Libraries in Transition - PDF Free Download

Libraries in Transition From Book Collections & Union Catalogues to Open Access & Digital Repositories Abby Clobridge Director, Clobridge Consulting aclobridge@clobridgeconsulting.com CASLIN 2011 Brno, Czech Republic 14 June 2011

Overview 1) A Brief History of Libraries 2) Open Access & Digital Repositories 3) Interoperability 4) Moving Forward in the New Environment

A Short History of Libraries & Librarianship, Part 1 Ancient Library of Alexandria Wall painting from Pompeii, woman holding wax tablets (codex) Pre 79 AD. Approx. 3 rd Century BC 30 BC

Ancient Library of Alexandria Approx. 3 rd Century BC 30 BC Movable Type & Gutenberg Press Circa 1439 Images: Stamp: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:dbp_1954_198_gutenberg.jpg; Movable Type: Willi Heidelbach, CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:metal_movable_type.jpg

Movable Type & Gutenberg Press Circa 1439 Spread of Printing Press 1450+ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:spread-of-printing.gif

Spread of Printing Press 1450 End of 19 th Century Spread of Printing Press more books for libraries Chained books in library: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:milkau_b%c3%bccherschrank_mit_angekettetem_buch_aus_der_bibliothek_von_cesena_109-2.jpg Book photo courtesy of NKZS - http://www.sxc.hu/profile/nkzs ; Archive photo courtesy of Mattox - http://www.sxc.hu/profile/mattox

Early 1900s: - Manual of Library Economy (1929) - S.R. Ranganathan, The Five Laws of Library Science (1931) - Lee Pierce Butler, An Introduction to Library Science (1933) Union catalogues early printed version. National Union Catalog (NUC) issued serially beginning in the 1950s. Spread of Printing Press 1450 End of 19 th Century 1900s: Library Science National Union Catalog (NUC) -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:nuc_christmas_tree_s_calhoun.jpg

Early 1900s: - Manual of Library Economy (1929) - S.R. Ranganathan, The Five Laws of Library Science (1931) - Lee Pierce Butler, An Introduction to Library Science (1933) Library economy emphasis on management and administration of libraries Social science approach study of books & users; social problems of information exchange Spread of Printing Press 1450 End of 19 th Century 1900s: Library Science National Union Catalog (NUC) -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:nuc_christmas_tree_s_calhoun.jpg

University of Graz Library Early 1900s: Library Science Library of Congress, Card Division, 1900-1920 1900s: Library Science Images: Card Catalog from University of Graz Library by Dr. Marcus Gossler, Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:schlagwortkatalog.jpg

Early OPACs (1970s) Ohio State University, Dallas Public Library Early Computers MARC Records (1960s) 1980s: Widespread OPAC Adoption to replace card catalogs 1960s & 1970s: MARC and OPACs

Early OPACs (1970s) Ohio State University, Dallas Public Library 1980s: Widespread OPAC Adoption Online union catalogues Inter-library loan (ILL) 1980s and early 1990s: Pre-Internet, Early Internet Emphasis on using technology to improve or replace services. Card catalogue courtesy of Ralev_com - http://www.sxc.hu/profile/ralev_com.

Model of Technology Adoption 4. Redefinition 3. Modification Transformative 2. Augmentation Not Transformative 1. Substitution A Matrix Model for Designing and Assessing Network-Enhanced Courses http://www.hippasus.com/resources/matrixmodel/puentedura_model.pdf Ruben R. Puentedura, Ph.D. 2003. Accessed 12/7/08.

Librarians Work Emphasis on Books + Buildings The Librarian (1556) Giuseppe Arcimboldo

Libraries = mostly static environment until early 1990s. The Librarian (1556) Giuseppe Arcimboldo

St. Petersburg Times (1993) Early 1990s: Libraries & the Internet

Tap into the FUTURE NOW!, St. Petersburg Times (1993) Shirley Dugan Kennedy Internet isn t just for computer whizzes. Ordinary people are taking advantage of it too. Messages only take a few hours to be delivered. Internet access through FIRN, the Florida Information Resource Network, an E-mail and conferencing system operated by the state Department of Education primarily for teachers and librarians Early 1990s: Libraries & the Internet

Visualization of routes through a portion of the Internet Changes in: Technology User Behavior User Expectations Late 1990s/2000s Turning point for libraries and the information ecosystem Visualization from the Opte Project of the various routes through a portion of the Internet, circa 2005. Image from the Opte Project (www.opte.org) via Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet

How we work Gaming Teaching & Learning Media types Direct access to objects themselves Digital Natives Class of 2012: Born in 1991 Late 1990s/2000s Turning point for libraries and the information ecosystem

Late 1990s/2000s Turning point for libraries and the information ecosystem

Now What? Information ecosystem is more complex than ever. How should we define our role? How do we position ourselves for the future? What do our skills and expertise make us uniquely suited to do? What are the areas where we can add the most value? What do our users need? Want? Expect?

René Magritte, "La Trahison des Images" ("The Treachery of Images") (1928-9) or "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" ("This is not a pipe") Tim O Reilly, O Reilly Media We need new mental models.

