Bellwork Chapter 18 Vocabulary and Definitions

Bellwork Chapter 18 Vocabulary and Definitions

Chapter 18 Classical and Romantic

18.1 Music of the Classical Period Classical Period 1750-1825 Era of intellectual enlightenment Rise of a new Middle Class Music Of and For the Masses Sonata- work in several movements for one or more instruments Audiences liked instrumental soloists to display their technique in the same way that singers had in Baroque Opera.

Classical Music Reflected the Scientific Thinking of the time Baroque music was grand and intricate, Classical was simpler, more direct and more accessible to listeners. Classical composers made order and form top priorities in music. Classical composers almost always wrote their works for special occasions. These included: Coronations, Weddings, Funerals, etc Depended on Patronage to survive Music publishing also flourished during the Classical era.

The Concerto Evolves Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- one of the leading figures of the Classical period. Wrote masterpieces in all musical forms of the day. Wrote concertos just like Vivaldi did. Kept the same form (fast, slow, fast) but that is where the similarities ended. Mozart Vivaldi Added woodwinds, trumpets, horns, and timpani Strings Overall larger orchestra Strictly Solo and Ripino Blended solo parts with orchestra Terraced Dynamics Full range of ydynamics

Piano Concerto No. 21

Development of the Symphony Symphony-extended work for orchestra with several contrasting movements. Mozart was one of the Great Symphony writers. Franz Joseph Haydn is credited with the creation of the form Called Papa Haydn Wrote over 100 symphonies Established the 4 contrasting movements: Fast, Slow, Minuet, Fast. Haydn s symphonies upheld the classical ideals that music be easily understood, be ordered, and use musical ideas efficently.

Haydn: Symphony No. 101 in D, 1st Movement Known as The Clock

Sonata Allegro Form Sonata Allegro Form- ABA form composed of three sections: exposition, development, and recapitulation. Exposition: (A Section) presentation of the main music ideas. Usually this section presents two themes that run throughout the movement. Development: (B Section) an elaboration of one or both themes. This is accomplished through key change or other techniques. Motives based on one or both themes are central to the development Recapitulation: Restatement or repetition of the main thematic material (A Section) Often, the recap makes dynamic adjustments so as to dramatize the themes.

Sonata Allegro Form, Contd Coda- A short concluding section of a piece of music that essentially ties together the main thematic threads and ends the piece. (C Section) Most will have a coda. Mozart Symphony No. 40 in G Minor Identify Themes Identify Sections (ABA, Coda)

Rondo Form Rondo- a composition consisting of a recurring theme alternating with contrasting sections. ABACAD, etc.. Haydn s Piano Trio No. 39 in G Gypsy Rondo (Rondo all Ongarese) Translated Rondo in a Hungarian Style Haydn draws on Hungarian folk melodies Incorporating traditional melodies in his compositions was a technique he often used to make his music more accessible.

Rondo all Ongarese

18.2 Ludwig van Beethoven Born: December 17, 1770 Died: March 26, 1827 Early music training was from mediocre teachers. Turning point in 1786 when the 18 year old Beethoven visited Vienna. Count Waldstein became his patron, and studied with Haydn and other notable composers. Keyboard virtuoso. First published works were met with immediate success at the age of 25. Known as the composer who spanned the bridge between the Classical and Romantic periods.

Beethoven s Sonatas Sonata Structure Have 3 or 4 movements Follows a fast/slow/fast structure with an added minuet or scherzo for some. Scherzo-vigorous and sometimes lighthearted movement in triple meter with a middle section or trio. First Movement typically follows Sonata Allegro Form Second Movement typically does too, or in two part form (AB) Third Movement typically is in three part form, or rondo, or Sonata Allegro. Sonata movements can stand on their own, but make more sense as a whole.

Beethoven s Piano Sonata in C Minor-Pathetique

Beethoven s Symphonies His Symphonies mark a distinct departure from the works of composers who came before him. Wrote 9 Symphonies total - (Mozart = 41) One of the most famous was the 5th Symphony. One of the most well known motives in music history. Sometimes repeats the motive exactly, it is also imitated in higher or lower voices, rhythmically modified, or the melody changed slightly. Two themes. 1st is strong and simple, 2nd is light and flowing.

Beethoven 5th Symphony, 1st Movement

Bellwork 9/5 Explain the similarities and differences of the concertos of Vivaldi and Mozart? Who is known as the Father of the Symphony? Explain Sonata Allegro Form. Beethoven is known as the composer who spanned the Classical and Romantic periods. Why?

Beethoven s 9th Symphony Premiered in Vienna in 1824 Follows an emotional progression of Dark to Light Beethoven was completely deaf when he composed this work He was no stranger to suffering Mother died of tuberculosis when he was 17 Father died 4 years later Hearing problems began at 27 and worsened over 20 years until he was completely deaf.

