As sadhaka-s, let us introduce ourselves to the world of sounds... श प The

A) Evolution of Sound. Lesson 62. The Alphabet. वण - वच र As sadhaka-s, let us introduce ourselves to the world of sounds... श प The cause of the world of things... अथ प... is परम र In the context of sound,परम रis श न The entire world is said to be born of श... श भव Evolution is the result of the self movement न of Shiva-Shakti. The line of evolution is from the subtle to the gross. There are five stages to the emanation of sound. 1. The first is पर which is absolutely supreme and subtle. This can best be described as the storehouse from which inspirations would first emerge. 2. The second is प य which is less subtle but is still undifferentiated. This would be the inspiration that would eventually give rise to a thought or an idea. 3. The third is म म which is grosser and undifferentiated, though not articulate. This is actual thought process which goes into concretizing the idea... a plan of action. 4. Articulate sound is called व खर which further takes two forms: subtle and gross. It is from that that all the letters वण, words पदand sentences व are manifested. The subtle forms of these letters are the mantras. The gross takes the form of the language we use. वण is that form of sound which cannot be broken up further into smaller parts. It is therefore also called अ रम न र तइ तअ रम न दor न...sound...can never be destroyed. That अ रम, when it is in a written form is called the वण Over a period of time both words have now become interchangeable. अ र-s, when put together to intelligently express thoughts and feelings is called the पद A group of पदs form a व ; and व s put together so that another may understand what one wishes to express, then becomes language भ ष The Sanskrit script, is called द वन गर B) वण www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 389

Let's go over the list of वण again. The divisions that you see below have been made by Panini and described in his 'Ashtadhyayi.' We need to study this so that we are better able to understand how Panini worked at his grammar. र अ,इ,उ,ऋ, ल ( र ) are pronounced in one matra ( a measure of time almost equal to one second ) आ,ई, ऊ,ॠ,ॡ, ए,ऐ,ओ,औ(द घ र ) are pronounced in two matras अ३, इ३, उ३, ऋ ३,ल ३, ए३, ऐ३, ओ३, औ३( त र )... used when calling out to someone and take more than two matras to be pronounced. अय गव ह so named by Panini. अ (अन र) अ ( वसग ) (I've spent about a trillion hours trying to find a symbol that looks like two smilies put together, one on top of the other, the top looking like a smile and the one below looking like a frown in the place of the visargas for the four alphabets listed below. Sorry. Don't have the software to create an image even. But I'm sure you'll be able to figure out what I mean. If any of you has; and can create an image, please will you send it to me at 'Queries' so that I may replace these four visargas with those? ) : क : ख ( ज म ल य ) : प : फ(उप न य ) न न वग य न न 1 2 3 4 5 क इ तप ण न (कवग ) क ख ग घ ङ च इ तप ण न (चवग ) च छ ज झ ञ ट इ तप ण न (टवग ) ट ठ ड ढ ण त इ तप ण न (तवग ) त थ द ध न प इ तप ण न (पवग ) प फ ब भ म www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 390

(Secret revealed: It is good to remember the above 25 न न column-wise too. For example क चट त प etc. ) अवग य न न य,र,ल,व (अ ) श,ष,स,ह (उ ण ) ळ, ळ, and ॡare not included in Panini's work, who dealt with only the language in use and not what is originally in the Vedas. But we shall keep them in anyway... just so that we do not forget them. उ रणम Your teacher will help you pronounce the र,अय गव ह and the न न I'll just supply a table that you can refer to. The beauty here is that this classification works in various ways. It helps making and breaking sandhis, writing out words with अन न सक -s and understanding the relationships of each "family group"... how one letter can be substituted for another and ideas like that. For example, you would have often seen both तत and तद It also helps us understand why Parama Pujya Swamiji pronounces क यज मह the way He does. वण उ न न नज वण न म न अआअ३ कखगघङ ह वसग (:) क ठ क इईइ३ चछजझञ यश ऋॠऋ३ टठडढण रषळ त म ध त ल म ध www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 391

ल ॡल ३ द द तथदधन लस उऊउ३ पफबभम उप न य (:प:फ) औ औ (actually the two smilies I've mentioned earlier) ङञणनम न सक क द अन न सक एऐ क ठत क ठत ल ओऔ क ठ म क ठ व द म द ज म ल य (:क:ख) ज म ल यम ज म ल य ( smilies again.) अन र न सक - is a वण that has been given a position of equal standing in the वण म ल in the Vedas. Sanskrit grammar, whether modern or classical, visualizes it as क + ष and you will therefore find it in the dictionary in the क section. However, we have retained all the वण that are in the original वण म ल This has an important effect on pronunciations. Originally, the वसग was pronounced as the expulsion of breath. Over the years, the pronunciation of the वसग has changed. It now carries forward the sound of the letter just before it. वण is pronounced वण ह, वण is pronounced वण ह,वण is pronounced वण ह ग is pronounced ग and so on and so forth. www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 392

