carry out another system setting e.g. [SOURCE] [ANA CABL] [SUMMARY] Now activate the keys [COPY] [Recall Settings] 11 [RET] calling up memory position 11 and the constellation diagramme for ASTRA 19,2 E-TP 11 will again be displayed on the screen. 72
Remotely Controlling the MSK 200 (Remote) One can also remotely control the MSK 200 via a LAN (one must purchase the MZS 200 key to release the instrument internal software). The requisite PC software to allow this can be downloaded free of charge from our website under http://www.kathrein.de/de/service/index.htm Software and Downloads/Measuring- Instrument/MSK200/Software mzs-200_v3.xx.zip From SW Version V3.12 this software is available as an installation packet with corresponding language selection. One must purchase the release key to release the MSK 200 internal software, so that both PC and instrument can communicate with each other. Order Nr. 21710021 Product MZS200. The release code is always instrument serial number specific. One must inform the selling company of the instrument internal serial number (12 digit number). This can be found using the keys [EXTEND] [PREFER.] Service CST-Modul. After receiving the release code this must be entered into the MSK 200 using the key sequence [EXTEND] [PREFER] [SW OPTIONS]. In [SW OPTIONS] one should now see the word free under Status for the PRC option. Das Gerät kann nun fernbedient werden. The downloaded PC software (a ZIP file) can be directly loaded onto the HD or e.g. unzipped in the Programme directory. A sub-directory mzs-200 is created into which all necessary files are copied. The software need not be installed! NOTE: If a software update is made on the MSK 200, then one must once again enter in the release code for the software option Remote! One must also download the corresponding new PC software Version of the MZS-200 from our website! 73
Before the software can be started one must now configure the MSK 200. For this enter [EXTEND] [SETUP] [NETWORK] [CST 10.10.10.2] (select the measurement section of the MSK 200). Now one can enter in the IP address under which the instrument is to be controlled and confirm with [RET]. Note that the first 3 number groups of the IP address must coincide with those of the network or PC! 74
[APPLY] will now switch the measurement section (CST) of the MSK 200 to the given IP address, so that the unit can be remotely controlled. Example: The company or in-house network has the address group 189.163.001.xxx In this network the addresses: 189.163.001.070 to 189.163.001.082 are already used. Should the MSK 200 be included in this network, then - when the router allows the instrument can be given e.g. the address 189.163.001.083. If the MSK 200 is to be directly controlled from a PC/laptop, then the unit can be given the same address as shown above (189.163.001.083). The controlling PC could have the address e.g. 189.163.001.117. Important is that the first 3 number groups are the same! Controlling the MSK 200 with the remote control software MSZ 200 75
To close down the remote control one must click on the control software MSZ 200 on the key [ON/OFF]. This is then closed down the connection to the MSK 200 is cut. Then select on the MSK 200 the Soft key [CHANGE ADDRESS]- [Net Default Settings] will set the instrument back again to the standard IP address so that it can be directly operated again. 76
Limitations in the Remote Control Mode (Remote): The network connection does not allow due to the data quantity involved that colour pictures be displayed (VIDEO PIC). Under [ANALYSE] [TV-PICT] one can for control purposes, utilising the memory oscilloscope, view a black/white picture. From SW 3.14 one can select the scan period and thereby select the video quality. Audio transmission, and therefore changing the volume, is not possible! 77
When the MSK 200 under REMOTE does not react. It can occur, due to falsely transmitted control commands, that the MSK 200 in Remote does not react. Here one can just as on the instrument itself carry out a RESET. This can also be used for CONTROL e.g. List editor 78
Tips & Tricks how to simplify operating the MSK 200 Fuse, Accumulator, Charger loading status In order to not inadvertantly discharge the instrument s battery during transport the MSK 200 is delivered with the fuse (5x20mm slow 8 Amps) NOT inserted. Should the unit have to be transported, we recommend that the fuse is taken out. The fuse insert position is situated on the bottom right hand side of the rear panel visible after opening up the rear panel protective cover. After inserting the fuse and conencting the mains cable included in delivery (XLR-socket), one should fully charge the MSK 200 Charge period ca. 2 hours. Then one should operate the unit in battery powered status until it is fully discharged and switches itself off. The charge status display of the built in Li-Ion accumulator will now display the charge status correctly! The charger status can be clearly read off the yellow LEDs next to the fuse. Thse LEDs are always lit up during the charging process. When operated battery powered the charger status can be called up by pressing on the button to the left of the charger status LEDs (left in the picture). The LEDs will light up and will switch off again after a short time. 79
