3 ESO ppendix CE Grammar A LOM Linda Marks Charlotte Addison Burlington Books BBBurlington Books
Real English ESO 3 LOMCE Grammar Appendix Burlington Books P.O. Box 54411 3721 Limassol Cyprus Burlington Books is an imprint of the Burlington Group. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the following for providing photographs: Ingram Publishing: page 4 (woman in dress); Shutterstock, Inc.: pages 4 (all except woman in dress and shelves of milk), 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15 (house), 16, 17, 18 Copyright 2015 Burlington Books
Contents Pages Suggested Use After: 4 Used to Unit 2 5-6 Past Perfect Simple Unit 3 7 8-9 Present Simple with Future Meaning, Revision of Future Tenses Future Continuous, Revision of Future Tenses Unit 5 Unit 5 10-11 Second and Third Conditionals Unit 5 12 Temporals Unit 5 13-14 Modals, Revision of Modals Unit 6 15-16 Relative Clauses Unit 9 17-18 Reported Speech Unit 9
Used to 4 Look at the pictures. Then copy and complete the sentences. Use the correct form of used to and the When we talk about habits and situations in the past, we use used to. These habits or situations are not true today. Affirmative Negative Interrogative I used to run. I didn t use to run. Did I use to run? You used to run. You didn t use to run. Did you use to run? He used to run. He didn t use to run. Did he use to run? She used to run. She didn t use to run. Did she use to run? It used to run. It didn t use to run. Did it use to run? We used to run. We didn t use to run. Did we use to run? You used to run. You didn t use to run. Did you use to run? They used to run. They didn t use to run. Did they use to run? verbs below. You can use one verb twice. buy bring drive light ride send watch write wear listen have 1. People used to ride horses. They didn t use to drive cars. 1 Copy and complete the sentences. Use the correct form of used to and the verbs in brackets. 1. Mark (take) the bus to work, but now he takes his car. 2. Fran (not eat) broccoli, but now she loves it. 3. Sue (study) ballet. 4. Roberta (have) short hair, but now her hair is very long. 5. Keith and Joe (be) friends before they had a fight. 6. When we were young, we (not go) to the beach we always went to the swimming pool. 7. Bob (play) tennis when he was at school. 8. Holly (exercise) at the gym, but now she plays tennis every week. 2 Write questions to ask your parents about the things they used to do. Use the words below. 1. play / the piano 2. have / a dog 3. live / in Seville 4. read / teen magazines 5. ride / a bike / to school 6. do / judo 7. get / good marks 8. enjoy / horror films 3 Ask your parents the questions in Exercise 2 and write their answers in your notebook. 2. People candles. They electric lights. 3. Women only dresses and skirts. They trousers. 4. People letters. They e-mails. 5. People to the radio. They TV. 6. Milkmen milk to people s homes. People milk at the supermarket. 4
Past Perfect Simple When we talk about a past event, such as a journey, we sometimes want to refer back to something that happened earlier. We generally use the Past Perfect Simple to refer to this earlier event. Affirmative I had arrived You had arrived He had arrived She had arrived It had arrived We had arrived You had arrived They had arrived Interrogative Had I arrived? Negative I hadn t arrived You hadn t arrived He hadn t arrived She hadn t arrived It hadn t arrived We hadn t arrived You hadn t arrived They hadn t arrived Short answers Yes, I had. / No, I hadn t. a 2 Jack enjoys travelling around the world. Copy and complete the sentences about his trips. Use the Past Perfect Simple. Then match the sentences to the pictures below. 1. Jack went on a safari to South Africa. He (never be) on this kind of tour before. 2. He went to an elephant camp in India after he (hear) about it from a friend. 3. Jack flew to Mexico because he (always dream) about visiting ancient temples. 4. He went diving in Australia after he (read) about the Great Barrier Reef, the world s largest coral reef. 5. Jack (visit) Paris a number of times, but last month he went there again to climb the Eiffel Tower. 6. He visited China because he (always want) to see the Great Wall of China. b Had you arrived? Yes, she had. / Had he arrived? No, she hadn t. Had she arrived? Had it arrived? Had we arrived? Had you arrived? Had they arrived? Time expressions before, after, as soon as, by the time, until, when, already, yet c d 1 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Perfect Simple. 1. By the time Amy arrived, the children (go) to bed. 2. Greg was very thirsty because he (not have) anything to drink all day. 3. Gina answered the e-mail that Kevin (send) her the day before. 4. Dan was upset because he (lose) his wallet. 5. After the rain (stop), the children went outside to play. 6. Mark was excited about his trip to Paris because he (not fly) before. 7. The writer (write) two books by the time she was 20 years old. 8. Jane washed the dishes as soon as she (finish) dinner. e 3 Copy and complete column B using the Past Perfect Simple. Then match column A to column B to form sentences. A 1. Before I read the book Twilight, 2. I could answer the question 3. My brother was worried that 4. Ben was upset because 5. Ellen couldn t see the board because 6. Dave left the classroom as soon as B a. he (finish) the maths test. b. he (forget) to lock the front door. c. his friend (shout) at him. d. I (see) the film. e. after the teacher (explain) it. f. she (leave) her glasses at home. f 5
