Philosophy of the Social Sciences: An Introduction 社会科学哲学导论

Philosophy of the Social Sciences: An Introduction 社会科学哲学导论 授课老师 : 唐世平 2010-2011 学年第 2 学期 (2010-2011 AY, 2 nd Semester), 周一晚,18.30-21.00 对社会科学哲学有基本的了解是从事社会科学研究的必要基础 本课程为那些需要从事社会科学研究的博士生和准备从事社会科学研究的硕士生提供基本的社会科学研究训练 ( 即, 本体论和认知论 ) 学生将不仅将了解到目前社会科学哲学的前沿理解, 还会有机会理解目前社会科学存在的问题的科学哲学原因 课程的每一节课都要求学生读完 150 页左右的材料, 积极参与课堂讨论 每一次课, 老师都会事先给出几个问题 每一节课开始, 老师会对这节课的内容做一个简要的介绍 之后是学生回答问题 ( 每一位学生 15-20 分钟 ) 然后是讨论 Adopt a shallow philosophy and you ll engage in superficial scientific research. 基于肤浅的 ( 自然科学 / 社会科学 ) 哲学, 你就只会从事肤浅的科学研究 (Mario Bunge 1997, p. 425) 必读书目 1. Karl Popper. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge.( 卡尔 波普, 科学发现的逻辑, 中国美术学院出版社, 2008) 2. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: 1970 ( 托马斯 库恩, 科学革命的结构, 金吾伦 胡新和译 北京大学出版社,2003) 3. Imre Lakatos. 1978. The Methodology of Scientific Research Programme. Cambridge( 伊 拉卡托斯, 科学研究纲领方法论, 兰征译, 上海译文出版社, 2005) 4. Larry Laudan, 1977. Progress and its Problems. California ( 拉里 劳丹, 进步及其问题 刘新民译, 华夏出版社,1999.) 5. Paul Feyerabend, Against Method. ( 保罗 法伊尔阿本德, 反对方法 无政府主义知识论纲要, 上海译文出版社, 2007 ) 6. Paul Feyerabend, 1979. Science in a Free Society. London: Routledge( 保罗 法伊尔阿本德, 自由社会中的科学, 兰征译, 上海译文出版社,2005) 7. Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, 1966. The Social Construction of Reality. Penguin.( 彼得 伯格 托马斯 卢克曼, 现实的社会构建, 汪涌译, 北京大学出版社,2009) 鼓励阅读 1. Mario Bunge, 1996. Finding Philosophy in Social Sciences. Yale. 2. Mario Bunge, 1999. The Sociolgoy-Philosophy Connection. Transaction. 1

Introduction Social Scientists Continue to Debate on Philosophical Terms, for example: 1. American Journal of Sociology, 1998, 104 (3), Rational Choice vs. its Critics 2. International Theory, 2009, 1 (1), and 1 (3), The Foundation of IR Readings 1. Mario Bunge. 1998. Philosophy of Science: From Problem to Theory, revised ed., vol. I. (New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction), chap. 1. 2. Background to the Vienna Circle, From Stanford Encyclopedia, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vienna-circle/ Part I: In the Shadow of the Philosophy of Natural Sciences Session 1: Karl Popper 1. Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (London: Routledge, 1959), chaps. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. (pp. 3-120). 2. Karl Popper, Science: Conjecture and Refutations, in Conjecture and Refutations (London: Routledge, 1962). Session 2: Understanding Popper: A More Nuanced Picture 1. Karl Popper: A critical appraisal (London: Routledge, 2004), introduction, plus chaps. 1, 3, 4. 2. Lakatos, Popper on Demarcation and Induction, in Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programme (edited by John Worrall), vol. 1, pp. 139-168. 1. William A. Gorton. 2006. Karl Popper and the Social Sciences. SUNY. 2. 2009. Rethinking Popper. Boston Studies in the studies of the Philosophy of Sciences 272. Springer. 3. Karl Popper, 1962. Conjecture and Refutations. London: Routledge. 4. Karl Popper, 1971. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford. Session 3: Scientific Revolution: from Popper to Kuhn 1. Thomas Kuhn, 1970[1962]. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2 nd edition. (Chicago: Chicago University Press), pp. 1-65, postscript (pp. 174-210). 2. Thomas Kuhn, 1970. The Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research?, (pp. 1-24). In, Lakatose amd Musgrave eds., Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. 2