Zooming the displayed measurement value Measurement values can be displayed zoomed. To do this just tip on the measurement value with the finger these will automatically be zoomed. The example shows how the signal level value is zoomed and is now well visible. At the same time the Max-/Min value is determined and also displayed. A further example shows the zoomed display of the video-audio carrier frequency difference on an analogue PAL signal Difference Marker 2/1 80
Handling the Instrument Screen Cover An often spoken about problem is the LCD display cover which can, if the unit is moved during measurements can close down and put the instrument into Standby Mode. One method to stop this happening is to fold down the lower part of the cover. When the lower cover section is folded down then should the cover close the instrument will not go into stand-by mode or switch the unit off. One could also ensure that this does not happen by setting the unit using the following steps: [SETUP] [SCREEN] [DISPLAY/TOUCH] [Cover close] If the cover closes then in the selected setting: [Do Nothing] the unit will not close down [Do Suspend] the unit will go into the Standby-mode [Do Shutdown] the unit will be switched off 81
Working with the Markers The MSK 200 allows one to measure values using the functions [ANALYSE] [SPECTRUM] and [ANALYSE] [SCOPE]. These values will then be displayed in the screen header section. If in the functions SPECTRUM or SCOPE no marker is displayed on the screen, then these can be made to be displayed using the key [DISPLAY]. 2 markers are at the moment available. The one called Marker 1 is always colourd RED, the one designated as Marker 2 is always displayed in GREEN. The markers have been defined to always be placed on the highest points in a frequency spectrum or in an oscillogramme. If e.g. the spectrum of an analogue signal is displayed, then the red marker 1 is automatically set on the hgihest signal in this case on the video carrier and the green marker 2 is set on the second highest signal in this case on the audio carrier 1. At the same time both values and the difference between them will be displayed in the header section. Of course, the position of these markers can be changed using either the Marker Menu or by moving them using a finger on the screen. 82
On selecting the key [MARKER] one can also enter in the frequencies for both audio carriers of the displayed analogue TV signal and in this fashion see their level difference. This will be displayed in the field Mark.2-1. Apart from the level difference of markers, the frequency difference will also be displayed Freq.2-1: Marker Zoom Function To exactly position the markers one can apart from entering the exact frequency also activate the marker zoom function. To do this one must put a finger on the touch screen on the corresponding marker. The marker will zoom automatically so that one can exactly see the marker s position. By slowly dragging the finger across the screen one can position the marker exactly where one wants to. 83
Should both markers not be visible on the screen, then one can call them up using the keys [FUNCTION] [GET M1:] or [GET M2:]. Changing the Level Units (dbµv, dbmv, dbm) The 75 Ohm signal level is measured in Europe in CATV and in SAT-ranges generally in dbµv. Definition: 1µV signal voltage = 0dBµV. (= voltage relative level value) As the instrument is marketed world-wide, where one often measures in dbmv, one can changes the units correspondingly. Definition: 1mV signal voltage = 0dBmV = 60dBµV (=voltage related level value) One can change the units using the keys [EXTEND] [PREFER.] [Unit]. 84
In 50 Ohm transmission technology one uses woldwide the unit dbm or actually dbmw. Definition: 1mW signal level is 0dBm on 50 Ohm! (= power related level value). The standard version of the MSK 200 measures on an input impedance of 75Ohm. On 75 Ohms one calculates from dbm(w) to dbµv by adding 108,75dB. 0 dbmw power level corresponds to 108,75dBµV or 48,75 dbmv voltage level. The MSK 200 can also be delivered with an N50 input socket and a 50 Ohm input impedance. Order No.: MSK200/M4 21710027, MSK200/ME 21720035 Calculation is here governed by input impedance of 50 Ohms: 0 dbmw power level corresponds to a level of 107 dbµv or 47dBmV RF Offset If e.g. one measures using a 50 Ohm version in a 75 Ohm network, then it would be recommended to use a 75/50 Ohm impedance converters, so that the MSK 200 can measure impedanc a therefore level correct. The converter should be voltage firm! One must then enter into the instrument the through loss of the impedance converter as an offset, so that one does measure level correct. One can enter in the offset over the keys [EXTEND] [PREFER.] [RF Offset]. Here e.g. a 50/75 Ohm impedance converter with resistance network One can here too define the losses of a measurement connection cable for measurements which have to be made time and again. 85