Beethoven s 9th Symphony 4th Movement Sings of the triumph of the human spirit over adversity The well known Ode to Joy came from this movement Opens with discord, the joy theme tries to come through, but is rejected Finally, the whole orchestra states the Joy theme and is met with rebellion Solo baritone calls for people to join in rejoicing The mood becomes more and more jubilant, rising to shouts of ecstasy, Beethoven s dream of a liberated humanity.

Beethoven s 9th Symphony, Mvt 4

18.3 The Romantic Period Romantic Period- a period during the 19th Century and early 20th Century (1825-1900) when composers created music that often exposed with emotion. Roots of Romanticism lay in a revolt against formalism. It rejected Classicism s attempt to impose laws on nature, instead its goal was to emancipate human feeling The opposite of complete intellectual rule is complete emotional rule, and both extremes present disadvantages and difficulties.

The Art Song Art Song- a composition for solo voice and piano Use of poetry and music together Many composers would work with a poet to write The Erlking -written in 1815 by German composer Franz Schubert, poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Poem depicts a struggle between the father of a very ill son and the figure the Erlking, who symbolizes death. Singer must play 4 parts throughout the song: Narrator, Father, Son, Erlking. Accompaniment symbolizes the frantic gallop of the horse, also creates a sense of urgency to save the son.

The Erlking

The Erlking Does not have a series of verses and a recurring chorus This song is known as a style of writing called through composed This is a type of composing where different music is provided for each stanza of the poem It allows the composer to give a distinct musical setting that benefits the text.

Franz Schubert Regarded as one of the most respected composers of the German art song Schubert took his genius for melody and applied it to the simple, short popular song, and raised the art form to a new level. Born in Vienna and studied violin, piano, organ, singing, and theory. By the age of 11, he was admitted to the Vienna Court Choir When he was 17, he had composed 144 songs, including The Erlking He wrote over 600 lieder during his lifetime Lieder- German Art Song Lead a disorganized life, had a difficult time publishing his works and making a living

Program Music Program Music- Instrumental compositions that attempt to convey a specific ideas without using lyrics. Franz Liszt credited with its creation Hector Berlioz furthered this idea with the Program Symphony Program Symphony- pictorial or descriptive orchestral work in several movements. Berlioz s Symphonie Fantistique Can be listened to on 2 Levels: Music Description Pure Musical Expression Urged that orchestras distributed program notes to audiences

Symphonie Fantistique 5 Movements Dreams and Passions A Ball Scene in the Country March to the Scaffold Dream of Witches Sabboth Uses an ide e fixe- literally Fixed Idea- fixed melodic idea that recurs throughout all movements of a symphony Idée Fixe is theme of his beloved (Harriet Smithson) As a Romantic composer, had skills that allowed him to communicate his ideas in great detail, including colorful orchestration

March to the Scaffold

Hector Berloiz Born in La Cote-Saint-Andre, France 1803-Died 1869 Began professional life studying medicine Left that to study music Infatuated with Harriet Smithson (French Actress), whom he eventually married Symphonies Harold in Italy Romeo and Juliet Choral Works The Damnation of Faust Te Deum Requiem L enfance du Christ

9/7 Bellwork How old was Beethoven when he started to lose his hearing? Franz Schubert wrote, one of his 600. The Erlking is a form of. Hector Berlioz wrote, a form of. The Fantastic Symphony uses an, the theme of his beloved.

18.4 Nationalism in Music Near the end of the Romantic period, composers started using their music as an expression of nationalistic pride. These works included folk songs, dances, and legends associated with the composer's homeland. Tone Poem- type of program music written for textual materials including stories or plays Some tone poems are relatively short, often consisting of a single movement Some are longer and can be symphony length (Symphonic Poem) Some are in sonata form, rondo, or theme and variations.

The Moldau Composed by Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) Wrote the piece as the second section of a suite dedicated to his Czechoslovakian homeland. His inspiration was an excursion down the River Moldau, the longest river in what is now known as the Czech Republic.

Pictures at an Exhibition Modest Mussorgsky- Russian Composed for Piano with the idea of displaying an art gallery in musical form. Work is in 10 Movements, each depicting a different artwork by the composers recently deceased friend, Victor Hartmann Connected by a Promenade theme, meant to depict Mussorgsky walking between pictures. Shifting rhythms to show Mussorgsky's own uneven gait.

Great Gate of Kiev Finale It is in honor of Hartmann s design for a gate planned for the Russian city of Kiev. Gate was never built.

Richard Wagner Embodied the dark side of Romanticism-Unconstrained emotion Called his operas- Music Dramas Stormy, egotistical type Spent his lifetime borrowing money and eluding credtors Despite these flaws, he wrote works of power and expressiveness

The Ring Cycle The Ring of Nibelung Made up of 4 Full Operas Die Gotterdammerung (The Twilight of the Gods) The Rhine Gold The Valkyrie Siegfried Operas were written in reverse order He created a world where gods and goddess have human flaws and feelings Took 28 years-1848-1876- to write He learned how to wring every drop of expressiveness out of an orchestra. Able to portray emotion effectively because he used the orchestra to comment on the action on stage

The Ring Cycle

Siegfried s Funeral March