Cambridge University Press. 3. Struan Jacobs and Brian Money, 1997. Sociology as a Source of anomaly for Thomas Kuhn s sociology of knowledge, Philosophy of the Social Sciences (PoSS), Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 466-485. Understanding Kuhn and Paradigms 1. John Worall, 2004. Norma Science and Dogmatism, Paradigms and Progress: Kuhn versus Popper and Lakatos, in Nickles, Thomas (ed.), Contemporary Philosophy in Focus: Thomas Kuhn (pp. 65-100). Cambridge University Press. 1. Kuhn, Thomas. 1977. The Essential Tension. University of Chicago Press. 2. Kuhn, Thomas. 1977. Second Thoughts on Paradigms, in Kuhn, The Essential Tension. University of Chicago Press. 3. Contributions by Watkins, Toulmin, Masterman to Lakatose amd Musgrave eds., Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. 4. Alan Musgrave, Kuhn s Second Thoughts. British Journal of Philosophy of Science 22 (1971): 287-306. 5. Larry Laudan, 1977. Progress and its Problems (Berkeley: University of California Press), chaps. 2 & 3, Conceptual Problems, From Theories to Research Traditions, esp. 73-76. 6. Nickles, Thomas (ed.) 2004. Contemporary Philosophy in Focus: Thomas Kuhn. Cambridge University Press. 7. K. Brad Wray, 2010. Kuhn and the discovery of paradigm. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, on-line first. Session 4: From Kuhn to Lakatos to Feyerabend 1. Lakatos, 1972. Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. In, Lakatos and Musgrave eds., Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press, pp. 91-196. 2. Paul Feyerabend, Against Method, 3 rd ed., 1991, introduction, parts 1-6, and parts 16-19. 注意: 中文版是根据 Against Method 的第一版翻译的 应以英文版 ( 第三版 ) 为准 1. John Worall, 2004. Norma Science and Dogmatism, Paradigms and Progress: Kuhn versus Popper and Lakatos, in Nickles, Thomas (ed.), Contemporary Philosophy in Focus: Thomas Kuhn (pp. 65-100). Cambridge University Press. 2. John Wettersten, 2004. Searching for the Holy in the Ascent of Imre Lakatos. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 2004 34: 84-150. 3. Tomas Kulka, 1977. Some Problems Concerning Rational Reconstruction: Comments on Elkana and Lakatos. British Journal of Philosophy of Science 28 (1977): 325-344. 3

4. Larry Laudan, 1977. Progress and its Problems. University of California Press, chaps. 2 & 3, Conceptual Problems, From Theories to Research Traditions. 5. Paul Feyerabend, 1993. Realism and the Historicity of Knowledge. The Journal of Philosophy 86 (8): 393-406. Part II: The Coming of the Philosophy of the Social Sciences Session 5: Neo-Positivism and the Behavioralism Revolution in Social Sciences Readings 1. Carl Hempel, 1942. The Function of General Laws in History, Journal of Philosophy 39 (2): 35-48. 2. Karl Popper, 1948. Predictions and Prophecies in Social Sciences, in Karl Popper, 1962. Conjectures and Refutations. London: Routledge. 3. Scriven, Michael. 1959. Explanation and Prediction in Evolutionary Theory. Science 130 (3374): 477-82. 4. Forum on Predictions in Social Sciences, American Journal of Sociology 100 (6), May, 1995, esp. contributions by Kuran, Collins, Tilly 1. Mayr, Ernst. 1969. Footnotes on the Philosophy of Biology. Philosophy of Science 36 (2): 197-202. 2. Carl G. Hempel; Paul Oppenheim. 1948. Studies in the Logic of Explanation. Philosophy of Science, 15 (2): 135-175. 3. Michael Friedman. 1974. Explanation and Scientific Understanding. Journal of Philosophy 71 (1): 5-19. 4. Philip Kitcher, 1976. Explanation, Conjunction, and Unification. Journal of Philosophy 73 (8): 207-212. 5. Wesley C. Salmon. 1989. Four Decades of Scientific Explanation. Minnesota Studies on the Philosophy of Science Vol. 13. University of Minnesota Press. [This is a concise intellectual history of Logic Empiricism (up to 1989).] Session 6: The (Social) Construction of (Social) Reality 1. Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, 1966. The Social Construction of Reality (Penguin), The Reality of Social Life, Institutionalization, pp. 33-42, 65-109. 2. John Searle, 1995. The Construction of Social Reality (Free Press), chaps. 1 & 2, The Building Blocks of Social Reality, Creating Institutional Facts, pp. 1-57. 1. Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, 1966. The Social Construction of Reality, the rest of the book. 2. John Searle, 1995. The Construction of Social Reality (Free Press), chaps. 4 & 5, 4