Please NOTE: If an offset value has been entered, then this is noted with an * next to each level measurement! 86
RF Settings Using RF Settings one influences the input section of an MSK 200. Can be found using the keys [EXTEND] [RF- Settings] 4 different Settings can be made: [PREAMP] switches a pre-amplifier on just after the input socket. This is required when the input signals into the MSK 200 are very low <65dBµV (<5dBmV, <-42dBm @50Ohm). Thereby the own-noise of the unit will be lowered and therefore maximal sensitivity will be achieved. [LOW NOISE] is for the measurement of individual signals >70dBµV (>10dBmV, >-37dBm @50Ohm) up to the maximally allowed level. [NORMAL] here the unit s input mixer is driven by 10dB lower than under the setting LOW NOISE, at the same time the IF amplification is raised by 10dB, so that the total gain of the tuner is levelled out. For level measurements in CATV systems from circa 70dBµV (10dBmV, -37dBm @50Ohm). [LOW DISTORTION] here the input mixer of the unit is set 20 db lower than under LOW NOISE, at the same time the IF amplification is set 20 db higher to balance out the total gain of the tuner. For level measurements in CATV nets with high channel loading with signal levels well over 80dBµV (20dBmV, -27dBm @50Ohm). Just as under OFFSET, the setting RF-Settings will be displayed on the screen. 87
LNB Control Called up using [EXTEND] [LNB-Control] Normally the value for the corresponding LNB switching voltage and the 22kHz signal is taken from the SAT tables,that is if the setting [Couple Chan TO STAND.] has been selected. These are: VERTICAL SAT polarity = 14V HORIZONTAL SAT polarity = 18V. 22kHz ON = HIGH-Band - 22kHz OFF = LOW-Band. For special LNB s or multi-switches, one can change the values here. DiSEqC Over this selection table one can select the commands to switch standard conform DiSEqC matrices used together with multi-feed systems. These settings are also saved standardly in the SAT tables. Special settings can also be carried out here. 88
SCIF/SCR This function allows one to control standard conform SingelCable systems (i.e.kathrein SAT-IF SingleCable systems). A detailed description is included in the HELP files HELP Apart from the direct call up of help using the key [HELP], one can also download all the Help files from the Kathrein website and to load these onto a PC: http://www.kathrein.de/de/service/index.htm Software and Downloads Satellite and Antenna Reception Systems Measurement Instruments MSK200 Download Online-Hilfe - msk- 200_online_help_3.14.zip The ZIP-file should be unpacked into a directory. In the sub-directory control one can find the help files in HTML format for the unit in measurement operation; in the subdirectory listedit one can find the HTML help files for the List Editor. When starting the Measurement unit Help start up the HTML file index to select the language (English, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish)! When starting the List Editor Help, also start the HTML file index to select the language (German, English)! Should not all fonts be correctly displayed on the individual Help pages, then in the used Browser under Character encoding change to the Unicode (UTF-8). Firefox: Aspect Character encoding Unicode (UTF-8) MS Explorer: Aspect Coding Unicode (UTF-8) These HELP files allow one to view specific themes independantly of the instrument. 89
Searching for a Transponder or Programme. Since SW Version 3.11 one does not have to consider using small or capital letters when searching for a specific transponder or programme. This function is very helpfull, when one does not know the frequency or the channel data of a programme to be searched for. In the example we search for the ZDF programme packet in a customer specific created QAM frequency list. Here already after entering in the first letter z due to auto-completion is ZDF found in the list of saved QAM transponders. In a further example we search for a programme in a SAT list. SAT Programme list is ASTRA_TV_De.cr. Already after entering in the first letter h the entry is auto-completed to HDTest ARD ZDF and the unit sets itself to the saved settings. 90