When we talk about two past actions, we use the Past Perfect Simple for the action that happened first and the Past Simple for the action that happened second. By the time I arrived, Jill had already left. 4 Copy and complete the sentences using the time expressions below. Use each time expression only once. before when already for all day after by the time 1. Tom had taken a course in film making, he made a short film of his own. 2. Betty finished school, she had studied French for seven years. 3. We ran to catch the bus, but it had left. 4. Our team played very well because we had practised several weeks. 5. I had never seen a kangaroo I went to Australia. 6. Dave was tired because he had worked. 7. We had already finished studying for the test the teacher decided to cancel it. 5 Rewrite the sentences. Use the words in bold. 1. I got up to open the door, but my mother opened it first. already By the time I got to the door, my mother had already opened it. 2. The students left the classroom when the bell rang. had After the bell, the students left the classroom. 3. They finished studying, so they went to the beach. had They went to the beach because they studying. 4. We had no food left at the end of the picnic. eaten By the time the picnic ended, everyone all the food. 6 Copy and complete the sentences. Make them true for you. 1. My friend bought a video game after he had. 2. By the time I got to school this morning, I had already. 3. Last weekend, I was tired because I had. 4. Last night, I went to bed after I had. 5. Before my friend gave me the present, she had. 7 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Perfect Simple. 1. Sally (just get) to school when the bell (ring). 2. The film was boring and by the time it (end), Billy (fall) asleep. 3. I (buy) a new bike after I (save) enough money. 4. Sally (travel) to France after she (study) French. 5. After the children (do) their homework, they (go) to the park. 6. Richard (be) happy because his grandparents (buy) him a puppy. 8 Write sentences with the words below. Use the Past Simple and the Past Perfect Simple. 1. Adam / have / a stomach ache / because / he / eat / too much chocolate Adam had a stomach ache because he had eaten too much chocolate. 2. Mary / start to drive / after / she / look / at the map 3. The bus / leave / before / I / arrive 4. We / finish / the game / by the time / it / begin / to rain 5. Carl / come / home / as soon as / he / finish / his lesson 6. Sam / get wet / because / he / not take / an umbrella 7. Lisa / call / the police / because / someone / steal / her car 9 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Past Perfect Simple or the Past Simple. decide bring start not study spend not want 1. John was nervous. He had a test but he for it. 2. After they had worked hard all year, they to go on a long holiday. 3. Jennifer was delighted because her parents home a dog. 4. She the magazine because she had already read it. 5. Henry was very clever. By the age of 16, he university. 6. By the end of our trip, we all our money. 6
Present Simple with Future Meaning We use the Present Simple to talk about timetables and programmes in the future. The next train leaves at 4 o clock. It doesn t leave at 4.15. 1 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple. Then tick (3) the sentences with a future meaning. 1. Hurry! Your violin lesson (start) in 10 minutes, doesn t it? 2. Where is your passport? (not forget) it. 3. The bus from London (arrive) at seven o clock. 4. That box of books (belong) to my brother. 5. What time (the film / end)? 6. Kathy (not work) in a bank. 7. Bill (play) football every afternoon at 4.00. 8. Two trains (leave) at 7.00 one to London and one to Paris. Revision of Future Tenses 2 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use will, be going to or the Present Simple with future meaning. There may be more than one possible answer. I recently won a first-class ticket on the Eurostar, the train that connects Paris and London. So tomorrow, I 1. (travel) to Paris to visit my cousin and to see an international football match. The train 2. (leave) at 9.00 am, and since the journey takes two hours, I 3. (probably be) in Paris before lunch. My cousin 4. (meet) me at the Gare du Nord station in Paris at 11.00 am. I think the journey on the Eurostar 5. (be) very enjoyable, don t you? After arriving, my cousin and I 6. (go) straight to the football stadium, the Stade de France. The match between England and France 7. (start) at 3.00 pm, so I m sure we 8. (have) plenty of time to get across the city. 3 Copy and complete the dialogues. Use will, be going to or the Present Simple with future meaning. 