Mapping & Spatial History APRIL 26, 2017
Tonight Citations Final Project Example How do digital maps change our historical perspectives? Reviewing spatial history projects. Introduction to maps.
Citations WHAT TO CITE, WHEN TO CITE, HOW TO CITE
What Sources DO NOT Require Citation? Generally, if you are unsure, include a citation. It s always better to have an unnecessary citation in your paper than to omit one that is necessary. 1. Common knowledge. It s oren easy to spot pieces of common knowledge. These are pieces of informauon that appear in various sources, but because they are known to just about everyone, they are not ideas that must be cited. 2. Fact. Uncontested pieces of informauon that can be found in many different sources- parucularly reference sources such as encyclopedias- do not require acknowledgment. Be aware that there is a disuncuon between fact- something commonly accepted as true- and opinion- something that is arguable. Opinions MUST be cited. 3. Your own ideas. This kind of informauon can be difficult to recognize, especially during the research process, when you are reading and absorbing so many others ideas. 4. Your own field research. Knowledge that you create by conducung a field study such as a survey, interview, or observauon is considered your own work.
What Sources Require Citation? Everything that you draw from another source, unless it falls into one of the categories described above (common knowledge, fact, your own ideas, and your own field research), must be cited. The following list is not exhaustive, but suggestive. Generally speaking, however, here are guidelines for which materials require acknowledgment in academic writing: 1. Another person s words. Direct quotations must always be cited. 2. Another person s ideas. Even if you rephrase someone else s idea by paraphrasing or summarizing it, it must be cited. 3. Judgments, opinions, and arguments. Arguable information, must be cited. 4. Visual information. If you use a chart, graph, or picture from another source-or if you use the information from that chart, graph, or picture-acknowledge the source. 5. Information that can be attributed to a company or organization rather than a single person. This is often the case with Web pages, which tend not to list individual authors. 6. Information gathered from class lectures or from another aural source. If you heard it rather than saw it, you must still cite it.
TEST IT: Read each of the following statements and decide whether or not material included in the statement requires acknowledgment by the student writer. If acknowledgment is required, write Requires. Otherwise, write Does Not Require. 1. The small-time crook played by Michael Moriarty announces, "I want a Nixon-style pardon." 2. The widely accepted idea that a high percentage of Vietnam veterans committed suicide after their return home is a myth. 3. Joseph J. Roberts served as the first president of Liberia. 4. Fifty-three percent of the people questioned in a 1958 Gallup poll said that they would reject any black candidate for president on the basis of race. 5. Congress added the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954. 6. Although news reports stress the abductions of young children, over eighty percent of American children abducted by people outside the family are at least twelve years old. 7. Pandas are notoriously difficult to breed in captivity. 8. In 1918, millions of people around the world died during an influenza pandemic. 9. By the summer of 2001, key members of President George W. Bush's administration knew that hijacked airliners were likely to target skyscrapers. 10. In Jameson Heights, an affluent and predominantly white neighborhood, I observed abundant fresh fruits and vegetables at reasonable prices in each of the three supermarkets; in nearby Jamesonville, an impoverished neighborhood with predominantly Latino and African American residents, I found only limited and poor-quality produce in the single remaining grocery store, and the prices were higher than in the Jameson Heights supermarkets.
Bibliography vs Footnotes Bibliography is all the things you ve read Footnotes are giving intellectual credit where it is due (quote, paraphrase) They are formatted differently. PAY ATTENTION!!! Make sure you are using the right format for the type of citation you are writing. Footnotes will ALWAYS require a specific page number!
Chicago Manual of Style: Biblio vs Footnote http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html Alperovitz, Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 45. Donohue, Nathan. Understanding the Decision to Drop the Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://csis.org/blog/understanding- decision- drop- bomb- hiroshima- and- nagasaki Reverse first and last name and turn periods into commas. Walker, Samuel J. The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update. Diplomatic History 14, no. 1 (1990): 97-114. Samuel J. Walker, The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update, Diplomatic History 14, no. 1 (1990): 110.