Not available Softkeys after selection of [SOURCE] (up to SW V3.13) If the MSK 200 is set e.g. to measure the constellation diagramme in the mode Digital Terrestrial [SOURCE] [DIG TERR] [ANALYSE] [CONST] and if then to switch to a different signal type one presses on the key [SOURCE], then, as shown in the picture - all Softkeys for analogue signal types are shown as not being available. The reason is that the constellation diagramme can only be displayed for digital signals. So that the softkeys for analogee signal types will simply not be available. In order to go around this we recommend that one selects under [ANALYSE] a measurement type which is used in all signal types e.g. spectrum analyser [ANALYSE] [SPEC] or [SUMMARY]. If one now presses on the key [SOURCE] then the softkeys for all operation types will be available! The softkey [AV/TS INP] (Audio/Video & Transport stream) is also here not available, as the selected display type SPECTRUM is not available for this type of signal! 91
From SW V3.14 if in the above described situation the display method SPECTRUM is selected i.e. all softkeys for [SOURCE] will be available independant of the selected display method selected under [ANALYSE]. If though one wants to emasure ananalogue cable signal and selects [ANA CABL] and then [ANALYSE], then only the corresponding display modes will be made available! Measurement methods which are not useable for Analogue signals will not be made available. 92
Updating the Software The MSK 200 software is being steadily improved and extended. A customer can easily carry out an update himself. Under the Internet address http://www.kathrein.de/esc-kathrein/download/msk/msk200_firmware.cfm one can always find and download the latest instrument software. Please note thereby the included update description (readme...pdf), which can be downloaded separately. The update can be carried out in two ways: 1. Updating the Software (Normal Update) all saved customer data and tables stay saved. 2. Updating the complete software (Factory Update) all data that have been saved in the instrument (measurement values, settings, user data) will be deleted!!! The delivery status of the Control module will be re-created. This variant MUST then be used when the Control Module in the MSK 200 is older than version 2.0. Thereby the user should save all saved user data (files and tables) onto a USB stick, so that they will not be overwritten! See description readme_msk-200_userdata_backup_de.pdf on the server! Normally it is to be recommended that one carries out method 1. - MSK-200_Normal_Update! The present unit software version can be queried using the keys [EXTEND] [PREFER.]. The entry in the marked position Hyperstone Soft/Firmware, is the actually loaded SW here V3.11 from the 28.2.2011. 93
Description of the Factory Update Important Note: The Factory Update is a general update of the measurement instrument firmware. When the firmware on the instrument is older than the Version 2.0, or when only a Factory Update is released, then one must carry out a Factory Update. Some updates are so general that an instrument can only be updated with a Factory Update e.g. as with the update to Version V3.11. On carrying out a Factory Update all user-saved data and settings on the instrument will be overwritten or deleted. So we recommend that these all be secured before carrying an update. One can find the corresponding process description on the Kathrein server under readme_msk-200_userdata_backup_de.pdf! Update Process: Please ensure that the MSK 200 is power supplied directly from the mains. One must ensure that no switch-off due to empty batteries occurs during an update. One may not be able to re-activate the instrument, which must then be returned to our service company! One should also ensure that any connected network cable (Ethernet) is disconnected during the update process! After the software has been downloaded (Zip-file) one must unzip this and save this on a USB stick. IMPORTANT: Both the files MSK-200_CTRL_Disk-x.xx-yyyymmdd.ctrlupd und MSK-200_CST_Update-x.xx-yyyymmdd.cstupd must be loaded in the top directory on the USB stick i.e. not in any sub-directory on the stick! Do not yet insert the USB stick!! NOTE!! During the update process do not switch the MSK-200 off!! 1. To carry out the update first of all switch the instrument off do not yet insert the USB stick!. 2. After having switched the unit on again, wait for the display of the Start logo, then press on the [HELP] key and keep this pressed down until the Update Start logo appears. 3. Now insert the USB stick a tip on the softkey [Update from USB]. 4. Select in the column CONTROL Updates the entry [MSK-200_CTRL_Disk-x.xxyyyymmdd]. 5. Now tip on [Start Update]. 6. After the Update has been caried out an automatic Reboot.will be caried out Now remove the USB stick! 94
