The Age of Self Place, People, and Process Mud/sun-dried bricks Michaelangelo Da Vinci Bernini The Photo-Modernist Era of Designing Art nouveau was considered the relation of form to the artifact, which to some extent foreshadowed Modernist movement that was soon to come. The Early Modernist Era of Designing Catalyst responsible for dramatic directional change in fine arts was invention of photography in 1837 by Louis J. M. Daguerre, who is a French stage Designer and painter. Cubism thrived De Stijl or the Style was a Dutch art movement that began in 1917. Inspiration was Piet Mondrian Functionalism was the movement that most influenced design in the first half of the twentieth century. A certain way of design thinking where one is closely associated with the concept "form follows function" as advocated by American architect Louis Sullivan. Gained its first footing in Germany with Bauhaus/Deutscher Werkbund Adolf Loos (1870-1933) Seminal treatise on modern design and architecture, Ornament & Crime States that ornamentation is wasted effort and health. Also a waste of material and the two things together mean a waste of capital. Created Steiner House in Vienna was built in 1910 Demonstrates passion for useful form over useless decoration His house was a stark box with a fee judiciously placed windows. Viennese designers who considered design a visual language for modernity. 1907 German industrialists, businessmen, artists, and architects all joined together to form Deutscher Werkbund It's task was the "ennoblement of industrial labor through the collaboration of art, industry and crafts in education, propaganda, and a united approach to relevant questions". Expounded by founder Hermann Muthesius
Technology & design also recognized opportunity for a Modernist vision. Their ideology by Ernst Schumacher in 1907: Danger of estrangement between accomplishing and inventing spirit. Bauhaus is an integration of a school of arts/crafts and an academy, a kind of marriage between the hands and the mind, or practice between the hands and the mind, or practice and theory Training in the practical portion of the curriculum Bauhaus was most influential school in architecture and design Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) brought an American interpretation to the practice of architecture. Guggenheim Museum in NYC is the most imaginative solutions to a recurring architectural challenge. Two elements formed underlying basis of American design Pioneers of this new profession often came from a background other than engineering Profoundly influenced attitudes of the times was the role played by aircraft and in its wake air travel. The Modernist Era of Designing Several European and Asian countries normally associated with design were embroiled in mortal combat Asian tigers are more recent design performances Scandinavian Modern: Consists of Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Iceland. Nature, land, sea, forests all played a decisive role in the development of cultural makeup and of design history in the region. Volvo, IKEA, Saab positioned Swedish design at forefront of enlightened use and management of design within industry. Finnish companies: Nokia, littala, and Fiskar. Contemporary arts and craftsmanship that formed the foundation of modern Italian design C. D. Howe established the Committee for Reconstruction & reestablishment, asked Exhibition Commission to organize an exhibit of industrial discoveries from the National Research Council of Canada & it's efforts during the war. Design for Use in Canadian Products published 1946 Affiliation of Canadian Industrial Designers was formed. By 1947, the group had incorporated itself as the Association of Canadian Industrial Designs.
Japanese design vs. European design differences 1. Notion of self-expression/individualism in design is virtually nonexistent 2. Most Japanese designs appeal to several of our senses 3. Japanese designs have an 'spiritualism' about them 4. Quality 5. Power of adaptation Economic model 1. Take full advantage of a skilled & industrious workforce to provide necessary labor for making of everyday things 2. Create a close connection between nation's government & manufacturing base, including, in many cases, a very visible government promotion of design 3. Move from the mere making of everyday things to the designing of them From modernism to Postmodernism Modernism was the leading design ideology of the twentieth century and radically changed designing. Embodied Northern European ethos Certain principles of modernism Modernism was rational & logical, not arbitrary. Objectivity was the order of the day. Modernism meant honesty, it was not deceptive. Form & function & not be something less such as taking on style of an out-of-context historical period. Modernism was about function; it was not useless. Everyday things needed to be purposeful & not trivial. Modernism integrated aesthetics in a rational way. The visual attributes of everyday things were not mere decorations applied at end of the designing process. Modernism meant as little design as possible. Economy - of material, of use, of almost anything - was primordial Modernism was no-nonsense design. Post modernism chief characteristics If modernism was logical and rational, postmodernism was not, or at least approached design with a different sense of logic. For post modernist
designers, design did not have to always make rational and logical sense. If modernism was honest and not deceptive, post-modernism allowed itself to be frivolous and often even humorous and witty. Design did not always have to be serious. If modernism was about function, post modernism redefined the meaning of function and adventured well beyond mere utility. If modernism integrated aesthetics in a rational way, postmodernism proposed an approach to aesthetics that did not necessarily follow past logic. Use of color does not always have to be rational. If modernism meant as little design as possible, postmodernism was about exuberance and celebration. If modernism was no nonsense, post modernism often presented an almos irrelevant message about design. Tools The age of self saw the final split in the designing triad - a point where the designer, the maker, and the user became independent agents even as they existed & functioned in an interdependent relationship. Designers began to play an interdependent role with the makers Ferdinand Porsche Coco Chanel Charles Eames The Dynaxion House Levittown Habitat '67 Use of industrial methods and factory production as a strategy to reduce the cost and to make housing affordable High popularity, expensive Signs Popular font Times New Roman designed by Stanley Morison 1931 as the result of criticism Morison had made about The Times newspaper in London and it's continued use of an antiquated font Typographical designs of Adrian Frutiger born in Switzerland 1928 Created fonts Univers and Frutiger Univers similar to Folio and Helvetica
The concept that underpins the sign itself through the shift from an analog model to a digital one, a shift that is revolutionary in every sense of the world Digitalization places into question the concept of originality. Digitalization increases availability