Front Punctuation and Capitalization Flipper 1. End Punctuation-Sentences
1. End Punctuation-Sentences Back Use a period after a sentence that states a fact or gives a command. (declarative or imperative) Use a question mark after a sentence that asks a question. (interrogative) Use an exclamation point after a sentence that expresses surprise or strong feeling. (exclamatory) Declarative (States a fact) The pilot flew above the clouds. Imperative (Gives a command) Fly the plane above the clouds. Interrogative (Asks a question) Why are you flying above the clouds? Exclamatory (Expresses feeling or surprise) Look out!
2. A period is used with abbreviations Examples: Mr. John Ward, Jr. Ms. Kay Smith Dr. James Elm St. Tues. Jan. Abbreviations used in footnotes: ed. (edition) Vol (Volume) Art. (Article) p. (page) The two-letter abbreviations for states do NOT require periods: DC NJ NE RI NC TN Front Abbreviations for the metric system do NOT require periods: m (meter) L (liter) km (kilometer) 2. Period-Abbreviations 3. Period-Initials, Outlines
3. A period is used with initials and outlines Back Examples: R. W. Collins Judy M. Brown The initials of certain names and words commonly omit the space between the period and next initial. U.S. R.F.D. P.T.A M.D. B.A. Initials of some words appear without periods. CBS YMCA IRS UNICEF 1. Topic A. Note 1. Note (b) Note Note: In outlines, Periods are NOT used in parentheses
4. Use Commas after parts of Front a date He was born March 15, 1962, in Chicago, Illinois. We moved in June, 1969, to Cleveland, Ohio. On Tuesday, May 9, 1978, I was in Detroit. 4. Comma-Dates 5. Comma-Addresses
5. Use a comma after parts of an address His address is 620 Valley Road, Topeka, Kansas. She lives on Rural Route 1, Hanson, Michigan. Send your inquiry to Box 348, Elton, CO 80431. Back
6. Use a comma after yes, no, oh, and well when these words begin a sentence. Yes, I ll be there on time. No, I did not see her. Oh, we didn t know that. Well, what do we do now? Front 6. Comma-Yes, no, oh, well 7. Comma-Direct Address
7. Use commas to set off the name of a person you are speaking to directly. Will you help me, Sally? Back Frank, please close the door. We must hurry, Bill, or we ll be late. Little boy, are you lost?
8. Use commas to separate Front items in a series. 1. Words: He plays golf, tennis, baseball, and football. 2. Numbers: He said the numbers were 3, 7, 12, 34, and 207. 3. Phrases: They played on the playground, in the park, by the lake, and near the zoo. 4. Clauses: A pilot should inspect the airplanes, check the weather, and follow regulations. 8. Comma-In Series 9. Comma-Too means also, etc
9. Use a comma to separate too (when it means also) from the rest of the sentence. Did you see the game, too? Monday, too, was a warm day. Back Use a comma when a short clause changes a statement into a question or exclamatory sentence. It was a good game, wasn t it?
Front 10. Use a comma to set off words or phrases not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. (parenthetical expression) Motorcycles, however, need to be driven with great care. Accident injuries, for example, are much higher for motorcyclists than automobile drivers. A motorcycle driver, of course, must be constantly alert. 10. Comma-Parenthetical Expression 11. Comma-Appos.
11. Use a comma to set off words Back or phrases that explain the word they follow. (appositive) The antique car, a 1929 roadster, chugged down the highway. Jim, our Student Council representative, explained the class project. Tom Brown, the pitcher, got a triple. Karen is a friend of Mr. Osborn, the mayor.
12. Use a comma to set off clauses not necessary to the meaning of a sentence. (non-restrictive) Front My bicycle, which has a flat tire, is in the repair shop. (The clause, which has a flat tire is non-restrictive and, therefore, is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ) Note: Do not use commas around clauses that are necessary to the meaning of the sentence. A bicycle that has a flat tire needs to be repaired. 12. Comma-Clauses 13. Comma-Phrases
13. Use commas to set off phrases not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. (non-restrictive) Jean, playing the piano, is my sister. ( Playing the piano is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence.) Back The girl playing the piano is my sister. ( Playing the piano is necessary to the meaning of the sentence.)
14. Use a comma after word groups that are used as introductions. As he was leaving, we drove into the driveway. (introductory clause) Having done our best, we took a rest. (participle phrase) During summer vacation, our family traveled. (prepositional phrase) Front 14. Comma-Intro. Words 15. Comma-And, But, Etc.
15. Use a comma between two sentences joined by and, but, or, for, or nor. The players were eager to play the game, but the rainstorm stopped them. Help me with the party, or I will never finish on time. Jim hit a long fly ball, and Fred scored the winning run. Back We left early, for we had a long way to travel. He couldn t find the street, nor could he find his map of the city.
16. Place a comma inside Front closing quotation marks when setting off quoted words. I think your spelling has improved, she said. Note: Commas are used to separate the exact words of a speaker from the rest of the sentence unless the meaning requires a question mark or exclamation point. Will you help? she pleaded. Help! she shouted. 16. Comma-Quotation Marks 17. Comma-Letters
Back 17. Use a comma after the beginning and closing of a friendly letter (See Card 21 for business letters.) Dear Chris, Dear Mary, Sincerely yours, Your friend, As always,
18. Use semicolons between items in a series if the items contain commas. Front Student Council officers are Mary Smith, president; Joe Jonas, vice president; Bob Brown, secretary; and Betty Boop, treasurer. Those attending the convention came from Detroit, Michigan; El Paso, Texas; Bangor, Maine; and Los Angeles, California. 18. Semicolon-in series 19. Semicolon-Conj. Adv.
19. Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb that connects two clauses. Punctuation rules can be annoying; nevertheless, they are essential to your writing. Back Some common conjunctive adverbs are however, moreover, consequently, furthermore, besides, therefore, hence, so, still, yet, otherwise, also, thus, instead, and nevertheless.
20. Use a semicolon between two clauses of a compound sentence when not joined by a coordinate conjunction such as and, but, or, for, yet. He had an idea; it was very creative. Front The teacher taught; the students learned; all were happy. 20.Semicolon-Comp. Sen. 21. Colon-When to Use
21. Use a colon: 1. Before a list 2. When writing the salutation of a business letter 3. When writing time, bible references,etc Please bring the following to class: pencil, paper, pen, and your English book. Back Dear Sir: Dear Mrs. Jones: 3:30 P.M. Luke 4: 2-34
22. Use quotation marks to Front enclose a direct quotation My work will be completed on time, the student promised. Charlie complained, Lucy just doesn t understand me. Only use quotes when someone is talking out loud 22. Quot. Marks-direct 23. Quots-Special
23. Use quotation marks with words Back used in special sense such as ironical, coined, or technical The expert made three errors. (ironic) The engine started with three cachugs. (coined) The Red Dog is a play used in football. (technical)
24. Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation. She said, Jack and Frank, Will you play in the game? Front The parent explained to the teacher, My child told me, Mother, I don t have any homework tonight. 24. Quot. Marks-Within Quote Quot.-Per, Comma
25. Place closing quotation marks outside a period or comma Back We ll be there early, she said. Please wait for us. I like the poem Snow Toward Evening.