7. Now that only the MSK 200s CTRL module has been updated, no internal communication with the CST module can be made. This status is stopped by pressing down on the ON/OFF key for a longer period. 8. Now switch the unit on again and press down on the [HELP]-key until the Update Start logo appears. 9. Now insert the USB stick again and press on the softkey [Update from USB]. 10. Select in the column CST-Updates the entry [MSK-200_CST_Disk-x.xx-yyyymmdd]. 11. Now tip on [Factory Update]. The process can take up to more than 30 minutes! 12. After successfully carrying out the update one should see [ALL COMPONENTS SUCCESSFULL UPDATED]. 13. Now select [Reboot System] 14. Recommended is now to carry out a System-PRESET on the instrument. [ANALYSE] [MORE] [PREFER.] [INIT/MODEM] [Preset] 95
The List Editor The List Editor is a Tool used to create programme lists which has been completely re-worked since the software version V3.7 and been continuously improved in all following SW versions. With V3.11 we have also integrated the Automeasure Function see the dscription from page 104. The List Editor is called up using the keys [EXTEND] [SETUP] [EDIT/SCAN CHANNEL]. Thereby the instrument switches automatically into the unit s CONTROL mode! To operate the List Editor we strongly recommend that one connects a PS/2 keyboard (or USB type) and a USB mouse to the MSK 200. On starting the List Editor the Quick Aid is also opened. From this one can read which possibilities are available to create customer specific channel lists. 96
The automatic Quick Aid start can also be switched off by de-activating the corresponding Check-box. Available, standardised channel lists end with.gcr (general lists) cusomer specific (self created) channel lists end with.cr. The possibilities to create channel lists in different ways is described in detail in the Quick Aid, so that here we only describe the first possibility (as an example) to create a customer specific digital channel list (QAM) for a CATV system using as a basis the standard channel list BG.gcr: Activate the tab Selection (1) and select the table type (2) here Digital [CABLE]. The select the channel list in the left table area here BG.gcr (3) and then activate the channel scan (4). What are the sections CST and Pool? CST is the measurement section of the memory part of the MSK 200 Pool is a type of intermediate memory (cache). In the CST-section (Measurement unit section) of the MSK 200 one can only access lists which are actually loaded in the CST-section! We recommend to create or edit lists in the area Pool, and only afterwards to copy or drop these into the area CST. If more lists are loaded into the CST area, then there is less memory capacity available for the measurement value memory! 97
Now a new programme list is opened and one enters into the channel scan dialogue. The previously selected list (BG.gcr) which is being used as the reference list will be automatically entered under Source Selection. All channels that were scanned during the scan process are now listed in the channel list. The scan can be The scan can be limited by limiting the frequency range to be scanned to cover only those frequencies in which QAM channels are carried. In the example a system is scanned in which QAM channels are carried between 306MHz (=S21) and Ch 45 (8 MHz channel plan). This frequency section can be selected using the well known Windows key combinations. (Ctrl/Strg & left mouse click ). 98
Under [Extend] one can now select the Scan Sequences. Here one can also determine any exceptions - when e.g. the demodulator does not lock on. In order to speed up the scan one can also remove specific parameter which are not relevant, or add on others which should be considered. In the example (typical system parameter for the standard BG) one can follow the settings as shown above and confirm with OK. Now one can begin the scan with [Start]. 99
The instrument will now scan through all marked channels. This will take about 5 minutes for 28 QAM transponders if the scan area was limited! After the scan has been carried out this will be displayed with the above shown report window confirm with [OK]. 100
Now close the scan window - the Clip window will automatically open. If this does not occur, then this can be opened by clicking on the symbol. Now one can select all those channels (programmes) which should be listed in the programme list Multipl selection is possible using Ctrl/Strg & left mouse key! Should ALL programmes have to be selected, then click on this symbol. 101