1 I can t afford to buy the CD. 2 3 Don t worry. I. Are you busy tonight? Yes, I. I haven t eaten all day. You must be starving. I. 4 I ll meet you at the station at 8. That s too late. The train. 5 I ve got a dentist s appointment tomorrow. What time? 6 Why don t we go to the beach tomorrow? I don t think that s a good idea. According to the newspaper,. 4 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use will, be going to or the Present Continuous or Present Simple with future meaning. 1. My uncle is going on holiday next week. I m sure he (have) a great time. 2. My father has got a new job. He (work) at a bank in the city. 3. Don t be late! The bus (leave) at 6.30. 4. Don t forget! We (play) tennis at 3.00 tomorrow. 5. I hope I (do) well in the exam. 6. My parents (buy) a new car next month. 7
Future Continuous When we talk about an action in progress at a specific time in the future, we use the Future Continuous. We will be travelling all week. Dan won t be going with us. Will you be visiting Paris? 1 Copy and complete the sentences with the Future Continuous affirmative form of the verbs in brackets. 1. Don t call me until after 12.00. I (attend) a meeting from 10.00 to 11.45. 2. How can we reach him to give him the news? He (stay) at the Paradise Hotel tomorrow night. 3. What a boring life! This time next week, I (do) exactly what I m doing now. 4. Why don t you meet me at two tomorrow? I (shop) in town during the afternoon. 5. This time next month, I (fly) to Australia. 2 Complete the dialogue with the verbs in brackets. Use the Future Continuous. Rob: Can we meet to plan the surprise party this evening? Ann: Sorry, but my cousin 1. (visit) us this evening. What about Saturday? I 2. (not do) anything special then. Rob: Sounds good. We can meet in the afternoon. Ann: Why, what 3. you (do) all morning? 4. Rob: I (sleep), won t you? Ann: No... so can you come over to my house at 4.00? Rob: Fine. Ann: Good. I 5. (wait) for you. See you then. 3 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the correct form of the Future Continuous. work sleep do not visit not travel watch 1. I don t know what I at 8.00 this evening. 2. My sister in Europe next month. She ll be in South America. 3. Please don t call after 10 pm tonight I. I m very tired. 4. My dad sport on TV tonight. 5. Sara her aunt this weekend. She s too busy. 6. My mother can t drive us home. She late this evening. 4 Write questions with the words below. Use the Future Continuous. Then answer the questions using the words in bold. 1. Maggie / study / this afternoon visit / her friend in hospital Will Maggie be studying this afternoon? No, she will be visiting her friend in hospital. 2. James / sit / on the beach / this afternoon work / on his project 3. Simon / practise / his violin / from nine to ten o clock probably / watch / TV 4. David and Mark / travel / around England / this time next week travel / around France 5. Jill / work late / tonight work out / at the gym 6. Mary and Tim / play computer games / between seven and eight o clock tonight have dinner 5 Write questions with the words in A below. Use the Future Continuous. Then match the questions in A to the answers in B. A 1. you / use / your bike / tomorrow 2. what time / you / leave / for the station 3. where / Vera / stay / in London 4. how many people / come / to the party 5. what / you / do / at six this evening 6. when / Larry / paint / his room B a. 15 b. at 7 o clock c. all day tomorrow d. at a small hotel e. judo f. No, you can borrow it. 8
6 Write questions with the words below. Use the Future Continuous. 1. you / go / anywhere special / this weekend 2. what / you / do / at this time next year 3. you / sleep / at this time tomorrow 4. where / you / live / in ten years time 5. what / you / do / at 7.00 this evening 7 In your notebook, answer your questions from Exercise 6. 8 Complete the mini-dialogues with the verbs in brackets. Use the Future Continuous. 1. A: What are your plans for tomorrow morning? B: I (cook) all morning. 2. A: Why don t we have lunch together tomorrow? B: OK. I (shop) in town all morning tomorrow. We can meet at 2.00. 3. A: you (use) your computer tomorrow morning? B: No, you can use it. 4. A: Can we meet at 9.00 tonight? B: Sorry, I (play) basketball until 9.30. 5. A: How long they (travel) in Italy? B: I think they re going for two weeks. Revision of Future Tenses 10 Choose the correct answer. 1. Can I use your skateboard tomorrow morning or? a. will you use it b. will you be using it 2. Oh, no! I ve spilt the sauce. I you clean it up! a. will help b. will be helping 3. I all morning on Friday, so please don t call me then. a. will be studying b. will study 4. Please don t call round tonight. We our favourite soap opera. a. will watch b. will be watching 5. Don t leave the meat on the table. The cat it. a. will be eating b. will eat 11 Match A and B to make mini-dialogues. Then copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use will, be going to, the Present Continuous or the Future Continuous. There may be more than one possible answer. A 1. Can I use the car this evening? 