Intermediate three Additional Grammar Made for you in order to help you to understand grammar in intermediate three I 3 INFOP Virtual
UNIT 1 Modals Should Have / Could Have Past Forms 4 UNIT 2 Conditionals in past tense 10 UNIT 3 Relatives Clauses 12 UNIT 4 Relatives Clauses: Whoever,Whatever, However, Whenever, etc. 14 2
UNIT 5 Modals in past Might /May have and Must Have 18 UNIT 6 Conjunctions Not Only / But Also 20 UNIT 7 Conjunctions in short answers 23 UNIT 8 Me too, So do I, Neither do I and Either 25 3
I should have brought an Umbrella UNIT 1 Modals, should have / could have in past form As you know Modals or auxiliary verbs, help to the mean verb to express an idea. In this case we are going to talk about use of modals in past should have and could have. SHOULD HAVE We use should have to talk about an expectation, supposition or unfulfilled obligation in the past. This may be something which was not done, although it was necessary, or something which was done but was either wrong or regretted. Let see the structure and some examples of the use of should have: (Subject > should > have > verb in past participle>complement.) I should have thanked Mary for her help, but I completely forgot. The bus should have stopped in the station bus. Ana should have waited thirty minutes before swimming. My uncle should have brought my cousin to my party. Note: Remember the verb after should have is in past participle We should have bought tickets some days ago. 4
SHOULDN T HAVE The structure in negative form is similar to affirmative, you can do it just adding not to the modal should. Let see the structure and some examples of the use of shouldn t have: (Subject > should not > have > verb in past participle>complement.) I shouldn t have bought Chocolates I shouldn t have eaten too much, I feel bad. Sergio shouldn t have come yesterday, He is not ready. We shouldn t have invited James to the party, He was bored. Adela shouldn t have cooked without follow a recipe. My friends shouldn t have done bulling to tony. Note: Remember the contraction of should not is Shouldn t 5
SHOULD HAVE INTERROGATIVE We can make questions in two ways: we can ask directly or using WH questions. Let see the structure and some examples of interrogative: should have (Should >Subject > have > verb in past participle>complement >?) Should I have brought something for the party? Should you have done your homework yesterday? Should we have waited for the next train? (WH Questions >Should >Subject > have > verb in past participle>complement >?) What should I have done when the fire started? Why should Diana have read the document? Where should Henry have been when we needed? Why should she have drove the car this morning? 6
I could have studied before, but I didn t want. 6 COULD HAVE We use could have to talk about an action or event that was possible or impossible, but did not happen in the past. We often use could have to speculate about something that would have happened. (Subject > could > have > verb in past participle>complement.) We could have begun the event before, but wasn t possible. George could have become a doctor, but he decided to be an engineer. Alice could have spent too much money, there are many things to buy. You could have lent me your computer, because I needed it. We could have won the match, but the referee affected us 7
COULDN T HAVE As you can see, there is not too much difference in grammar structures of modals. The negative form of could have is couldn t have, you can do it just adding not to the modal could. Could not have / couldn t have Let see the structure and some examples of the use of couldn t have: (Subject > could > not > have > verb in past participle>complement.) Gabriel couldn t have ran fifteen kilometers, his leg is damaged. Sofia couldn t have seen to Melissa, she is out of the city. Lester couldn t have driven the car, he didn t have a silence. Children couldn t have stained the wall, they were in the yard. My mom couldn t have cooked this, she cooks very well. Obama couldn t have said that on television, He s the president of The United States 8
COULD HAVE INTERROGATIVE For making questions, you can make it in two ways: you can ask directly according with the context, or using WH questions. Let see some examples of could have interrogative: (Could >Subject > have > verb in past participle>complement >?) Could you have gotten a better job? Could he have arrived earlier? Could we have begun the event on time? Could they have found the solution soon? Couldn t you have finished before? WH Questions: How could I have earned so much money? (WH >question >could >Subject > have > verb in past participle>complement >?) When could the team have arrived? How could he have waited three hours? Why could Diana have lied in that way? What could I have done to prevent the fire? Where could you have found the auto parts? 9