Now drag and drop the programmes into the new programme list with pressed down mouse key with the cursor on one of the blue selected programmes in the clipper. Now to save the programme list click on the symbol (save as!). Now enter in a name for the system specific list [OK] saves the list under the selected name in the instrument s CST section and will now be available from this section. NOTE: if the List Editor is operated Remote then lists can only be edited if they are saved in the section Pool! 102
Alternatively to creating a programme list based on an existing general list in the example above BG.gcr one can do this using an existing cable NIT, if this is completely available! Thereby one must enter in a transponder frequency under which the complete cable NIT table is carriedt. Creating the frequency table is carried out otherwise just as described above. Removing a Table Tab Unwanted table tabs can be removed by clicking on the cross on the right. Only the actually active tab will then be removed. The corresponding lists in the sections CST or Pool will thereby not be deleted! 103
Automeasure Function Creating a list for an automatic measurement process Example CATV System This is processed from the List Editor and is called up with [EXTEND] [SETUP] [EDIT/SCAN CHANNEL]. Thereby one automatically moves to the CONTROL mode of the instrument! To create a list for automatic measurement one needs a PS/2 keyboard (or USB type) and a USB mouse to be connected to the MSK 200. After the unit changes into the Control mode and the Lit Editor has started one can create an automatic measurement list on selecting [MEAS AUTOMATION]. These lists are designated with the extension.aut. Measurement automation lists for CAV systems can be mixed lists, i.e. the listed programmes and channels can be both QAM, Analogue (PAL) and FM types. 104
Now click on the symbol to create a new list, give a list name (here in the example Autotest ) and then click on OK. An empty list will be opened now start the Transponder Selection Dialogue by double-clicking on the table line under header Channel/Transp. Link. 105
Select in the dialogue window for the Channel-/Transponder selection e.g. Digital Cable. It is to be recommended that one selects from the listed lists one that has been created beforehand for the specific system (.cr.). It is not recommended that one selects a general list (.gcr) as the therein included transponder due to the very general parameter included in them are not suitable for the auto-measure function for a specific system! Now mark the transponder which should be measured with the auto-measure function (multiple selection using Ctrl/Strg & left mouse click) and confirm with OK. 106
The selected transponder will be automatically inserted in the new list. Now one must enter in the parameter which are to be valid for the individual transponder. These parameter can be entered in other transponder lines using Copy & Paste. 107
In the same manner one can add in a system specific analogue list or an FM list and enter in the wanted parameter to be considered. For nearly all parameter a corresponding pull-down list is available from which the settings can be selected. If for analogue (PAL) channels the CCIR line 17 is not available, then select under Signal Line Nominal. The RF Setting is normally Normal, apart from when the measurement point is with a very small or very high level see page 87! For the measurement time (Meas. Time) one should enter in for digital transponder (QAM) 3sec, and for analogue channels 1 sec. For Delay one selects normally 0. If only a specific transponder was defined, then this can be monitored for a longer period. Maximally 65535 seconds is possible (=18,2 hours). When the list is ready, then this will be saved by clicking on the symbol The list is now ready for use for automatic measurement. 108
Carrying out an automatic measurement run Allows the automatic scanning of e.g. a CATV system based on a previously created frequency table. Call up this function using [ANALYSE] [MORE ] [AUTOMEAS] In order to use this function one must have beforehand created a corresponding table, in which the programmes and channels to be scanned have been saved see page 104. select [Select File].. and select the wanted list 109
Now one can give for the auto-scans.a name for the measurement site. One can also enter in the name of the person carrying out the measurement By clicking on [Start] the automatic measurement scan will be started. 110
from Automeasure one can load the selected file directly into the list editor (no routing over EXTEND) [Edit List] is not needed any more! The results of the automatic measurement. Important is that one saves the results using [COPY] [Copy Data] straight away, so that these are not lost. 111