2. I can t wait to see that new film. 3. They need some music for the party. 4. There have been many great YouTube videos, but this one is amazing! 5. Do you have to get up early tomorrow? 6. Dave and I are going out for dinner tonight. 7. Can you help me out tomorrow afternoon? 9 Copy and complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use no more than three words. 1. You can t leave hospital for another three days. You staying in hospital for another three days. 2. I m going to the library to work on my project this afternoon. I on my project at the library all afternoon. 3. Helen plans to take an online course next month. Helen an online course next month. 4. How long will your trip be? How long will you be? 5. Do you need your bike this afternoon? using your bike this afternoon? B a. I m waiting to see it, too. it (come out) next week? b. Yes, we (leave) at 6.00 am. c. Yes, it s unusual. I m sure many people (see) it. d. I (use) it between 6.00 to 8.00, but you can take it after that. e. I m sorry. I (study) for my physics test tomorrow. How about Tuesday? f. I (bring) my brother he s a DJ. g. That s nice. Which restaurant you (eat) at? 9
Second Conditional When we talk about imaginary or unreal situations, we use the Second Conditional. I would be nervous if I took part in a TV show. If I were you, I would hurry. We sometimes use could instead of would. She could win the competition if she tried. 1 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Second Conditional. 1. I would do the work myself if I (have) time. 2. They would go to the concert if you (not come) to visit. 3. you (buy) the book if you saw it in the shop? 4. If they (not travel) on the same bus, they wouldn t meet. 5. If you called first, they (hold) a ticket for you. 6. If he (hear) the song, he would recognise it. 7. I would complete the project if she (not disturb) me. 8. If you wrote the address down, you (remember) it. 2 Match A to B to make sentences. A 1. If you tidied your cupboard, 2. If you helped me wash the dishes, 3. Tom would look very nice 4. It would save time 5. If you were friendlier, B a. I could finish quicker. b. people would like you more. c. if we worked together. d. you would find things more easily. e. if he cut his hair. 4 Write the words in the correct order to make sentences. 1. you would / did aerobics / if you / be stronger 2. wore that dress / if you / you would / look beautiful 3. read the book / if you / you wouldn t / understand it 4. you would / went to bed earlier / if you / get up on time 5. see better / cut your hair / if you / you would 5 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Second Conditional. 1. If you (wear) glasses, you (not get) a lot of headaches. 2. I (tell) you the answer if I (know) it. 3. If Angela (buy) a dog, she (not feel) lonely. 4. If they (be) outgoing, people (invite) them more often. 5. If he (not go) to restaurants all the time, he (have) more money. 6. Sue (read) more books if she (have) time. 7. If I (sing) well, I (join) a band. 8. If James (study) harder, he (can do) better at school. 9. My parents (be) happy if I (not spend) so much time on the computer. 10. If children (go) to bed earlier, they (feel) less tired. 6 Copy and complete the sentences so they are true for you. Use would or could. 1. If I had more time, I. 2. If I had a lot of money, I. 3. If I lived in the USA, I. 4. If I saw someone stealing a car, I. 5. If I were a famous person, I. 6. If I tried harder, I. 3 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs below. You can use one verb twice. see have can practise be buy 1. If I you, I wouldn t buy those trousers. They re too big. 2. She speaking English if she visited Britain. 3. He would help you if he time. 4. If Richard lived nearby, we him more often. 5. Heather a pet if her parents agreed. 6. The air would be cleaner if there fewer cars on the road. 10
Third Conditional When we talk about a past situation that can t be changed, we use the Third Conditional. If he hadn t dropped the ball, he would have won the competition. 1 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Pay attention to the words in bold. 1. If we (have) enough time, we would have visited the castle. 2. If I (not feel) ill, I would have gone up to the top of the tower. 3. Margaret would have been late for school if she (not hurry). 4. I (enjoy) the concert more if I hadn t been so tired last night. 5. If we hadn t looked at the map, we (not find) the museum. 2 Match A to B to make sentences. Then copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Third Conditional. A 1. He would have bought a new treadmill 2. If he had worn elbow guards, 3. If we had scored one more point, 4. She wouldn t have screamed 5. If I hadn t gone to the cinema with Ann, B a. we (win) the game. b. if she (not see) blood. c. if he (have) enough money. d. I (go) to the bowling alley. e. he (not break) a bone. 3 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Third Conditional. not be catch make go not fall 1. If he the ball, his team would have won. 2. They jogging if it had stopped raining earlier. 