If you had not Brought your Storybook, You wouldn t be reading now UNIT 2 Conditionals In past tense As you know a conditional clause is a supposition of an action that had happened or not, but always has a positive or negative result. A sentence containing a conditional clause that expresses the result of the condition, is called a conditional sentence. A conditional clause is often introduced by the subordinating conjunction If. Other conditional subordinators include unless, but unless functions as a negative subordinator. Conditional clauses tend to come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. Usually a conditional clause is composed by two sentences in one: a sentence that express a condition and a sentence that express a result or vice versa. Let see some examples of that: Conditional clause > result If I had seen him, I would have told him the news. If the girl had been listening, she would have known the answer. Result > conditional clause I would have been swimming, if it hadn't rained. They couldn't have succeeded, if they hadn't been trying. 10
I wouldn t be doing this madness, if I had stayed at home As you can see in this example the condition is expressed at the end of the sentence. In the result of a conditional sentences usually is necessary an auxiliary verb such as would, could or might. Let see more examples of conditionals sentences: If you had taken a taxi, you would be on time. If we had done our homework, we wouldn t be in troubles now. If Sandra had grown in New York, she could speak English. I could swim very well, if you had taught me. Gerson could come with us, if he had been ready. They couldn't have succeeded, if they hadn't been trying. Note: Questions in conditional clauses are generally made from the result clause, and with WH Questions What would you have eaten if she hadn't brought home dinner? Where could he have gone if you had been out? What might have happened if they had lost the war? 11
Relative Clauses UNIT 3 Relative Clauses are used to provide extra information about the noun, which is not needed to define it. We often use them to combine two statements in one sentence. Relative clauses always contain a relative pronoun, and they are always separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. Islas de la Bahia, which has beautiful beaches, is a good place for scuba diving. When the pronoun is the subject of the verb in the relative clause, we use pronouns WHO for people and WHICH for animals, things, or a whole idea. My father, who is a doctor, lives in Tegucigalpa. Andrea, who plays in our team, is the most popular. Valle de Angeles, which is a small town, is a tourist destiny. My car, which is an old car, is an excellent car. 12
More examples of relative clauses: My dog, which is a big dog, is a noble animal. Remember: In relative clauses Who is for people and which for animal and things. The pen, which you gave me, doesn t work. The lawyer, who I wanted to see, didn t come. Andres was dancing with a girl, who was the most beautiful. I m waiting for a movie, which is nominated to the Oscar s award. Kids, who eat a lot, sometimes they cook their own food. 13
More Relative Clauses: UNIT 4 Whoever, Whatever, Whenever, Wherever, However Whoever the next patient, could pass please? We have seen in the previous unit that for making possible a relative clause, is necessary the use of words like who and which. Now in this unit we are going to talk about more relative clauses but, with the use of words like: Whoever, Whatever, Whenever, Wherever, However. We can think about the W-ever words semantically as the W word + the quantifier any. The trick to understanding these terms is to realize that they apply to any single one of the referents, and at the same time refer to all of the referents. Whoever Anyone (Any person or every person) Whatever Anything (This could also be everything) Whenever Any time (This could also be every time) Wherever Any place (Anywhere or everywhere) However Any way (In any manner or way, regardless of how) 14
Examples of Whoever Whoever broke the vase, can you please replace it? (Any specific person who broke the vase, please replace it) Whoever goes to the shop, please don't steal anything. (Any one or more of the people who will go to the shop, don't steal anything) Whoever it was that knocked on the door last night must have been drunk, because they dropped twenty dollars as they ran away. (The unknown person who knocked on the door dropped twenty dollars) Whoever you just spoke to, she must have some special powers, because you look like you fell in love. (The unknown person who you spoke with must have some special powers) Whatever the case, I have a solution. Examples of Whatever Whatever you do, pay attention to the road when you are driving. (You can do anything as long as you pay attention to the road) They say you can buy whatever you desire in Harrods, as long as you have the money. (You can buy anything in Harrods, if you have enough money) The student was so intelligent that whatever we taught, she understood. (She understood everything that she was taught) The criminal said he would do whatever he could in order to get out of jail. (He would do everything or anything he could to get out of jail) 15
