AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY OF CLOSED COMPOUND WORDS IN THE NOVEL PAPER TOWNS BY JOHN GREEN THESIS Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of a Requirement for Sarjana Degree at English Department Faculty of Cultural Sciences Sebelas Maret University By: RACHMITA ZULFA ADZKIA QURROTA A YUN C0311035 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA 2016
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MOTTO For indeed, with hardship comes ease. Indeed, with hardship comes ease. (Q.S. Al-Insyirah 5-6) Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving. (Albert Einstein) Your time is limited. Don t waste it living someone else s life. (Steve Jobs) Better late than never. Better loved by someone than loving someone. Don t be stuck at anything you don t like, better to move into a better place! (Rachmita Zulfa Adzkia Qurrota A yun) v
DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis conveniently to: My beloved Mom and Dad My beloved brothers vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillahirabbil alamiin, all praises to Allah SWT for giving me everything, especially the blessing and guidance in accomplishing this thesis entitled AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY OF CLOSED COMPOUND WORDS IN THE NOVEL PAPER TOWNS BY JOHN GREEN. I realize that this thesis will never be done without assistance, support, and help from many people who had helped me. Therefore, many thanks for everyone who had helped me in completing this thesis and I would like to reveal my great gratitude to: 1. Prof. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta for approving this thesis. 2. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A, Ph.D as the Head of English Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta for giving me admission of this thesis. 3. Fenty Kusumastuti, S.S., M.Hum as my thesis consultant for the great advices, times, guidance, patience, and help in completing this thesis. 4. Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S., M.Hum as my academic supervisor for the assistance and support during my study. 5. All lecturers of English Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta for the great valuable knowledge. vii
6. Bayu Budiharjo, S.S., M.Hum as my data verifier and my rater for the advice, help, times, kindness and assistance in verifying my research data. Also, many thanks for sharing knowledge about translation study. 7. Fatkhuna imah Rhina Zuliani, S.S., M.Hum as my rater for the help in assessing the translation quality of my research data. Also, many thanks for the kindness and sociability through being my rater. 8. Luthfi Arguby Purnomo, S.S., M.Hum as my rater for the times and assistance. Also, many thanks for the help in assessing the translation quality of my research data. 9. My beloved Papa and Mama for the great prayers and supports in every single day. Thanks for always be my teachers of life. Also, many thanks for always guiding and caring me wholeheartedly by giving constructive lessons and advices when I got problems in any cases especially when finishing this thesis. 10. My beloved brothers, Dek Vian and Dek Naufal for the supports and prayers. Thanks for always being my good brothers all the time. 11. My dearest one, Reza Sepdiavirka for the support, prayer, togetherness, and faithfulness. Many thanks for always accompanying and encouraging me during completing this thesis. 12. My best friends in IAIN Surakarta, Kiki and Hasan. Many thanks for the times, helps and assistances in acquainting me to my raters. 13. My best friends in junior high school, Nuhi, Zidni, Alifah, and Ika. Thanks for the spare time when I need picnic during completing this thesis. viii
14. My friends in ED 2011 UNS. Thanks for being my friends during college. Last, I realize that this thesis is far from perfect. Therefore, any constructive comments and suggestions are very welcomed. Rachmita Zulfa Adzkia Qurrota A yun ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL OF THE CONSULTANT... ii APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS... iii PRONOUNCEMENT... iv MOTTO... v DEDICATION... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS... x LIST OF TABLES... xiii LIST OF DIAGRAM... xvi LIST OF APPENDICES... xvii ABSTRACT... xviii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background... 1 B. Problem Statement... 7 C. Research Objectives... 7 D. Research Benefits... 7 E. Research Limitation... 8 F. Thesis Organization... 8 x
CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW A. Definition of Translation... 10 B. Problem in Translation... 12 C. Translation Techniques... 14 D. Translation Quality... 31 1. Accuracy... 32 2. Acceptability... 33 3. Readability... 33 E. Compound words... 34 F. Paper Towns Novel... 42 G. Review of Related Study... 44 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Type of Research... 46 B. Data and Data Source... 47 C. Sampling Technique... 50 D. Method of Data Collection... 52 E. Technique of Data Analysis... 58 F. Research Procedure... 61 CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings... 64 1. Translation Techniques... 64 xi
1.1 Borrowing... 65 1.2 Calque... 67 1.3 Discursive Creation... 69 1.4 Established Equivalent... 70 1.5 Generalization... 74 1.6 Literal Translation... 78 1.7 Particularization... 79 1.8 Reduction... 81 1.9 Transposition... 82 1.10 Couplets... 89 2. Translation Quality... 97 2.1 Accuracy... 97 2.2 Acceptability... 104 B. Discussion... 111 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion... 121 B. Suggestion... 123 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES xii
LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Example of Adaptation Technique... 15 Table 2.2 Example of Amplication Technique... 16 Table 2.3 Example of Pure Borrowing Technique... 17 Table 2.4 Example of Naturalized Borrowing Technique... 18 Table 2.5 Example of Calque Technique... 19 Table 2.6 Example of Compensation Technique... 20 Table 2.7 Example of Description Technique... 20 Table 2.8 Example of Discursive Creation Technique... 21 Table 2.9 Example of Established Equivalent Technique... 22 Table 2.10 Example of Generalization Technique... 22 Table 2.11 Example of Linguistic Amplification Technique... 23 Table 2.12 Example of Linguistic Compression Technique... 24 Table 2.13 Example of Literal Translation Technique... 24 Table 2.14 Example of Modulation Technique... 25 Table 2.15 Example of Particularization Technique... 25 Table 2.16 Example of Reduction Technique... 26 Table 2.17 Example of Transposition Technique... 27 Table 2.18 Example of Variation Technique... 28 Table 2.19 Example of Couplets Technique... 28 Table 2.20 Example of Through-Translation Technique... 29 xiii
Table 2.21 Example of Shift or Transposition Technique... 30 Table 2.22 Example of Closed Form or Solid Compound... 36 Table 2.23 Example of Hyphenated Form... 36 Table 2.24 Example of Open Form... 37 Table 2.25 Example of Compound Noun (N N)... 39 Table 2.26 Example of Compound Noun (Adj N)... 39 Table 2.27 Example of Compound Noun (Prep N)... 39 Table 2.28 Example of Compound Adjective (N Adj)... 40 Table 2.29 Example of Compound Adjective (Adj Adj)... 40 Table 2.30 Example of Compound Adjective (Prep Adj)... 40 Table 2.31 Example of Compound Verb (Prep V)... 41 Table 2.32 Example of Compound Verb (V Prep)... 41 Table 3.1 Questionnaire Form for Informant... 54 Table 3.2 Questionnaire Form for Raters... 54 Table 3.3 Instruments of Accuracy Assessment... 55 Table 3.4 Instrument of Acceptability Assessment... 56 Table 3.5 Domain Analysis... 59 Table 3.6 Taxonomy Analysis (Accuracy)... 60 Table 3.7 Taxonomy Analysis (Acceptability)... 60 Table 3.8 Componential Analysis... 61 Table 4.1 Data Numbers of Pure Borrowing Technique... 65 Table 4.2 Data Numbers of Calque Technique... 67 Table 4.3 Data Numbers of Discursive Creation Technique... 69 xiv
Table 4.4 Data Numbers of Established Equivalent Technique... 70 Table 4.5 Data Numbers of Generalization Technique... 75 Table 4.6 Data Numbers of Literal Translation Technique... 78 Table 4.7 Data Numbers of Particularization Technique... 79 Table 4.8 Data Numbers of Reduction Technique... 81 Table 4.9 Data Numbers of Transposition Technique... 83 Table 4.10 Data Numbers of Established Equivalent and Amplification Technique... 89 Table 4.11 Data Numbers of Transposition and Amplification Technique... 91 Table 4.12 Data Numbers of Particularization and Reduction Technique... 92 Table 4.13 Data Numbers of Generalization and Particularization Technique... 93 Table 4.14 Data Numbers of Reduction and Amplification Technique... 94 Table 4.15 Data Numbers of Established Equivalent and Generalization Technique... 95 Table 4.16 The Percentage of Translation Technique... 96 Table 4.17 The Percentage of Translation Accuracy... 98 Table 4.18 The Percentage of Translation Acceptability... 104 xv
LIST OF DIAGRAM Diagram 3.1 Content Analysis Model by Spradley (Spradley, 1980 in Santosa, 2012)... 59 xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 Questionnaire for Validating Translation Techniques Appendix 2 Questionnaire about Closed Compound words for Raters Appendix 3 The Impact of Translation Techniques towards Translation Quality in terms of Accuracy and Acceptability Appendix 4 The Informants of Accuracy and Acceptability xvii
ABSTRACT Rachmita Zulfa Adzkia Qurrota A yun. C0311035. 2016. An Analysis of Translation Techniques and Quality of Closed Compound Words in the Novel Paper Towns by John Green. Undergraduate Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Cultural Sciences. Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. This research aims to find out the techniques applied by translator in translating closed compound words in the novel Paper Towns and to analyze the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability in translating closed compound words. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. A purposive sampling technique was employed in conducting this research. There are 197 data of closed compound words found in Paper Towns novel. Questionnaire used to assess accuracy and acceptability of the translation in this research. The findings show that there are ten techniques applied by the translator in translating closed compound words. The techniques are: a) borrowing (11 data or 5,61%), b) calque (5 data or 2,55%), c) discursive creation (2 data or 1,02%), d) established equivalent (64 data or 32,64%), e) generalization (34 data or 17,34%), f) literal translation (4 data or 2,04%), g) particularization (8 data or 4,08%), h) reduction (1 data or 0,51%), i) transposition (61 data or 31,11%), and j) couplets (7 data or 3,57%). The analysis of translation accuracy of closed compound words presents that 190 data (96,9%) are accurate and 7 data (3,57%) are less accurate. In terms of acceptability, there are 187 data (95,37%) are acceptable, 4 data (2,04%) are less acceptable and 6 data (3,06%) are unacceptable. Based on the findings, it can be drawn that the techniques used by the translator influenced the translation quality. The technique which produces the highest level of accuracy is established equivalent with 63 accurate data (32,13%). Similar to the level of accuracy, established equivalent technique produces the highest level of acceptability with 64 acceptable data (32,64%). In this research, Established Equivalent is the most technique applied by the translator to translate closed compound words. According to the theory as stated by Molina and Albir, most data of closed compound words in this research using the terms that enclosed in dictionaries and known by the target readers. It means that the terms which are translated using established equivalent technique are equivalent in the target language. Keywords: closed compound words, translation technique, translation quality. xviii