3. If she had worn a comfortable pair of shoes, she. 4. I would have won an award if I an effort. 5. If she so tired, she would have played better. 4 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Third Conditional. Then match the sentences to the situations below. A 1. If I (check) my voicemail, I (call) you. 2. If she (phone) them, she (receive) an answer sooner. 3. His trip (cost) more if he (fly). 4. We (project) them onto a large screen if we (buy) a projector. 5. He (repair) your car if he (bring) his tools. 6. If she (put) it out, the fire (not start). B a. Jake took the train. b. Not everyone could see the photos. c. I forgot to turn on my phone. d. Tess forgot about the cigarette. e. Sue wrote a letter to the company. f. John didn t bring the right equipment. 5 Write sentences with the words below. Use the Third Conditional. 1. you / enjoy / the party / if / you / come 2. if / my phone / not be cheap / I / not buy it 3. what / you / tell her / if / she / ask / you 4. if / the bus / be late / I / not be / here / on time 5. I / probably / get / a higher mark / if / I / study / more 6 Read the text about surfer Laird Hamilton. Then copy and complete the sentences with the Third Conditional. Laird Hamilton has always loved adventure. At age seven, he jumped into the ocean from an 18-metrehigh mountain. Laird became interested in surfing as a young boy, after moving to Hawaii with his mother. He grew up on Oahu, a Hawaiian island with some of the best surfing in the world. His life really changed when he met Bill Hamilton, a professional surfer. Bill taught Laird to surf and became his coach. Laird became known for riding the biggest and most complex waves ever ridden. 1. If he, he wouldn t have jumped off a high mountain. 2. If Laird hadn t moved to Hawaii, he probably. 3. If he had lived on a different island, he. 4. If he hadn t met Bill Hamilton, his life. 5. If he, he wouldn t have become so famous. 11
Temporals We use temporals or time clauses to talk about future actions. In these clauses, we use words such as when, after, as soon as, before, once and by the time. As soon as I arrive at the airport, I ll call you. Don t forget to close the window when you leave. 1 Choose two correct answers. 1. When / If / Once I need help, I ll ask Jane. 2. It will be dark when / unless / by the time we get home. 3. I think you ll like Steve once / after / before you get to know him better. 4. I won t borrow your MP3 player before / if / unless I ask you. 5. I will call you the moment / as soon as / by the time I get my exam results. 2 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct time expression below. as long as before by the time the moment until 1. I finish eating, I will call you. 2. Make sure you read the instructions carefully you start to use the equipment. 3. I will love you I live! 4. you arrive in England, you will be exhausted. 5. I won t go out this programme finishes. 3 Mike s mum will be home late. Use temporals to complete the note she left for him. Hi Mike, I ll be home quite late tonight, so I need your help. As soon as Maria 1. (come) home from school, please help her with her homework. Once she 2. (finish) her homework, she ll probably want to watch some TV. You can phone Aunt Jane if you 3. (want) some help. She will come over as soon as you 4. (call) her. She ll also make dinner when you and Maria 5. (be) hungry. Don t forget to do the washing up after you 6. (eat). Remember to turn off all the lights when you 7. (go) to bed. Thanks for your help! Love, Mum 4 Write the words in the correct order to make sentences. Use time clauses. 1. the rain / go shopping / after / we / stop 2. as soon as / the dog / I / walk / get home / I 3. try / she / this product / once / it / love / she 4. in the freezer / when / put / you / water / turn into / ice / it 5. the drinks / go / we / to the party / we / buy / before 5 What would you say in the following situations? Copy and complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the words in bold. Pay attention to the words in italics. 1. It s time for your little brother to go to bed, but he wants you to read him a story. go to bed OK, I ll read you a story before. 2. Your father is using the computer. You want to use it after him. finish Can I use the computer after? 3. Your friend Bob has been on holiday. He s arriving home tomorrow. get home I hope Bob calls me as soon as. 4. Your sister wants to eat dinner, but your dad hasn t come home yet. arrive We ll eat once. 5. Your brother always leaves for school and forgets to take the dog for a walk. go to school Don t forget to take the dog for a walk before. 6 Answer the questions. Use full sentences. 1. What will you do when you get home? 2. What will you do once you finish school? 3. What is the first thing you will buy when you have some money? 4. What would happen if there were no electricity tomorrow morning? 5. What would you like to do before you are 30? 6. What would you do if you found 100? 12