The General Theory of Institutional Facts, I & II. 3. Forum on Searle s The Construction of Social Reality, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 57, No. 2 (Jun., 1997). 4. Michel Foucault. History of Sexuality, vol. 2, pp. 25-32. Session 7: The counter-revolution: Relativism, ontology vs. epistemology 1. Alan Sokal. 1996. Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity. Social Texts No. 46/47: 217-252 2. John Searle, 1995. The Construction of Social Reality (Free Press), chaps. 7 & 8, Does the Real World Exists? I & II. 3. Mario Bunge. 2006. Chasing Realities: Strife over Realism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, chap. 3, Anti-realism Today, pp. 56-87. 4. Mario Bunge. 1996. In Praise of Intolerance toward Academic Charlatanism. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences. Web version. 1. Ian Hacking, 1999. Social Construction of What. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2. John H. Zammito. 2004. A Nice Derangement of Epistemes: Post-positivism in the Study of Science from Quine to Latour. University of Chicago Press. 3. Jan Golinski. 2005. Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivism and the History of Science. University of Chicago Press. 4. Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont, Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals Abuse of Science (New York: Picardo, 1998). 5. Norris, Christopher. 1997. Against Relativism: Philosophy of Science, Deconstruction, and Critical Theory. Malden, M. A.: Blackwell. 6. Boghossian, Paul A. 2006. Fear of Knowledge: Against Relativism and Constructivism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7. Larry Laudan, 1996. Beyond Positivism and Relativism (Boulder: Westerview), The Sins of the Fathers: the Positivist Origins of Post-positivist Relativism. 8. Mario Bunge. Chasing Realities. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 9. Mario Bunge. 1999. The Sociology-Philosophy Connection (New Brunswick: Transaction), chaps. 9, The Constructivist-Relativist Sociology of Science. Ethics versus Truth? 1. Alan Sokal, 1998. Truth, Reason, Objectivity and the Left. Economic and Political Weekly 33 (16): 913-914. Session 8: Counter counterrevolution: Scientific Realism (SR) 1. Howard Sankey. 2008. Scientific Realism and the Rationality of Science (Ashgate), Chap. 1. Scientific Realism, 11-29. 2. Roy Bhaskar, 1978. A Realist Theory of Science. Chap. 1. 5

3. Roy Bhaskar, 1979. The Possibility of Naturalism. Chaps. 1 & 2, pp. 1-83. 1. MacDonald, Paul K. 2003. Useful Fiction or Miracle Maker: The Competing Epistemological Foundations of Rational Choice Theory. American Political Science Review 97 (4): 551-565. 2. Nuno P. Monteiro and Keven G. Ruby. 2009. IR and the false promise of philosophical foundations. International Theory 1 (1): 15 48. 3. Forum, International Theory 1 (3). 2009. 4. Shiping Tang. Scientific realism and Instrumental Empiricism: A Social evolutionary solution. Unpublished manuscript. More on Scientific/Critical/Transcendental Realism 1. Roy Bhaskar, 1986. Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation. London: Verson. 2. Andrew Collier, 1994. Critical Realism: An Introduction to Roy Bhaskar s Philosophy. London: Version. Session 9: Scientific Realism: Explanation, Understanding, and Mechanism 1. Bunge, Mario. 1997. Explanation and Mechanisms. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 27 (4): 410-465 2. Bunge, Mario. 2004. How Does It Work?: The Search for Explanatory Mechanisms, Philosophy of the Social Sciences 2004 34 (2): 182-210. 3. John Gerring. 2010. Causal Mechanisms: Yes, But..., Comparative Political Studies, DOI: 10.1177/0010414010376911 1. Special Forum on Bunge and Mechanism, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 2004 34 (2). 2. Tilly, Charles. 2000. Mechanisms in Political Processes. Annual Review of Political Science 4: 21-41. 3. Chares Demetriou. 2009. The Realist Approach to Explanatory Mechanisms in Social Science: More than a Heuristic? Philosophy of the Social Sciences 39: 440-462. 4. Jon Elster. 2007. Explaining Social Behavior: More Nuts and Bolts in Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), chap. 2, Mechanisms. (This is a pre-scientific realism discussion, by a reformed rational choice theorist). Session 10: Evolutionary epistemology: Knowledge as an Evolutionary Enterprise 1. Shiping Tang, 2011. On Social Evolution as a Phenomenon. Working paper, Fudan University. 6