When the वसग is followed by a क, ख, प or a फ the वसग is forcefully expressed. Going by this, if the वसग were to be followed by which, according to grammar a क + ष the वसग should have been forcefully expressed. But it is not. In this case, the वसग does what it now does...it carries forward the sound of the letter just before it. C) Maheshwara Sutra-s. म ह र-स ण मह ष प ण न स त करण ध न च य प णन प व म पअन क व य करण आसन क त ष अ अ त अल ल म न ष ष मह म न प णन च नतम प ण न ब क ल मह म ब आस त इ त म त ब लक स व ज न य कम प आच य म उप ग त क अ चर स आच य ग ह त न सत अभवत त नअपम न नअत व खत प ण न अर य ग कठ र तप म अकर त त अ क चन स प ष भगवत श र उप सन क व त ष सव ष तप य स त मह द व आ वभ य सव वरय चन य अकथयत क तप क य मन रथ व दयत सव ष मन रथ एकस थ प र यत मह र चत द शव र डम म अव दयत प ण न चत द शव र डम न द चत द शस णअरचयत कन द अइउण इ दस प ण त कण क हर व त नस णम ह र-स णक एत नस ण करण आ दस ण म 1. अइउण 2. ऋल क 3. एओङ 4. ऐऔच 5. हयवरट 6. लण 7. ञमङणनम 8. झभञ www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 393

9. घढधष 10. जबगडदश 11. खफछठथचटतव 12. कपय 13. शषसर 14. हल Panini has based his entire grammatical work on these sutras. To avoid a detailed recital of the letters, he used what is called the ह र It is very much what you would see advertised in a shop window " A-Z available here." Rather than list what he has, the shopkeeper, in his A-Z, has conveyed the fact that he stores all that you need. Similarly, when Panini wished to list only the र, he just said अच and no more. Look at the sutras again. Which sutra has theअ? The first. Which sutra ends in च? The fourth. Ignore every वण with the हल. They are called इत वण and are only indicatory letters which disappear the minute the purpose of indication has been fulfilled. List all the letters that are in the four sutras and hey presto, you have a list of all the र Let's take another example. झश would be aवण in the 3rd and 4th column. Gottitt?? The peculiarity of the ह रs is that they can start from any वण They may begin with a वण coming from the middle of the group, but they must end with an इत वण Panini then worked on 41 such ह र s in his अ य ण comes twice as an इत वण Whenever you have to choose the first, (1) will be written against the ह र Whenever you have to choose the second, (2) will be written against that ह र Shall we try work with ह रs as a home assignment? Please refer to Lesson 62 A. www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 394

D) ग ण,व,द घ,स स रण changes. You would have heard of स रम and it's relative स य म It is apparent that the उ and औ are connected. What has happened here is a व. It is often difficult to remember these terms. ग ण,व,द घ,स स रण So here is a list you can refer to when foxed by sandhis. The idea is to see the correlation amongst alphabets. र अ इ उ ऋ ल ए ऐ ओ औ आ ई ऊ ॠ द घ आ ई ऊ ॠ - - - - - ग ण अ ए ओ अर अल ए - ओ - व आ ऐ औ आर आल ऐ ऐ औ औ यण - य व र आल अय द अय आय अव आव स स रण य व र ल इ उ ऋ ल www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 395

Lesson 62 A B- Exercises with the Maheshwara-Sutrani Worksheets List all the वण in the ह रs below. 1. अण (1) 2. अक 3. इक 4. उक 5. एङ 6. अच 7. इच 8. एच 9. ऐच 10. अट 11. अण (2) 12. इण 13. यण 14. अम 15. यम 16. ञम 17. ङम 18. यञ 19. झष 20. अश www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 396

21. हश 22. वश 23. जश 24. झश 25. बश 26. छव 27. यय 28. मय 29. खय 30. चय 31. यर 32. झर 33. खर 34. चर 35. शर 36. अल 37. हल 38. वल 39. रल 40. झल 41. शल You do not need answers for this worksheet, do you? That's why the lesson is named 62 A B. www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 397

Lesson 63 न-स Vyanjana Sandhi. "Sandhi's not my cuppatea," was my refrain. till I realized that a sandhi was exactly what I had done with both, 'Sandhi is' and a 'cup-pa-tea.' Okay. so if it is such a common thing in speech, couldai find egzamples a plenty? Butsurely you betcha bottondollar I could! Not only in English but in every language as well. Just have a look at this.shuddup = Shut up. ( Vocabulary of the Younger Generation, not mine.) An example of झल जश ऽ It's just that us Indians love to study and have therefore made a science of something as natural as sandhi. What happens is that a student who studies the science first becomes quite dizzy with all the information, so I have here tried to provide the smelling salts. It's not so bad.. I've survived and so will you. Let's tagjust one stepatatime. To make न-स easy to memorize and recall at a later date, let's go over how the consonants are classified again. क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म य र ल व श ष स ह The shaded consonants are the कठ र- न न The hard consonants. The rest are म - न न The soft consonants. www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 398

