VOCABULARY Advertisement And so on Animal lover Animal Assistant Available Cage Conditions Driving licence Duty Either... or... Essential Experience Gorilla Hairstyle Holiday job Kind Lifestyle Mirror Neat Neither... nor... Participant Personnel officer Personnel Pit A notice or announcement to inform the public about new products or services. Expression to show that there are more examples. Someone who likes animals a lot. A living being. E.g.: Lion, dog, cat, bird and elephant. Someone who helps another person. Free to use. Not occupied. Usually a type of enclosure for animals made of metal bars. The points in a contract. E.g.: Those which describe the agreement between employer and employee. The piece of official documentation that proves a person has passed a driving test. Responsibility. To express a choice between two things. E.g.: We can either go to Spain or Italy for our holiday. Very important, vital. Past practice in a certain area. E.g.: She has been a teacher for fifteen years so she's got a lot of experience. The largest of the ape family. Native to Africa. The way a person styles or brushes their hair. A job that a person only does during the holidays. Very common with students. An adjective to describe a person who treats others well and tries to help whenever possible. The way of life someone chooses. A reflective piece of glass that we use to look at ourselves in. To describe the state of everything being in order and in the correct place. When discussing two options. Not one or the other. E.g.: I neither want coffee nor tea. A person that takes part in or contributes to something. E.g.: There were 30 participants in the show. A worker responsible for recruiting new employees and keeping records of them. The people who work in a company. The department of a company that is responsible for the employees. A hole.
Post Qualification Relevant Retired Rule Salary Sign Stray Temporary Timetable Tip To appear To deserve To enjoy oneself To explain To hurt oneself To include To inform To panic To require To ring about To spoil oneself To substitute To surround To tend to To treat oneself to To underline Vet Visitor Zookeeper A job, a position of paid employment. The official proof of having passed an exam or course. Associated with the matter being discussed. A person who has stopped work due to their age - usually between 60 and 65. Some people take early retirement at 55 years old. Something similar to a law but only for companies or schools. The amount of money that a person earns in a year or month. An object to give information to the public. Without a home or owner. Not permanent or fixed. List of plans or events done at or during a particular time. A piece of practical advice. 1. When something is first seen. 2. To seem. To be worthy of. To have earned something. To have a good time. To give someone more information about something. To make something clear. To do physical damage to oneself. E.g.: I hurt myself while I was cooking dinner. I cut my finger. To incorporate, add. To tell someone about something. To react in a very alarmed way. To need or want. To telephone someone concerning a set matter. To give something special to oneself, to spend money on oneself. To replace something. To encircle on all or nearly all sides. To have the habit of. To buy oneself something special. To emphasise, stress or highlight something considered to be important. A doctor for animals. Someone who goes to a place for a short time, especially as a tourist or as for reasons of friendship or business. A person who cares for animals in a zoo.
VOCABULARY SENTENCES My name's Dr Brown and this is my assistant, Gerry Wyman. We've got visitors coming for dinner so I bought extra bread and wine. In the interview she spoke about her past experience working as a bank accountant. You must really love animals to be a good zookeeper. In the zoo they have to make sure that the animals' pits are big enough for them to live comfortably. I took my dog to the vet for its routine check-up. They bought a new cage to keep their parakeet in. She has a house full of animals. She's looking after some chicks at the moment. This huge silverback gorilla has lived at the zoo all its life. I didn't warm up properly so I hurt myself when I was running this morning. Your dog's diet should include: bone, meat, offal, vegetables and fruit. The boss informed me about the strategy changes that the company was going to make. He gave me all the details. A driving licence is essential for this job. What's that? It's just an advertisement for shampoo. Let's look at the bus timetable. I work in the personnel department for a large company so I'm always busy. A personnel officer will decide when a company needs to hire people. There was a problem at the bank so my boss paid me my salary in cash. That's a really neat car. How long have you had it? He doesn't work anymore: he's retired. You have to wait in a queue with the other participants. The judges will call you when they want to see you. She can spend hours looking at herself in the mirror. Why don't you try a new hairstyle? She is kind to all the children she meets. I know you love cakes, but it's essential to eat fruit too. Did you enjoy yourself?