Modals may, might When we talk about possibility, we often use may or might. May is also used to express permission. We may go. We may not go. May we go? Yes, we may. / No, we may not. be able to When we talk about ability and possibility, we often use be able to. We can use be able to in the past, present or future. I am able to go. / He is able to go. She is not able to go. / You are not able to go. Is he able to go? / Are they able to go? Short answers Yes, you are. / No, you aren t. Yes, she is. / No, she isn t. She might go. She might not go. Might she go? Yes, she might. / No, she might not. need to When we talk about obligation, we often use need to. We can use need to in different tenses. He needs to leave now. He didn t need to leave yesterday. Will he need to leave soon? 1 Copy and complete the sentences with may or may not. 1. I leave the room, please? 2. No, you eat while you are using the computer. 3. Sandy go to the concert with us. I hope she will. 4. Yes, you wear your elegant new dress at the party. 5. I bring a friend to the party? 6. Alan come for dinner tonight. He has got too much homework. 2 Which sentences in Exercise 1 can also be completed with might or might not? Write the sentences in your notebook. 3 Copy and complete the sentences with may or might affirmative or negative. There may be more than one possible answer. talk close bring come snow 1. I the window, please? 2. Look at the dark sky! It tomorrow. 3. No, you to the professor right now. 4. Uncle Josh for dinner tomorrow. He has been ill all week. 5. They their new dog with them. We all want to see it. 4 Copy and complete the sentences. Use the affirmative or negative form of need to. 1. Greg can t go out. He study for a test. 2. Helen leave soon. She has got a piano lesson. 3. I can do this by myself. You help me. 4. Peter get up early last week. He was on holiday. 5. We are going to a restaurant tonight, so we cook. 6. What the gymnasts do if they want to be in the team? 5 Match A to B. A 1. I might get hungry on the journey. 2. I can t find my shampoo. 3. We might not arrive on time. 4. No, you may not wear that skirt for school. 5. I think you need to take a sweater. B a. May I use yours, please? b. We should call and tell someone. c. But I might not need it. d. I should take some food with me. e. You need to find something else. It s too tight. 6 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of be able to and the verbs in brackets. Make the sentences true for you. 1. My parents (speak) French. 2. I (run) quickly. 3. My best friend (play) the violin. 4. I (do) maths easily. 5. My family (travel) every summer. 6. I (drive) a car. 13
7 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use the affirmative or negative form of be able to. 1. Susan has hurt her foot, so she walk very well. 2. Jack and Sue aren t so busy this afternoon. They help their grandfather. 3. It took a long time but in the end, the police officer catch the thief. 4. Mr Bellows open his car door yesterday. 5. Don t worry about the ketchup on your shirt. I m sure I wash it off. 6. Mrs Henry speak to you at the moment. She is in a meeting. 8 In your notebook, rewrite the sentences. Use the words in bold. 1. Jason is probably going to start taking swimming lessons in the summer. might Jason swimming lessons in the summer. 2. It was sunny yesterday, so we went to the beach. able It was sunny yesterday, so we to the beach. 3. All visitors must buy tickets before they go into the park. to All visitors tickets before they go into the park. 4. I don t think we will go to the concert. may We to the concert. 5. You can cross the street here. are You the street here. Revision of Modals 9 Choose the correct answers. 1. You should / may wear a coat. It s cold outside! 2. When Tim was younger, he can / could speak French. 3. Frank needs to / may come to the party tonight. He s not sure yet. 4. Tracy shouldn t / couldn t stay up late. She has to get up early tomorrow for a school trip. 5. May / Must I open the window? It s very hot in here. 6. We might / must leave in 10 minutes if we want to catch the bus. 7. Can / Should you help me carry these heavy bags, please? 8. That s an old bicycle. You should / might have problems riding it. 9. Children may / have to go to school. 10. Sarah hurt her arm. She isn t able to / shouldn t play tennis this week. 10 Choose the correct modals to complete the sentences. Use each modal once. must might not should don t have to may couldn t is able to 1. It snow tomorrow. I m not sure if it will be cold enough! 2. You stop driving in the middle of the road. It s very dangerous! 3. You help me. I m all right. 4. I please come in? 5. He take an umbrella. It s raining. 6. He can t play the piano but he play the guitar. 7. I jump very high when I was a child, but now I can! 14