Please note that for our grammar study, we will work with the consonants specified by Panini. Make sure that you are familiar with lesson 62. It will help you tremendously. Sandhi is a vast topic of study. Rather than do the whole lot, it seems practical to just go over a few. (To give you an idea, we categorized sandhis into 40 sections of which we plan to do just 9). The table given below gives you examples of the ones you will see most often. Use it as a guide while you are studying specific details of the sandhis given after the table on page 8 of this lesson. There are plenty of examples, especially from the Bhagavad Gita, for you to work with. न-स क य म उद हरणम Name of the sandhi Effect Example 1 a ( न ) स /त in close proximity with श/च श च (यथ स म..respectively) Concrete examples स च मनस + चल त = मन ल त स श श र मस + श त = र म श त त च सत + च र म = स र म द ज सत + जन = स न न ज श गन + जय = श ग य www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 399

b श छ ऽ ट झय concrete examples first four of a वग followed by श श optionally converts into छ if it is a त / द converts into च त श मत+ श र म = म र म 2 न स/त in close proximity with ष / ट concrete examples ष ट (यथ स म..respectively) स ष र मस + ष = र मष स ट र मस + ट कत = र म कत त ट तत + ट क = त क ष त इष + त = इ ष त क ष + त = क ष न क ष + न = क www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 400

3 जश a झल जश ऽ This generally happens between two different words. Concrete examples झल ( all the consonants minus the अन न सक न न,यर ल and व ) any रor a म न corresponding जश क ई ग व क + ईश = व ग श च अ ज अच + अ = अज ट आ ड षट + आनन = षड नन त आ द एतत + आद य = एतद द य त ई द जगत + ईश = जगद श त ध न त + न = न नम b झल जश झ श This generally happens in the middle of the word. Concrete examples झल ( all the consonants minus the अन न सक न न,यर ल and व ) a म न corresponding जश भ ध लभ + ध = ल www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 401

ध ध ब ध + ध = ब 4 च ख रच Concrete examples झल ( all the consonants minus the अन न सक न न,यर ल and व ) कठ र न corresponding चर ( first five of each वग + शष स ) द स आपद + स = आप द त छ द + त = छ द त भ द +त = भ 5 त ल त ल तवग is replaced by ल concrete examples न ल न is replaced by a nasal ल त ल ल द त + ल भ = द भ न ल nasal ल व न + लभत = व भत 6 अन न सकस www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 402

a यर ऽन न सक ऽन न सक व Concrete examples b य भ ष य न म concrete examples यर includes all the consonants excepting ह यर occurring at the end of a पद followed by a nasal (ञ,म,ङ,ण,न ) Is replaced by its own corresponding nasal, optionally. त म ध त +म ह = ध ह / ध दम ह यर य ending is replaced by its own in म corresponding nasal, compulsorily द य न न सक अन न सक चद + मयम = च यम 7. अन र No need for a tabular note. All details at the end of this Sandhi chapter. Reminders म व ह रम+व = ह रव म प प ठम+पठ त = प ठ पठ त 8 न छ श न न occurring at the end of a पद followed by a छव(छ ठ थ ट त ) and then is replaced by www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 403

concrete examples by an अम ( र + हय व र ल + अन न सक न च/छ श /श त न + च= त /त न ट/ठ ष /ष त न + ठ र न =त र न / त र न न त/ध स /स अ न + त रय = अ रय/ अ रय अपव द श न This rule स नभव त श न + तन त does not apply to श न = श न तन त 1) स a) ( न ) स and a वण belonging to त, in close proximity with श and a वण belonging to च are replaced by श and a वण belonging to च Whenever there is a combination of स or तवग (त,थ,द,ध,न ) WITH (either before or after) श or with the चवग (च,छ,ज,झ,ञ ) theस changes into श and the तवग changes into its corresponding चवग (यथ स म.that is respectively.), म त + च लत = म लत सद + जन = स न त न + जय त=त य त Here are a few examples: www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 404

1. न ह प य ममम पन - कम म षण म य ण म अव भ म वसप म म र स र ण म पच धप म ग ०२-८ मम पन - कम म षण म य ण म ममअपन त यत श कम उत -श षणम इ य ण म ( To figure out why श has become छ, look at the next sandhi श छ ऽ ट ) 2. न त ऽह स व न मद व श षत य न हभ य ऽ त त मव श त ग ०७-२ यत नइहभ य अ त त म अव श त 3. आ य य तक द न- म य व द ततथ वच आ य व नम ण त न व दनच वक त ग ०२-२९ आ य व = =आ य वत च 4. य ह न म स न न म स न न न व श त न म फल ग ग रननतरम ग ०१२-१२ अ स न न न न =अ स त न त b) श छ ऽ ट Fully stated, झय श छ अ ट Here, in this sutra, the झय is drawn from a previous sutra. If झय (first four of a वग ) is followed by श then that श is optionally replaced by छ If the श is followed by अट, then if the झयवण is a द, it will be converted into a ज ( न ) and then that ज is converted into a च (ख रच...Refer to Sandhi No. 4 ). If it is a त, then it is replaced by च ( न ) www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 405