Whenever we take off Examples of Whenever Whenever the neighbors flush the toilet, water comes through our ceiling. (Every time they flush the toilet it happens) Whenever she calls, the landlord is busy. (Every time she calls the landlord, he/she is busy) Call me whenever you need something. (Call me any time you need something) Whenever I go to sleep early, I have extraordinary dreams. (Every time I go to sleep early, I have these dreams) Examples of Wherever Wherever you go in the world, remember where you came from. (Anywhere you go in the world, remember those things) Wherever we go, we always are together. With a good education in English, wherever you go, you will have a good time. (If you are taught well, you will have a good time anywhere) Wherever we put the TV in the room, the reception is bad. (Anywhere we put the TV the reception is bad) You can put the present that she gave you wherever you want, just don't let her know. (You can put that present anywhere) 16
However much she eats, she never puts on weight. Examples of However You can dress however you like for the party, it's not formal. (You can dress the way that you want for the party) However much she eats, she never puts on weight. (It doesn't matter how much she eats, she never gets fat) You can do it however you like, I don't really care as long as it gets done. (You can do it any way that you want) However rich they may be, it still isn't enough for them. (It doesn't matter how rich they may be) Note: However has another meaning: However is used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously. Examples of another use of However People tend to put on weight in middle age, however gaining weight is not inevitable I was on time, however, I had to wait for my interview. Brenda went to the supermarket with a shopping list, however, she forgot several things. 17
Past form of Modals: Might / May UNIT 5 Have, And Must Have We use Might/May Have to speculate or form opinions about possible events in the past. May suggests a stronger probability than Might. The usages of May and might are similar. Although one or the other is more likely to be used in some contexts. Gisselle finally accepted a date, she might have thought for long time. Let see some examples: I may have met him before, or I may have seen his photograph; I really can't remember. Looking back, there might have been some signs of trouble, but we didn t see them. She might have been the thief, but I don't think she was. The homework may have been too difficult for them. I may have been sleeping when you called. They might not have gone without us. Note: The negatives: May not have and Might not have 18
Must Have We use Must Have to express deductions about past actions or events, when the speaker uses logic to decide what happened. Girls bring many bags, they must have spent a lot of money Let see some examples: The roads are all wet this morning, it must have rained last night. The papers are still here, he must not have finished the report. There is nobody in the classroom, they must have left early. The office is empty, everybody must have gone home. The road must have been blocked. He must have missed the bus. Note: With modals may/might have and Must have in past, the verb has to be in past participle. 19
Conjunctions UNIT 6 As you know a conjunction is the part of speech used as a linker for words, phrases, or clauses in a particular sentence. It links these words or groups of words together. In the English language, conjunctions come in three A piece of cake or a salad A salad and a piece of cake. basic types: Coordinating Conjunctions, Subordinating Conjunctions and Correlative conjunctions, let see the definition of each one and some examples. Coordinating conjunctions: and / or. Among the three types of conjunctions, this is probably the most common one. The main function of coordinating conjunctions is to join words, phrases, and clauses together, which are usually grammatically equal. Pizza and burgers are my favorite snacks. The treasure was hidden in the cave or in the underground lagoon. I love to drive and listen to music when I go to work. Karla is thinking about go to a restaurant or go to Movie Theater. I have to jobs, one in the morning and other one in the afternoon. When I began to study, I had to choose a technical career or an academic career. 20
Subordinating Conjunctions: So, While, Before, Even if, So that This type of conjunctions is used in linking two clauses together. Aside from the fact that they introduce a dependent clause, subordinating conjunctions also describe the relationship between the dependent clause and the independent clause in the sentence. Let se some commons Subordinating Conjunction: While I watch VT. while dinner is ready. Before Even if Unless So that Examples of subordinating conjunctions. I went to bed early so that I would get plenty of sleep. While Carlos was waiting, he was reading a book. It is so cold outside, so I brought you a jacket. Don t forget turn off the light before you leaving. Even if it s raining I'm going to play. Heidy will not come unless you call her. I went to bed early so that I would get plenty of sleep. Note: A subordinating conjunction can be found either at the beginning of the sentence or between the clauses that it links together. 21