2. Campbell, Donald T. 1960. Blind Variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge process. Psychological Review 67: 380-400. 3. Campbell, Donald T. 1974a. Evolutionary Epistemology. Pp. 413-463 in The Philosophy of Karl Popper, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp. La Salle, I.L.: Open Court. 4. Campbell, Donald T. 1974b. Unjustified Variation and Selective Retention in Scientific Discovery. Pp. 139-161, In, Studies in Philosophy of Biology: Reduction and Related Problems, edited by Fancisco J. Ayala and Theodosius Dobzhansky. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1. Campbell, Donald T. 1965 [1998]. Variation and Selective Retention in Socio-Cultural Evolution. Pp. 19-49 in Socio Changes in Developing Areas, edited by Hebert E. Barringer, George I. Blanksten and Raymond W. Mack. Cambridge, M.A.: Shenkman Publishing Company. Reprinted in Geoffrey Hodgson, ed., The Foundations of Evolutionary Economics, Cheltenham, UK and Northhampton, MA, US: Edward Elgar, pp. 354-70. 2. Gerard Radnitzky and W. W. Bartley, III. (eds.) 1987. Evolutionary Epistemology, Rationality, and the Sociology of Knowledge. La Salle, I.L.: Open Court. 3. Peter Munz, 1993. Philosophical Darwinism: On the Origins of Knowledge by Natural Selection. London: Routledge. 4. Karl Popper, 1971. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford. 5. Shiping Tang. Scientific realism and Instrumental Empiricism: A Social evolutionary solution. Unpublished manuscript. Sessions 11 & 12: Foundational paradigms of social sciences 1. Tang, Shiping, 2011. Foundational Paradigms of Social Sciences, Philosophy of the Social Sciences 41 (2): 211-249. 2. Tang, Shiping, Priority versus Weight: Ontological and Epistemological. Unpublished manuscript. Case Study: Understanding Marx s Social Theories 1. Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels, 1848. The Communist Manifesto. 2. Karl Marx. 1859. Preface, A Critique of Political Economy. 3. Karl Popper, 1966. The Open Society and its Enemies (5 th ed.), Part, Marx s Method, chaps. 13-17, pp. 81-134. 4. Joseph A. Schumpter, 2004 [1976]. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 5 th. Ed. London: Routledge, chap. 2, Marx the Sociologist. 1. Karl Popper: A critical appraisal (London: Routledge, 2004), introduction, plus chap. 10, The Open Society Revisited. 2. Ian Jarvie and Sandra Pralong, 1999. The Open Society after Fifth Years. London: 7

Routledge. Session 13: Social System paradigm versus the Agency-Structure problem 1. Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. London: Polity, chaps. 1 (pp. 1-40) & 6 (pp. 281-354). 2. Elias, Norbert. 1991[1939]. The Society of Individuals, In Norbert Elias, The Society of Individuals, translated by Edmund Jephcott. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. 3. Steven Loyal and Barry Barnes, 2001. Agency as Red Herring in Social Theory. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 31 (4): 507-524. Critique 1. Shiping Tang, Social Evolution of International Politics (unpublished manuscript), Chap. 7 2. Collins, Randall. 1992. The Romanticism of Agency/Structure versus the Analysis of Micro/Macro. Current Sociology 40 (1): 77-97. False Resolution of the Problem 1. Margaret Archer, 1982. Morphogenesis versus Structuration: On Combining Structure and Action. British Journal of Sociology 33 (4): 455-483 2. Old-Verder. 2008. Integrating institutional, relational and embodied structure: an emergentist perspective. British Journal of Sociology 59 (2): 281-299. Session 14: Modernism versus Post-modernism: Habermas versus Foucault 1. Kant. 1784 [1991]. What is enlightenment? In, Kant: Political Writings, edited by H. S. Reiss. Cambridge University Press. 2. Jurgen Habermas. 1981. Modernity versus Postmodernity. German Studies Review 22: 3-14. 3. Foucault, Michel. 1984. What is Enlightenment? & Truth and Power, both in The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul Rainbow. Pantheon. 4. Foucault, Michel. 1969 [1972]. The Archeology of Knowledge. New York: Harper and Row, part IV, chaps. 1 & 6, 135-140, 178-195. 1. Ehrhard Bahr, 1988. In Defense of Enlightenment: Foucault and Habermas, German Studies Review 11 (1): 97-109. 2. Ernest Gellner. 1992. Postmodernism, Reason, and Religion. Routledge. 15: Social Construction: Knowledge, Social Sciences, and Social Scientists Part I: Brief Introduction to Sociology of Knowledge 1. Charles Kurzman and Lynn Owens. 2002. The Sociology of Intellectuals. 8

Annual Review of Sociology. 2. Brian Epstein. 2010. History and the Critique of Social Concepts. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 40 (1): 3-29. 1. Karl Mannheim. 1936 [1929]. Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. San Diego: Harcourt. Part II: Lecture and Roundtable on Theory of Knowledge versus Theory of Society 9