In त + श, the त changes to च and the श changes to छ OR remains श मत + श र म = म र म महत + शकटम =मह कटम 1. न ह प य ममम पन - कम म षण म य ण म अव भ म वसप म म र स र ण म पच धप म ग ०२-८ मम पन - कम षण म य ण म कम षण म य ण म ममअपन तयत श कम उत -श षणम इ य ण म This could have been written as मम पन - श कम श षण म य ण म श कम श षण म य ण म 2. य ह न म स न न व श त न म फल ग ग रननतरम ग ०१२-१२ ग = ग त श 2) स न Fully stated, न Here, in this sutra, the is drawn from a previous sutra. स and a वण belonging to त, in close proximity with ष and a वण belonging ट are replaced by ष and a वण belonging to ट Whenever there is a combination of स or तवग (त,थ,द,ध,न ) WITH ष or with the ट वग (ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण) the सchanges into ष and the त वग changes into its correspondingटवग www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 406

र मस + ष =र म इष +त =इ वष +न = व क ष +न =क 3) जश स a) झल जश ऽ Fully stated, पद अ झल जश Whenever there is a combination of झल ( all the consonants {minus the अन न सक न न},य र ल andव ) WITH any र or a म न, it changes into its corresponding जश ( the third वण of each वग ), This happens only if the sandhi taking place is between two different words. If the sandhi is in the word itself then झल जश झ श is followed. (Basically it is the same sandhi but given a different name.) ह having the same place of utterance as क वग (क ठ ) will be replaced with that corresponding वण श having the same place of utterance as च वग (त ) will be replaced with that corresponding वण ष having the same place of utterance as ट वग (म ध ) will be replaced with that corresponding वण स having the same place of utterance as त वग (द ) will be replaced by that corresponding वण दक +अ र = दग र 1.न ह प य ममम पन - कम षण म य ण म अव भ म वसप म म र स र ण म पच धप म ग ०२-८ www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 407

मम पन पन कम कम षण म य ण म ममअपन त यत श कम उत श षणम इ य ण म 2. मन ण सह ष क त त क त त स य यतत म प स न क व त त ग ०७-३ क त त= =क त यत त 3. आ य य तक द न क द न- म य व द ततथ वच आ य व नम ण त न व दनच वक त ग ०२-२९ क द नम = =क त एनम आ य व द त= =आ य वत वद त 4. य र षयद सय ह ष यद सय ह षदद सयत य प सक यत मदप णम ग ०९-27 यद स = =यत अ स य ह ष = =यत ज ह ष मदप णम = मत अप णम 5. य ह न म स न न न न व श त न म फल ग ग रननतरम ग ०१२-१२ न न न = = न त न b) झल जश झ श Whenever there is a combination of झल ( नम ) WITH any झश (म जनम ) it changes into its corresponding जश ( third consonant), This generally happens in the middle of the word. ब ध + ध = ब लभ + ध = ल www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 408

4) च स खर च Fully stated, खर पर झल चर Here, in this sutra, the चर (first consonant of each वग + श,ष,स ) is drawn from a previous sutra. Whenever there is a combination of झल WITH a कठ र जन, it changes into its corresponding चर आपद+स =आप 1. आ य य तक द न- म य व द ततथ वच आ य व नम ण त न व दनच वक त ग ०२-२९ आ य त + प य त = आ य य त(त त does not get converted into द because it is followed by a कठ र नम ) 2. य र षयद सय ह षदद सयत य प सक यत त मदप णम ग ०९-27 य र ष= =यत कर ष य प स= =यत तप स त = =तत क 3. य ह न म स न न व श त न म फल ग ग रननतरम ग ०१२-१२ न म फल= = न त कम फल 5) त ल Fully stated, त (ष त ष त ) ) ल ल(लक र पर लक र पर ) )परसवण परसवण www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 409

A consonant of तवग followed by ल is replaced by one homogenous with the latter - परसवण - in this case,ल द भ -द त ल भ आ भ वन क -भ वन त ल क न is replaced by a nasal ल व भत नम - व न लभत 1. म ढजह हधन गमत क स मन स वत म य भस नजकम प, व त न वन दय च म (भजग व म -२) य भस = =यत लभस 6) अन न सकस a) यर ऽन न सक ऽन न सक व Fully stated, पद यर अन न सक पर अन न सक व यर includes all the consonants excepting ह यर occurring at the end of a पद followed by a nasal (ञ,म,ङ,ण,न ) is replaced by its own corresponding nasal, optionally. ध तम ह = ध ह / ध दम ह एततम /एतद म =एत स शय क दक न ग = द ग / द ग र remains as it is, it has no corresponding nasal. प नर म ह =प नम ह 1. य जत ल क ल क ल क जत चय हष मष भय ग म य सचम य ग ०१२-१५ य =य य त न ल क =ल क ल क त न www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 410

b) य भ ष य न म (व तक) The rule यर ऽन न सक ऽन न सक व is compulsory if the य that is added ends in म कयत +म म = कय म - of little value. 7) अन रस a) म ऽन र Fully stated, म अन र ह लपर - (ह ल is drawn from a previous स ) - म, at the end of a पद is : 1 ) replaced by an अन र if it is followed by a consonant. 2) when it appears at the end of a पदor at the end of a sentence, it remains as it is. 1. म ढजह हधन गमत क स मन स वत म य भस नजकम प, व त न वन दय च म (भजग व म -२) 2. कत कम ककम प ष म अ धभ त च क म धद व कम त (ग ०८-१) b) व पद At the end of a पद, the अन र can be replaced by an अन न सक वण which is homogenous to the वण which follows it. ककर ष/ क र ष च प य त/च य त c) न पद झ ल न and म not at the end of a पद are replaced by anअन रwhen followed by झल -यश स d) अन र य यपरसवण www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 411