New from SW V3.14 is that now the measurement results can be displayed in a bar graph The different carrier types are displayed in different colours. As one has here a universal presentation of results, in the legend digital terrestrial signal are also listed. Analogue carriers are listed as other. Digital carriers are displayed considering the used modulation type. 112
Précis of all steps required for an automatic DVB-T Measurement In the following a précis covering all required steps (in short form) needed to carry out an automatic DVB-T measurement e.g. of a specific area. Step 1: first of all create a frequency list considering all existing DVB-T transmitters in the area to be covered see also for this Page 96. This is carried out using the List Editor and is called up using [EXTEND] [SETUP] [EDIT/SCAN CHANNEL]. Thereby one automatically goes into the instrument s CONTROL mode! Go to the tab Select (1) and select the Table type (2) here Digital [TER.]. Then select the reference channel list in the left table section here BG.gcr (3) and start the Channel scan (4). 113
A new Programme list will be opened, and one goes to the Channel scan dialogue. The previously selected reference list (BG.gcr) is automatically entered into Source selection. In the channel list are now all channels which are to be scanned during the scan process. The scan can be limited by selecting channels which can actually be received. In the example we have marked 4 DVB-T channels 114
Now the scan can be started with [Start]. The instrument now scans through all marked channels. After the scan process is finished this will be display. Confirm with [OK]. 115
Now close the search window - the Clip window opens automatically. If this does not happen, click on the symbol. Now one can select those channels (programmes) which are to be considered in the list For multiple selection use Ctrl/Strg & left mouse key! If all programmes are to be selected then click on this symbol. Now pull with pressed down mouse key in one of the blue selected programme windows of the clipper the programmes into the new programme list (drag & drop). 116
Now save the programme list by clicking on the symbol (save as!). Now enter in a name for the region specific list [OK] saves the list under the selected name in the instrument s CST section, and is available from there. NOTE: If the unit is operated Remote then the lists can only be edited when these are in the section Pool!! 117
Step 2: Creating a List for an automatic Measurement - Example DVB-T-Region After the instrument has moved into the Control mode and the List Editor has started, by selecting [MEAS AUTOMATION] one can create a Measurement Automation List. (See also Page 104) Now by clicking on the symbol create a new list, and enter in a name (here in the example DVB-T List ) and click on OK. 118
An empty list will open now start in the table line under Channel/Transp. Link by Double-clicking on the Dialogue for Transponder Selection. In the dialogue-window for the Channel/Transponder selection select here Digital TER and then select the under Step 1 created list DVB-T-RegionS.cr It is sensible to select from the listed lists only one (.cr) which has been created beforehand specifically for the system measurement. It is not a good idea to select a general list (.gcr) as the therein listed transponder, due to the general parameter used, are not specifically suitable for the auto-measure of a specific system! 119
Now mark the transponder which are to be measured using the Automeasure-Function (multiple selection using Ctrl/Strg & left mouse click) and confirm with Accept Changes. The selected transponder will now be automatically moved to the new list. 120
Now one must enter in the wanted parameter for the individual transponder. (see also Page 108) Parameter can be copied into the other transponder lines using Copy & Paste. Once the list is finished this can be saved by clicking on the Save symbol The list is now ready for use in the automatic measurement function. 121
Step 3: Carrying out an Automatic Measurement Run This allows one to scan through all DVB-T transmitters in a region based on a specifically created frequency table. Call up this function using [ANALYSE] [MORE ] [AUTOMEAS] Select [Select File].. and select the wanted list 122
Now one can enter into the Auto-scan.the name of the site being measured. and also the name of the person carrying out the measurement By a click on [Start] the automatic measurement will start up. 123
One can load the selected file directly from Auto-measure into the List Editor (routing over EXTEND is not needed any more) [Edit List]! Important is that one now saves the results using [COPY] [Copy Data] to ensure that they are not lost. 124
New from SW V3.14 is the one can display the measured values in bar graph form. The individual carrier types are displayed in different colours - here blue for Digital Terrestrial. Version 26.01.2012 Rev 5 125