Relative Clauses When we talk about people, things, places and events, we often use relative clauses to describe and define nouns. A relative pronoun always comes after the noun it describes. Winter is a time when many animals hibernate. (defining clause) Winter, when many animals hibernate, lasts for four months. (non-defining clause) 1 Choose the correct relative pronoun to complete each sentence. 1. The star who / which won the Oscar was so excited that she cried. 2. We ll come in the week which / when the schools are on holiday. 3. Is there anything where / that you need? 4. We like to visit places which / where there are good beaches. 5. Many people who / whose children have left home move to smaller flats. 6. Did you know any of the people who / where Jenny introduced to us at the party? 7. I remember the year which / when you first went to university. 8. This is the longest book in English that / which I have ever read. 9. Give me all the papers which / when you want to throw away. 10. The headmaster wants to speak to all the parents who / whose children are in the basketball team. 11. How many of the books that / whom Mary borrowed were returned to the library? 12. 1995 was the year when / which Dad was so ill. 13. The corner that / where the accident happened is very dangerous. 14. I know the name of an English town where / which is near a river and has got a famous university. 15. Can you help the neighbours who / whose house was damaged by the fire? 2 Match the sentence beginnings in A to the correct relative clauses in B. Add suitable relative pronouns. Write the sentences in your notebook. A 1. She loves lipstick 2. She doesn t like the big earrings 3. Ray Brown is a fashion designer 4. He ll never forget the day 5. This is the hotel 6. Everyone looked at the woman B a. fashion shows are often held. b. clothes are worn by rock stars. c. she got for her birthday. d. is bright red. e. he wore two different shoes. f. was wearing a strange yellow hat. 3 Copy and complete the sentences so that they are true for you. 1. A person who / that makes me laugh is. 2. The place I was born is. 3. An animal I would like to have as a pet is. 4. A film I saw and liked last year is. 5. An actor films I really like is. 6. A food I love to eat is. 4 Complete the text with the correct relative pronouns. The History of Sunglasses The first sunglasses were worn in the 12th century, by people 1. lived in the Arctic. The Arctic is an area 2. a lot of snow falls. Sunlight 3. shines on white snow is very bright and can hurt your eyes. The sunglasses 4. people in the Arctic wore were made from wood and had small openings in them to let in some light. Glasses with coloured lenses were first made in 1752. The English designer 5. made them, James Ayscough, believed they could help correct some eye problems. Since Ayscough lived in a place 6. it often rained, he wasn t worried about the sun. Modern sunglasses first appeared in the early 20th century. Film stars 7. didn t want people to bother them wore big dark glasses when they went out. They also wore them because the light 8. was used in films at that time made their eyes red. Sunglasses became popular in 1929, the year 9. the inventor, Sam Foster, started selling them on beaches in Atlantic City, New Jersey in the USA. By the 1930s, people were wearing them everywhere. 15
5 Copy and complete the sentences Katie used to describe her holiday pictures. Use relative pronouns and the words under the pictures. 1. That s me with my diving equipment. You can see the beach where I went diving. 2. Here is the restaurant 3. Look at the stadium Our holiday added by: Katie Jones WEB ALBUMS login Sign up ALBUMS contact us 4. This is the fantastic hotel 5. Here is the amusement park 6. These are the people Katie Jones albums Other albums 1. I went diving 3. we saw a football match 5. has got some fantastic rides Friends albums View comments Logout 2. we ate dinner on the first day 4. we stayed for a week 6. sat next to us on the plane 6 Join the sentences with a suitable relative pronoun. Use who, which, where or whose. Make any necessary changes. Pay attention to the words in bold. 1. A market is a place. People can buy things cheaply there. A market is a place where people can buy things cheaply. 2. I saw a photo of the thief. He was caught yesterday. 3. Here is the boy. His mother is the headteacher. 4. This is the textbook. We use it for French. 5. Yesterday I met someone. His father lives in England. 6. There are two bedrooms upstairs. Billy and Kate sleep there. 7 Copy and complete the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun. Tick ( ) the sentences where the relative pronoun can be left out. 1. The DVD we bought yesterday is damaged. 2. William, mother is a nurse, hates hospitals! 3. This is a photo of the town my pen-pal lives. 4. The book you are talking about has been made into a film. 5. The office James works has got a view of the sea. 6. The shoes I bought last week were expensive. 7. At 6.00, my father comes home, we have dinner. 8. The music you are listening to was written by Mozart. 9. Florence, is visited by many tourists, is known for its great museums. 16