When अन रis followed by a यय वण it is replaced by an अन न सक which is homogenous to the latter. प ज स त क ठ क 8) न छ श न (Cracked it!!!! Here's why it is क त and not क त!!!!) न occurring at the end of a पदis replaced by if followed by a छव and then by an अम This rule does not apply to श न ( an avyaya meaning "tranquil"), ( Please have a look at the table for clear examples.) अ न न सक प व त व The वण preceding is optionally nasalised. अन न सक र ऽन र When it is not nasalised an अन रis added. Thus क न चत =क र चत न छ श न =क र चत अ न न सक प व त व or =क र चत अन न सक र ऽन र This र is replaced by the वसग and later by स Then the स rules are followed to give either a क त or a क त Similarly,भव न चर त=भव र चर त = भव र चर त/भव र चर त =भव र त/भव र त ण - ण न ग ०१-३३ व द भ षस - व द न च ग ०२-११ But not in the case of श न त त 1. अश न श च व द व द भ षस गत स नगत स नगत स न न श च प डत ग ०२-११) व द = व द न व द न च www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 412

अगत स =अगत स न गत स न च *** You may not require to know any more sandhis than the ones listed in this lesson. If you do come across undecipherable ones, please write. We'll respond to individual requests. www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 413

Lesson 64. Samasa Vichara. सम स- वच र A long long time ago, everything that needed to be passed from generation to generation was done in the form of verse. Verse was the only means of ensuring that knowledge was protected. It may have been years since we've left school, but who has forgotten 'Jack and Jill'? Prose, on the other hand, has been relegated to the back alleys of our mind. In the midst of all this poetic creativity, a natural problem reared its head. Sanskrit is the only language in the classical world which makes use of य. The use of यs helps every single word to have an identity and a meaning of its very own. But fitting the word + य into a metre in verse form was a difficult task indeed. "What to do?" asked a poet. "No problem! Let's create a shortcut," said another. And सम स came into being. सम स,समस was the original SMS Short Message Service. Be proud guys, we created it!!!!!! I kid you not. There does exist such a verb: अह सम म does indeed mean 'I am creating a synopsis. or in our layman terms a shortcut.' सम स allows a person to string two words together to form one single word. And "ishortcut ishtyle" the first word is written without an appropriate य For example instead of saying र प I'd say र जप and still make complete sense. Why does Devdas have to romance his love with a long drawn out, "You have such a beautiful face just like the moon!" All he'd do is say " अ यच म ख" Devdas too, by the way, is a सम स word. द व द स,द वद स The difference between a स and a सम स would be that in the former, two letters combine to form a single whole letter or a conjoined letter( either in the middle of a word or between words) and in the latter, words are placed side by side with the vibhakti between the words dropped but with the स occuring if required, to form a single word. In a सम स, the सम पद is the compound word द वद स व ह is when you break it up into its components.. द व द स www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 414

Naturally, it is with time that you will figure out in which combinations these work out, for example द सद व would not be correct. And it is with time that you will figure out which words can be made a सम स of. For example, वन is allowed and NOT वन व न Not to worry. In this case at least Time will wait for the Sanskrit enthusiast! Note: This lesson is to help you figure out what सम स words mean whenever you come across them in your course of reading. You also now have the wherewithal to form your own combination words intelligently. Another thing to remember is that people are all made differently. Many a time you will find that someone may have formed a सम स in one way and you may prefer another. Both may be correct. So just relax and enjoy learning something new. सम स can be divided into 6 classes according to the sense that they convey when dissolved. ग र पच ह म ह न म य भ व त षकम ध रयय न ह ब ह For our convenience, I have divided them into 9 groups. I have been better able to retain the information with a wider classification like that. 1. अ य भ व- A word which conveys a meaning, is a part of the सम स which, after the combination of the two words, becomes an अ य For example: add स to indicate _ स भ य 'lots of goodness.'स म लम =म ल न सम lots of auspiciousness. 2. त ष In this सम स, the second word of the सम स is given importance. For example: द वद स =द व द स We are talking about the द स here and not the द व www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 415