Yes, it was great. Eight black chess pieces are surrounding a white chess piece. She appeared from behind him. No one had seen her before. When I was sick, my brother substituted me at work. He highlighted a piece of information in order to underline its importance. I tried to explain and provide more information about my reasons in wanting to leave the job but they didn't understand me. This sign tells people that diving is allowed. Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... You can find the set of rights and obligations of this contract in the terms and conditions section. SENTENCES And do you have teaching qualifications? I've got a diploma in education. I'm interested in a secretarial post. A policeman must always do his duty. What you say is interesting, but it's not relevant to what we're talking about. I'm afraid this dress is not available in your size, Madam. You don't mind my staying here, do you? It'll only be temporary. Do you require a taxi, Madam? If you'd like to take perfect photographs, here are some tips. He has a very relaxed lifestyle. I've found a stray dog, can I keep him? I spoilt myself on my birthday and had lunch out. Don't panic! Everything is under control. She tends to get angry easily. I think you deserve to win, you are the best.
SHOWROOM: CONDITIONAL - CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I Unless you like working with children, you won't make a good teacher. If you are good at languages, you can work as a tourist guide. If you like looking after people, you may make a good nurse. If you don't know what you want to do, you should go to the job centre for advice. If you want to be a zookeeper, you will need to know a lot about animals. If you don't like studying, you won't be able to become a doctor. You won't be a good secretary unless you are well-organised. If you have your own business, you will have to work long hours. USEFUL PHRASES I'm ringing about your advertisement in the paper... Yes! We're looking for someone to look after our two-year-old son. My cousin is an animal lover. He's always playing with his dog. What are your plans for the summer? I'd like to get a holiday job in a factory or something and then, go to Greece with my boyfriend. I'm sorry you can't take photographs in the museum; it's against the rules. What did you do in Cambridge? Oh, we saw the sights, visited the university colleges and so on, and then, we took a walk by the river. How lovely! My grandfather started as an office boy and worked his way to the top. Did he stay with the same company? Oh, yes. He was company director for ten years. I'm going to treat myself to an ice cream. Would you like one? Yes, please.
SHOWROOM: REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... He has hurt himself. She is looking at herself in the mirror. I'm going to teach myself Japanese. He talks to himself. Buy something for yourselves! Look at how the cat washes itself. She lives by herself. I can't do your homework for you, you must do it yourself.
GRAMMAR Conditional sentences Conditional sentences contain two parts: a) The subordinate clause which expresses a condition, usually introduced by if. b) The main clause which expresses the result of the condition. There are three types of conditional sentences, each of them with different tenses. In this unit we are going to see the first and the second conditional. First conditional: Use: The subordinate clause is introduced by if or unless and expresses a condition which is possible to become reality. The main clause predicts the consequences of the fulfilment of the condition. The most frequently used tenses in this kind of sentences are: Form: Subordinate clause: If / Unless + Present Simple Main clause: will future IF / UNLESS + PRESENT SIMPLE è FUTURE If you study, you ll pass your exam. Sub. clause Main clause Unless you study hard, you won t pass the exam. Sub. clause Main clause Variations: In some cases, the verb of the subordinate clause doesn t have the future tense. This is because we want to express a different meaning. You can see that in the following examples: To express facts in general or certain probabilities If you mix red and white, you get pink. When you mix red and white, you get pink. IF / WHEN + PRESENT è PRESENT This type of conditional is often referred to as the ZERO CONDITIONAL.