Second Citations & Ibid You only ever need to write a full footnote citation for each source once (per chapter/section) If you need to cite that same source again, you can use shorthand second citations or Ibid. A second citation is generally the author s last name, a shortened version of the book title, journal article title, or webpage title, followed by the page number when applicable. Ibid, basically means: see above. This is indicating that you are using the exact same reference as in the previous footnote. If you are citing the same source but from a different page, you still use Ibid but now with a new page number next to it.
Citations & Wordpress Wordpress was not built to support academic work. BUT since academics use it, there are now many useful plugins to assist you. Use Footnotes plugin to create beautiful citations. Do not use Zotpress citations (they are inline only!!!) However, you can cheat, and use Word/Google Docs & Zotero to make your life easier.
Designing Your Project Site
Designing for Users Visitors will: glance at the page, scan some text, and click on the first link that seems relevant.! Be clear. Be obvious.
How? Break up ideas into discrete sections. One idea per page! You can have as many pages as you need.
How? Make clear navigation choices. Your page names should be clear. Reflection Home Conclusion
Useful Plugins for Final Project Zotpress (to help create your bibliography page) if you use for footnotes, use with Google Docs and then copy and paste. REMEMBER TO DOUBLE- CHECK YOUR ZOTERO IMPORTS!!!! Footnotes (to insert footnotes for analog sources - you may use hyperlinks in text for digital sources) Page Break (allows you to create "pages" within one Wordpress page. Helpful if a particular section is getting long and you want to chunk out your argument further) Perfect Pullquotes (lets you highlight key arguments/quotes in a magazine style) Google Fonts (let's you change the font for section of your final project if you do not like the fonts that are used with the theme you have chosen) Final Project Example
Minimum Required Elements Written narrative (1000-1500 words) with introduction, well constructed thesis, argument(s), and supporting evidence. 2 historical images you can legally reproduce (copyright permission or fair use) 2 visual elements that help support your argument Links to online evidence (original sources) and/or secondary sources that you used to support your argument Bibliography of all sources formatted in Chicago Style divided between primary & secondary Design elements (theme, color, font) that are aesthetically appropriate for your topic Navigation and menus that help guide the reader logically through your site Your name A Reflection page that offers a reflection on the project itself: rationale for organizing the site how you do challenges you faced in your research and how overcame them anything else you want me to know about
Maps
Maps are Old
Geography Geographic factors have had a major impact on our history. Location of settlement areas and migration patterns. Industry, transportation, and communication. Cultural factors where you live determines your society and culture.
Spatial History
Spatial History It is a means of doing research; it generates questions that might otherwise go unasked, it reveals historical relations that might otherwise go unnoticed, and it undermines, or substantiates, stories upon which we build our own versions of the past. - Richard White
Advantages of Digital Technology Accessibility Rapid Iteration Interactivity: scale, selection, change over time Integration with argument and evidence.
Maps: Definitions Georectification Identifying points on a 2D map image to correspond to points in a coordinate reference system (lat and long) so that the image can be warped to fit. Geocoding Adding latitude and longitude coordinates to places. GIS (geographic information system) A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data. Animated Maps Movement or other animation that can show changes over time. Interactive Maps Panning and zooming or other on- click animations that are intended to allow you to explore the data.
Maps: Examples History of Europe - 6013 Years in 3 minutes The Korean War in 30 Seconds London Blitz Evolution of the SS Concentration Camp System Boston Metro Map Example
Geo/Mapping Tools CartoDB Google Maps Historic Maps Rumsey: Washington, 1861 - http:// rumsey.geogarage.com/maps/gcw0678500a.html ORBIS Maps Engine Lite StoryMaps JS Google Earth
you actually have to create and think about the different kinds of representation of space that you are using. You have to construct different layers of space and fit them together. - Richard White
Evaluating Spatial History Projects
Spatial History Projects 1. What question(s) are they attempting to answer? 2. How are they using maps to help them to answer these questions? Railroads and the Making of Modern America Visualizing Emancipation Animal City - Stanford Spatial History Project
Doing Spatial History