3. कम ध रय In this सम स, one word is an adjective of the other. If a त षसम स has both words in the same vibhakti, it is called a कम ध रय For example: न ल लम = न लम उ लम 4. ग In this सम स, which is a part of the कम ध रय the first word is a number; how many in a collection of things. For example : प वट =प न वट न सम ह र 5. Be sure to look out for the च between words in the व ह of this सम स!!! For example: ह रहरग रव /ह रग हर =ह र हर ग 6. ब ह When two words are put together to imply something totally different, ब ह is what you see. For example: च म ल = च म ल य स Here, we are neither giving importance to the moon or to the forehead but the Person who is adorned so: Shiva. 7. अ म स is not really a different सम स Whenever, two words are put together and the वभ of the first word remains intact, then सम स takes place. Depending on the सम स itself, it can be any of the above सम स For example: य ध र =य ध र 8. न सम स is not really a different सम स Whenever you wish to convey 'the absence' of something, this सम स is used. For example: अ व =न व 9. उपपदसम स see how the noun is described here.. अभय र =अभय कर तइ त सम स is a vast topic. Sorry, I made a mistake, a VAST TOPIC. We need to be practical about such things. We can't handle it all at this stage. Let's go over a few details to help us decode what we may most often come across. A tabular column will help. 1. अ य भ वसम स www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 416

You will recognize the अ य भ वसम स in words 1. Where the first part of the word is an अ य or a नप त ( नप त are particles which possess no gender and number and the case termination after which is dropped or elided. For example च दय (च and others) and दय ( and others) 2. The second part of the word is a noun (स ). 3. The combined word is an अ यand is नप.एकवचनम 4. The combined word सम पदम is different from the व ह, because the अ य conveys a special meaning to the noun. Addition of अ य to mean सम पद म व ह अ ध in, on अ धह र हर इ त उप closeness उपक म क सम पम नस or नर absence अन behind/ नज नम अन रथम जन न म अभ व रथ प त following त every त दनम दन दनम यथ in that manner स resembling with/ आ beyond / upto यथ श no spelling error here. There is no visarga. All these words are अ य s remember? सजनकम आ हम लयम आम आब लव म श मन त जनक नसह/जनक स यम www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 417 आ (च नद श ) हम लय त आम (म तक, म क प व ) a life span (!! )

ब ह outside ब ह मम म त ब ह अन near/ towards त a) away from (opposite of the meaning in the above row) b) repetition स abundance, prosperity र adversity, poverty अ त destruction, end of अ त inappropriate इ त utterance of sound आ a) starting from b) uptil 2. त षसम स अन क लम तक लम त दनम स म म य वनम अ त हमम अ त न म इ तह र a) आज b) आमरणम towards the bank against the bank दन दन म ण सम यवन न हम अ य न स तनय त ह रश क श a) ज न आर b) मरणपय म त षसम स is that सम स wherein the first word-part's वभ - यis dropped. Depending on which वभ - य that first part would have taken if broken into it's व ह, theत षसम स is given that particular name. For example: त य त ष Go over the short explanation ofत षसम स at the very beginning of this lesson. www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 418

Note: The word त ष itself will help you remember what सम स this involves.त प ष = त ष!! सम पदम व ह : त य त ष शरण गत शरणम आगत ख त त क त म श कप तत म घ भयम प मगम अ ब भ खम अत त क म आ त म श क प तत म घम अ भयम आप म गम अ ब भ त त य त ष ब ण हत ब ण नआहत ख हत ख नआहत शव त शवय त शव त शव न त व ह न व य ह न नश न नश म त स श म स श प त प त ह र त ह रण त त तम त नक तम क लद सर चतम क लद स नर चतम म सप व म स नप व त सम सम ध नम ध नऊनम www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 419

ध वकलम व लह आच रक शल शक र म म ग डय म क न णम म स वर ध न वकलम व च कलह आच र णक शल शक रय म म ग ड नय म क न न णम म स नअवर And that is the sole reason why you cannot have द ड त डतव न as a त त य त ष त डतव न is a Present active participle and doesn't fit with the rules stated above. Instead, you may have aद डत डत Gottit? सम पदम व ह चत थ त ष क डल हर यम क डल य हर यम य पद य प यद क म क क यम क ज थ ज यअयम for eg: स प छ थ छ यइयम for eg: यव ग श थ म शशव इदम for eg: धम भ तब ल भ त ब ल ग हतम गव हतम Note: www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 420

The compoundग द ण cannot be separated intoग रव द ण The व ह has to be ग र द ण सम पदम व ह प म त ष च रभयम च र त भयम व कभ त भ त अयश भ म नग त अधम ज ग ग प तत प पम व क त भ त त भ त अयशस भ म त नग त अधम दज ग ग तप तत प प त म Exceptions अ क द गत अ क त र द गत क (अ क) र त आगत ( र) आगत क त म ( क) सम पदम व ह ष त ष र जप ष र प ष द वप जक ई रभ द व लय सव मह न सव त द व प जक ई र भ द व आलय सव ष मह र सव ष ततर Exceptions - अ प चक (अक य ) - धन हत (त च य ) - जगत ( त च य www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 421