This is not a library. What is a library? What do librarians do?

Support for creating collecting describing curating disseminating preserving information.

How do we access information? Who has access to information? What are the barriers to access? How do we define information today? How can we harness ICT to interact with information in new ways? How can we use, reuse, manipulate, and work with information and data? How can we ensure access to born-digital information in the future? 2000s: How do we think about information and knowledge?

Now What? Open Access: Demand for immediate, complete access to materials. Support for new forms, new content types. Continually-evolving landscape. Uses ICT for redefinition of our work. Usage data measure value.

Open Access (OA) Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. What makes it possible is the internet and the consent of the author or copyright-holder. Peter Suber, A Very Brief Introduction to Open Access

Purpose of OA To use Information Communication Technology (ICT) to increase and enhance dissemination of scholarship.

External to libraries Library initiated Digitization of archival collections Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETDs) Budapest Open Access Initiative (2001) Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (2003) Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003) Late 1990s 2000s

What does this mean? Through Open Access - Increased access - Further, broader (global) dissemination - Impact of research increases - Increased visibility - Funding dollars have more impact

Two Methods for Open Access: 1) Publish in an Open Access journal. 2) Publish in any peer-reviewed journal and deposit refereed version in an Open Access repository. Peer-review is critical for either method.

Two Kinds of Free Gratis Free as in beer. Free price. Libre Free as in speech. Lack of restrictions.

Nearly 2000 repositories registered. 2011 State of Open Access & Digital Repositories Today Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) www.opendoar.org Repository 66.org Repository Maps maps.repository66.org

Over 6500 journals registered. 2011 State of Open Access Journals Today Directory of Open Access Journals DOAJ www.doaj.org

Types of Repository Content Types of Repository Systems OA Monographs Enhanced publications Linked data Grey literature ETDs Digitized materials from archives & museums Open Access repositories Open Educational Resources (OER) repositories / learning object repositories Learning management systems / courseware Digital asset management systems (DAMs) Current Research Information Systems (CRIS) eportfolios 2010s Repository landscape continues to change

Stakeholders Research funding agencies Publishers Researchers National policy makers NGOs National mandates? Denmark, Spain National Institutions of Health Wellcome Trust European Commission FP7 Open Access Pilot UNESCO, OECD, FAO, Broadband Commission 2010s Repository landscape continues to change

The real promise of Open Access is the potential that stems from the aggregation of materials. - Global access. - New types of analysis. - Overarching view of research output.

The real value of Open Access lies in the potential to aggregate research outputs, present information in different ways, and allow for new types of data extraction and analysis all possible because of interoperability.

Interoperability Ability of systems to pass information back and forth between each other in a usable format. Metadata consistency necessary for several kinds of interoperability.

15 core elements Can be used to describe anything Title Creator Subject Description Publisher Contributor Date Type Format Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Rights Unqualified Dublin Core Dublin Core Metadata Standard

Qualifiers to refine or give more specificity to fields Example Qualifiers for Date field: - Created - Valid - Available - Issued - Modified Qualified Dublin Core Dublin Core Metadata Standard

Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) Process of scraping metadata records from source and replicated in another collection. Requires unqualified Dublin Core.

Harvesting Collection from Japan Collection from India Collection from Scotland Harvested collection: Includes metadata for records and links to the objects at their host institution Collection from Colorado Objects themselves are not harvested only metadata. Collection from Michigan

http://www.ndltd.org/ Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) More than one million records of electronic theses and dissertations. Union catalogue of millions of records form open access resources http://oaister.worldcat.org/ Makes individual collections of NDLTD member institutions and consortia appear as one seamless digital library of ETDs. Early 2000s Early OAI-PMH Interoperability Projects Union catalogues 2.0

OAI-ORE - Supporting researchers workflows -Single deposit, multiple repositories OAI-ORE: Binds together objects that are related to each other. Current Interoperability Projects http://easydeposit.swordapp.org/

Interoperability Challenges Technical: - New content types - Software and systems - New service layers - Usage data - Consistent identification and terminology - Language challenges Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR) Interoperability Briefing, pre-print, 01-June-2011 http://www.coar-repositories.org

Interoperability Challenges Technical: - Global context - Long-term sustainability of guidelines and standards - Institutional support for implementing guidelines Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR) Interoperability Briefing, pre-print, 01-June-2011 http://www.coar-repositories.org

Positioning ourselves for the future

Support for creating collecting describing curating disseminating preserving information. What is a library? What do librarians do? What is most important?

The information ecosystem is global.

We need to move past artificial silos artificial boundaries between items (collections); between systems; between academic disciplines; between libraries, museums, and archives; between library departments

We are all information producers, consumers, and collectors.

We need to facilitate and prioritize discoverability and usability of content, not simply access. Metadata matters, open licensing matters.

Emphasis on research.

Aggregation, Interoperability, Quantity & Complexity

New Roles, New Skills Advocacy. Emphasis on curation services. Changing relationship with faculty & researchers, publishers, IT Organizational challenges are vast. Technical challenges are significant. Quantity, complexity of systems & content.