Reported Speech When we want to tell someone what someone else said, we use reported speech. In reported speech, we change the verb tense and other words such as time expressions and pronouns. We can report statements, questions, commands, suggestions and offers. Statement I want to go on safari. He said that he wanted to go on safari. Question Does he speak English? She asked if / whether he spoke English. What do you want to do now? He asked what we wanted to do then. Command Move your car now! He told us to move our car then. Suggestion You should buy your new computer here. He suggested that we buy our new computer there. Offer I ll help you with your homework tomorrow. She offered to help me with my homework the next day. 1 Match the direct speech in A to the reported speech in B. A 1. I am having lunch, he said. 2. I am going to have lunch, he said. 3. I won t have lunch, he said. 4. I can t have lunch, he said. 5. I must have lunch, he said. B a. He said that he couldn t have lunch. b. He said that he had to have lunch. c. He said that he wouldn t have lunch. d. He said that he was having lunch. e. He said that he was going to have lunch. 2 Copy and complete the chart below. Direct Speech 1. likes 2. must return 3. will meet 4. am going 5. can buy Reported Speech 3 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in the chart in Exercise 2. 1. I said that I out. 2. Tom said that he rock n roll music. 3. She said that she a present on her way home. 4. Her parents said that she home early. 5. We said that we you later. 4 Match the expressions. Direct Speech Reported Speech 1. tomorrow a. the following week 2. today b. that year 3. next week c. there 4. here d. the following day 5. now e. that day 6. this year f. then 5 Choose the correct answer. 1. He said that he had to leave now / then. 2. Let s go to the park tomorrow / the next day, she said. 3. Jane told us to buy this / that CD. 4. Bob said that he was flying to London later today / that day. 5. The party is tonight / that night, said Pam. 6 Copy and complete the sentences. Use reported speech. 1. The aeroplane is landing now, the pilot said. The pilot said that the aeroplane was landing. 2. I ll call you tomorrow, John said. John said that he would call me. 3. You must walk the dog today, Mum said. Mum said that I had to walk the dog. 4. Paul doesn t live here, the man said. The man said that Paul didn t live. 5. Andrea can t wear this, Anne said. Anne said that Andrea couldn t wear. 6. We are moving to Paris next month, Tim and Bill said. Tim and Bill said that they were moving to Paris. 17
7 Copy and complete the sentences. Use reported speech. 1. I can t see anything. It s too dark! he said. He said that he couldn t see anything. It was too dark. 2. I ll lend you my new CD. I m sure you ll like it, he said. He said that he me his new CD. He sure I it. 3. I m really happy today because it s my birthday, she said. She said that she really happy that day because it her birthday. 4. I can t listen to this music. It s very noisy, she said. She said that she to that music. It very noisy. 5. We re going to the beach tomorrow. You must come! they said. They said that they to the beach the next day. They said that I. 6. It will be the first day of spring the day after tomorrow, he said. He said that it the first day of spring in two days time. 8 Copy and complete the sentences in reported speech. Pay attention to all the changes. 1. The band will play tomorrow, he said. He said that the band would play the next day. 2. We can meet here, Sam said. Sam said that they. 3. Pat is having a party this weekend. Lynn said. Lynn said that Pat. 4. There is a good film today, the teacher said. The teacher said that. 5. I want to leave now, Jon said. Jon said that he. 6. I must study tonight, said Nancy. Nancy said that she. 10 Write sentences in reported speech with the words below. 1. that / his / was doing / Dan / said / he / homework 2. Mum / watch / I / said / that / my / had to / sister 3. said / I / I / the / would / that / at / be / party 4. could / tickets / for / Amy / that / she / get / the / said / concert 5. every / beach / Joey / that / said / went to / he / the / day 11 Write the questions in reported speech. 1. Do you like ice cream? Maggie asked. Maggie asked if. 2. Can the class do the homework? Don asked. Don asked if. 3. Will he complete the project by tomorrow? Sheila asked. Sheila asked if. 4. Where are the boys going? he asked. He asked where. 5. What time does the party start? Mandy asked. Mandy asked what. 12 Copy and complete the sentences in reported speech. 1. Don t go to bed late, my mother said. My mother told. 2. Let s go to the cinema tomorrow, Tom said. Tom suggested that. 3. I ll bring you some coffee, he said. He offered. 4. Don t worry, Jane said. Jane told us. 5. You can recycle the bottles, he said. He suggested that. 9 Rewrite the sentences below in reported speech. 1. I m doing some revision for the English exam tomorrow, he said. 2. I hope I won t miss the beginning of the concert, she said. 3. We ll be home by midnight, they said. 4. I really want to see Frozen 2, she said. 5. I can t do my English homework because it s too difficult, he said. 6. We re working in the garden today, so our hands are dirty, they said. 18
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