- घट कत ( त च य ) - ण कत म (त य) - ण क (अ य) - र प जत ( य added to प ज ) स म त ष व ण व ण व ण य व ण व दप डत क क शल श नप ण क य चपल जलल न जलम क य चत र ल प व द प डत क क शल श ष नप ण क य चपल जल ल न जल म क य चत र प सम पदम व ह दत ष च य गत आच य पत मह अ तमय द उ ल नग ह गत पत मह अ त मय दम तगत अ म उ त व ल म नग त ग ह त www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 422

3.कम ध रयसम स This one is really simple. Whenever two words, one which is an adjective of the other, are combined, you have a कम ध रयसम स So you will have a combination of a वश षणand a वश, an उपम न and an उपम य Since one is a वश षण of the other, naturally, when a व ह is formed, both the words will be in the same वभ You may see the words चअस,इव,एव in the व ह to reinforce the relationship between the two words. स meaning "beautiful/ good" andक (क त) meaning "bad" are added to words to form a कम ध रयसम स Note: Why has this particular सम स been calledकम ध रय? Simple. Let's look at an example न ल लम उ ल न लवण ध रय त न ल becomes the object in the sentence. Similarly, ग द व ग द व पद ध रय त Alternatively it could be:द व ग र प ध रय त If you look at the examples in the tabular column, you'll begin to see how one of the words "becomes" the object of the other. Even if that may not be an authentic explanation, why must we reject it if it helps us remember what the कम ध रयसम स is?!! कम ध रयसम स सम पदम व ह मह द व क सप न ल लम दघ र क स मक मलम च म खम मह न चअस द व क सप न लम उ लम द घ र क स मम इवक मलम च इवम खम www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 423

म खप म म ख प मइव म खकमलम प ष सह क त त न ल म ख कमलम इव प ष सह इव क त (both are adjectives) त अन ल ( य वश षणs) चर चरम चर अच ग द व व धनम तप धनम व दस त अय नग र आ व (opposites) ग एवद व व एवधनम तप एवधनम व दएवस त अय इ तनगर आ इ तव क प क म त स प ष स जन गतम क त प क त म त श भन प ष श भन जन श भनम आगतम 4. ग सम स समस with numbers!! Just the examples themselves will help you figure out what is what! www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 424

. ग सम स सम पदम व ह प गवम प प म भ वनम चत य गम स ह नवर म /नवर प न गव सम ह र प न प ण सम ह र य ण भ वन न सम ह र चत ण य ग न सम ह र स न म अ सम ह र नव न र ण सम ह र ल क य ण ल क न सम ह र (अक र -ल क क वल ल ) प म ल प न म ल न सम ह र (अक र म ल क वल ल ) प वट शत ष म त र मत र प गवधन प ख / प ख म प न वट न सम ह र (अक र वट क वल ल ) शत न म सम ह र आ न ष ण म ण म अप म य म अप म प ग व धन य स प न ख न सम ह र (आक र ख ) 5. सम स Just take a look at the examples. Easy. www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 425

Between every word, be sure to add the च. A compound of two words will be dual and a compound of more than two will be in the plural. A point to be noted is that words beginning with a vowel and words ending inअक र should come first. सम दम व ह ह रहर ईशक अ रथ /इ रथ शवक शव वस ह म श शरवस म त पतर प णप दम र थक र हम क क कम प प म द स द सम ह र हर ( इक र words before अक र ) ईश क अ रथ इ शव क शव वस ह म श शर वस म त च पत च प णचप द चएत ष सम ह र र थक अ र ह एत ष सम ह र क क उ क अनय सम ह र प प अनय सम ह र द स चद स अनय सम ह र www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 426

एक श ष a part of the सम स When similar things are put together and the entire compound is described by just one of the words, either in the dual or plural,एक श ष is seen. सम पदम व पतर तर प ह स त य भव वयम र म व ह व व म त च पत च त च स च प हत च ह स ह स च स चर म स चय भव भव य य चवय च र म र म 6.ब ह Read our simple explanation again of this particular सम स (given at the beginning of the lesson) then let's move on. You'll find either both the words of the व ह in the same वभ or they may be in different वभक त s. Since we are talking about someone else altogether, you need to describe the compound by adding a य स, य नस, य स and the like. In other cases you'll see compounds formed by a combination of सहwith the त त य वभक त www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 427

Note: The wordब ह itself means "a person who has plenty of rice". In other words, a wealthy man. A long time ago, parents would give their daughter in marriage to Mr. ब ह who would have the capacity to look after their child well. It won't be difficult now to connect this word to what the सम स implies. same वभ सम पदम दक हतश (र ज ) क तभ जन अध तक ध तप द भ जनम ( भ क ) उ त दन ( ल ) प ततपण (व ) ग लतप (लत ) पव य ग भ य ढ भ similarly : प त र,दश नन, चत र नन,चत म ख, प य न व ह म उदक य स हत श व य नस क त भ जन य नस अध त क यय स ध त नप णयय स द भ जन य स उ त ओदन य स प तत नपण नय त स ग लत नप णय स पवत भ य य स ग भ य य स ढ भ य स www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 428