Correlative Conjunctions The correlative conjunctions are simply pairs of conjunctions which are used to join equal sentence elements together. Among the correlative conjunctions we can find: He neither call me nor wrote to me for two months. Either or Neither nor Not only but also Both and Whether or So as Let see some examples of some correlative conjunctions: She has not only apologized for causing the accident, but also paid for all the damage. He's a terrible cook: he either burns the food or serves it uncooked. We will either return your money or give you a new suit. I can t decide whether I ll take Chemical Engineering or take Medical Technology. The company not only fired him, but also accused him of stealing. She is both pretty and smart. Whether you study or lose time is not my concern. I talked to him so as to have a better understanding of the situation. 22
Conjunctions In Short answers UNIT 7 I so / I not We can give short answers to Yes/No questions by using SO instead of repeating the clause from the question. These short answers can be affirmative or negative. There are four common short affirmative answers: I THINK SO I DON T THINKS SO (Neutral) I GUESS SO I GUESS NOT (Usually neutral, but can express regret or displeasure) I HOPE SO I HOPE NOT (Expresses hope) I'M AFRAID SO I M AFARID NOT (Expresses regret or displeasure) Do cats like to swim? I don't think so. They usually hate to go near water. It's so late now. You're not going to the movies, are you? I guess not. I'd probably fall asleep. Will your parents be angry that you stayed out late? I hope not. If they are, I'll be stuck at home for a month. Are you working on Saturday? I m afraid so. I wish I wasn t. Note: Remember conjunctions in short answer are used instead of repeating an object clause 23
There are also short replies to positive or negative statements which express agreement (the same is true for me). They may refer to the speaker or to another subject (the same is true for Fred, etc.) John loves to play the guitar, the same is true for Alice, she s happy doing that Mary loves the rain, Isn't that odd, the same is true for Tom He loves to go out in the rain. Diego wants to buy a new computer, the same is true for Jenny, she s thinking about. Henry practice tennis every Saturday, the same is true for Michael, he goes to the club every weekend. Biology students are planning to visit Lancetilla, the same is true for chemistry students, and they are ready now. 24
UNIT 8 Me too I think He never will call you again Me Too and so do I Me too and so do I are used as short statements to show we share the same positive circumstances with the previous statement. Me too is less formal and quite versatile. It can be used regardless of the auxiliary verb of the previous statement. So do I can only be used if the auxiliary verb of the previous sentence is do. I am tired. Me too. (Auxiliary > the verb to be) So am I. I ate too much. Me too. (Auxiliary >did) So did I. I've got new shoes. Me too. (Auxiliary >have) So have I. I want to eat. Me too. (Auxiliary > do) So do I. I live in New York. I do too / so do I. I went home at 3 o'clock. Pat has had the flu. James can sing well. I must find a taxi. Mike did too. / So did Mike. Ted has too / so has Ted. His wife can, too. / So can his wife. We must, too. / So must we 25
SO is used to show agreement with positive statements. The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement. It is similar to using TOO at the end of a sentence. Person A I'm going to Brazil in the summer. Person B So am I. I am going to Brazil too. You look nice today. So do you. You look nice too. Stephanie has a new boyfriend. So does Mary. Mary has a new one too. We went to the concert last night. So did I. I went to the concert too. I would love a coffee right now. So would I. I would love a coffee too. He will win a prize. So will I. I will win one too. They have finished their homework. So have I. I have finished too. I can speak two languages. So can I. I can speak two too. I am happy. So am I. I am happy too. He should study more. So should I. I should study more too. We could see the mountains. So could we. We could see them too. My brother had eaten too much. So had I. I had eaten too much too. 26
Neither do I and Either Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements. The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement. It is similar to using either at the end of a sentence, although neither is more commonly used, especially in spoken English. A: I don't understand Spanish. B: Neither do I. (I don't understand Spanish either.) A: I cannot swim. B: Neither can I. (I can't swim either.) Sometimes people respond Me Neither instead of neither + Auxiliary + Subject, this is very informal spoken English. Person A Person B I'm not going to quit. Neither am I. I'm not going to quit either They don't speak French. Neither do I. I don't speak French either. Stephanie doesn't eat meat. Neither does Mary. Mary doesn't eat meat either. Mary didn't go to the party. Neither did I. I didn't go either. I wouldn't like to do his job. Neither would I. I wouldn't like to do it either. He won't stop talking. Neither will you. You won't stop either. You haven't finished your meal. Neither have you. You haven't finished either. Mike can't reach the top shelf. Neither can I. I can't reach it either. You shouldn't talk in the movie. Neither should you. You shouldn't talk either. We couldn't hear him. Neither could we. We couldn't hear him either. I am not hungry. Neither am I. I'm not hungry either I hadn't seen her before. Neither had I. I hadn't seen her before either. 27