To express advice or suggestions IF / UNLESS + PRESENT è MODAL (May, Must, Should) If you have time, you must visit him in hospital. If you have a cold, you should go to the doctor. Unless you are tired, we may go out. To express orders or instructions If you want to know his name, ask him. IF + PRESENT è IMPERATIVE The two clauses can change their order. When the if-clause goes first, a comma is used: If you study, you ll pass your exam. = You ll pass your exam if you study. Second conditional: Use: The second conditional is used to speak about imaginary or unreal situations and their probable results. Form: Subordinate clause: If + Past Simple Main clause: Conditional Simple If I lived in China, I would learn Chinese. IF + PAST è CONDITIONAL We need to remember two things regarding this type of conditional: The modal verbs could or might can substitute would when we want to say that the result is even less likely to happen. If I knew her telephone number, I could phone her. (But I don t know it, so it s practically impossible to call her.) The verb To be has two forms in the past tense: was and were. In the past, it was only correct to use were (for all the persons) for the Second conditional. Nowadays, it is acceptable to use: If I was you If I were you, I would take the job. / If I was you, I would take the job.
Either... or / Neither... nor Either... or... We use this construction when we have a choice between two options. His name is either Richard or Robert. I can t remember. Either you come today or I ll never invite you again. Neither... nor... This construction is used to express that both options are not true. She neither phoned nor sent the fax. I ve got neither time nor money to go on holiday. * * Remember that neither is a negative conjunction, and as always in English, when we use a negative particle, the verb must be affirmative. Singular and plural If both elements are singular, then the verb must also be singular. The same applies if both elements are plural. Either her brother or her sister has to take care of her. Neither her brothers nor her sisters have to take care of her. If one of the elements is plural and the other singular, we use the plural form of the verb. Neither her brother nor her sisters have to take care of her. Reflexive pronouns Use: Reflexive pronouns are used to refer back to the subject of a sentence, or clause, when the subject and object are the same and the action of the subject has an impact on the object. Compare: Sarah cut herself. George bought himself a new shirt. I blame myself for the accident. Jim saw him in the shopping centre. Jim saw himself in the mirror. Form: Reflexive pronouns for the first and second person are formed by adding the suffix -self in singular, or -selves in plural, to possessive adjective. In the third person they are formed by adding the suffix -self or -selves to the object pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS SUBJECT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS MYSELF YOURSELF HIMSELF HERSELF ITSELF OURSELVES YOURSELVES THEMSELVES OBJECT ME YOU HIM HER IT US YOU THEM POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES MY YOUR HIS HER ITS OUR YOUR THEIR Reflexive verbs: There are some verbs that are called reflexive verbs because they require the use of a reflexive pronoun, at least in some of their meanings: To enjoy oneself: Did you enjoy yourself? To behave oneself: Be good and behave yourself. Nevertheless, some of the verbs that are reflexive in your language are not reflexive in English, so we need to be careful when we translate: Concentrate: I can t concentrate. You re making too much noise. Feel: Do you feel comfortable on the sofa? Relax: Why don t you lie down for a while and relax? Meet: Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you...
Where can we meet? Shave: He shaves every morning. Often a reflexive pronoun of another language is translated into English by using a structure with the verb get. to get up to get dressed to get red, nervous, aggressive, etc. By + Reflexive pronoun: Somebody did something on his own. She learned to read Italian by herself. They can also be used as the object of a preposition when it is the same as the subject: She bought a birthday cake for herself. Joining sounds When we speak in English, we tend to join or link words to each other so that they are easy to say and flow together smoothly. That is why the words in a sentence do not always sound the same as when they are used individually. Joining sounds in English is very important to both understand people and make other people understand you. These are the most common sounds that are joined in English: - consonant > vowel We join words that end with a consonant sound to words that begin with a vowel sound. E.g.: I need it. - vowel > vowel We link words that end with a vowel sound to words that begin with a vowel sound. E.g.: Take it; I don t need it any more. In addition, we can also join words that end in a consonant sound to words that begin in the same consonant sound. We don t pronounce twice the same sound. E.g.: That was a big grape I just ate.