व रप ष ( म ) व र प ष य न स Different वभ s. गद प ण गड क ठ भ लच च म ल वषक ठ क ठ क ल गद प ण य स गड क ठ य स भ ल च य स च म ल य स वष क ठ य स क ठ क ल य स Withसह सप /सहप प णसहवत त इ त (प णस हत ) सक ट /सहक ट सकम क सल मक मह यश /मह यश उद मन क ट नसहवत त इ त कम ण सहवत त इ त ल सहवत त इ त महत यश य स (कप is added because no other rule is applied to यश when forming the compound) उद मन य स (कप is कप is also added when the last ई रकत क added because no other rule is applied to मनस when forming the compound) ई र कत य स (ऋक र प.) www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 429

word is a ऋक र in any gender, or is an ईक र or उक र ल word स श लम क स श ल म त य स (ऋक र.) अ ध त क अ ध त य स (ऋक र नप.) स रवधक स र वध य स (ऊक र.) पव क पवत य स (ईक र.) 7. अ क सम स In cases where the वभ remains in theसम पद म अ क सम स is seen. It can be any of the ones that we have studied in detail. सम दम व ह य ध र य ध र स म त ष र द गत र त आगत प म त ष द स प द प ष त ष ग ह श र ग ह श र स म त ष पर पदम पर पदम चत थ त ष www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 430

आ न पदम आ न पदम चत थ त ष क ठ क ल क ठ क ल धकरणब ह वन चर वन चर उपपदसम स 8. न सम स Add an अ if it is followed by a नम and an अन if followed by a र सम दम व ह अथ अस ह अ व अन अन गमनम अ वव द अपट अन पल अप /अप म अप अनप अप क अ ज अम ध असह य नस ह न व नअ नआगमनम न वव द नपट नउपल नप अ व म न प य स अ व म न अप य स अ व म न प य स अ व म न ज य स अ व म न म ध य स न व त सह य य स www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 431

अनप अन ण न व त अप य स नअ ऋण य स 9. उपपदसम स This is a _सम स with उपपदs. Here the word उपपदstands for any noun. सम पदम व ह अथ क क र नश कर त प रम ज उ भ ज स मय ज श क त/श क र भ क र /भ क त य वद भय र व शवद अभय धनद सम ग प डतम / प डतम न क कर तइ त नश कर तइ त त प रम इ त उ भ इ त स म नइ व न इ त श कर तइ त भ कर तइ त य वद तइ त भय कर तइ त व श वद तइ त अभय कर तइ त धन दद तइ त स मग य तइ त प डतम )म त इ त (आ न www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 432

Worksheets. Just try and understand this: सम सभगव त दश य एव सततय य भ पय प सत य च रम त ष क य ग व म १ १)न रम -अ रम (नञ त ष) २)न म -अ म (नञ त ष) ३) य ग व म -य ग व म (स म त ष) स य य म सव समब य त व म म वसव भ त हत रत ४ १) सम ब य ष त -समब य २)सव हतम -सव हतम,त न -सव भ त हत (चत थ त ष) अथ तद श ऽ सकत म गम त सव कम फल ग तत क यत व न _ ११ १)ममय गम -म गम (ष त ष) म गम आ त म गम त ( त य त ष) २)सव णकम ण-सव कम ण (कम ध रय) सव कम ण फल न-सव कम फल न(ष त ष) सव कम फल न ग -सव कम फल ग,तम सव कम फल गम (ष त ष) अ सव भ त न म क णएवच www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 433

नम म नरह र सम खस ख म १३ १)सव भ त -सव भ त,त ष म -सव भ त न म (कम ध रय) २) नग त मम य त स - नम म ( दब ह) ३) नग त अह र य त स - नरह र ( दब ह) ४) खम चस ख च- खस ख ( ) सम खस खय य स -सम खस ख ब ह स सतत य ग यत ढ न य म पतमन ब य म सम य १४ १) ढ न य - ढ न य (कम ध रय) ढ न य य स - ढ न य (ब ह) २)मन चब -मन ब ( ) अ पत मन ब य नस अ पतमन ब (ब ह) य जत ल क ल क जत चय हष मष भय ग म य सचम य १५ १) हष चअमष चभय चउ ग च-हष मष भय ग ( ) अनप श चद उद स न गत थ सव र प र ग य म सम य १६ १) न व त अप य न स -अनप (ब ह) २)गत थ य त स -गत थ (ब ह) य न तन नश च तनक त www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 434

श भ श भप र ग भ म सम य १७ १) श भ चअश भ च-श भ श भ ( ) श भ श भय प र ग य स -श भ श भप र ग (ब ह) सम श च म चतथ म न पम नय श त स ख ख ष सम स वव जत १८ : 1) म न अपम न च-म न पम न,तय -म न पम नय ( ) २) श त चउ चस ख च ख च-श त स ख ख ष ( ) ३)स वव जत य नस -स वव जत (ब ह) त न तम न स त य नक न चत अ नक त रम तभ म य नर १९ 1) र म त य स - रम त (ब ह) *** Please do write in case you have any questions regarding this lesson. Hesitate not and thy doubts shall be gone with the wind! www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e 435