Chicago Manual of Style Citation Guide Most historians use the Chicago Manual of Style format for citations and bibliographies in papers and books. When following Chicago style guidelines, citations are written in footnotes. You can use citationmachine.net to help you create bibliographic entries (not footnote citations). You must format your footnotes correctly yourself. (Note: You cannot use easybib.com for Chicago style unless you pay for a subscription, which you should not do.) When you use Chicago citations in this class, you will always follow a few basic rules: 1. You will always use footnotes to cite your sources. 2. You will provide all relevant bibliographic information the first time a source is cited in your footnotes. This information will be formatted differently in the footnote than in the bibliography. 3. You will abbreviate your footnote citations for sources that have been previously cited. 4. You will include an alphabetized bibliography with your work. 5. You will use as much bibliographic information as you can obtain from a source. Books Format for citing a book in a footnote: Author s First Name, Author s Last Name, Book Title in Italics (Publication City: Publisher, Date of Publication), relevant page(s). For example: 1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99 100. Abbreviate the citation every other time a book is cited in a footnote: Author s Last Name, Book Title in Italics, Relevant Page number. For Example: 2. Pollan, Omnivore s Dilemma, 3. Format for listing a book in a bibliography: Author s Last Name, Author s First Name, Book Title in Italics. Publication City: Publisher, Date of Publication. For Example: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006. What if there are multiple authors? Use the same footnote format as you would for one author, but include all authors full names. For example: 1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941 1945 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 52. Abbreviate the citation with both authors last names every other time a book with multiple authors is cited in a footnote. For example: 2. Ward and Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 59 61. 1
In the bibliography, use the same format as a single author book, but include all authors. Only present the last name first for the first author listed. List authors in the order that they are listed in the book. For example: Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941 1945. New York: Knopf, 2007. What if the book has an editor, translator or compiler instead of an author? Use the same format as for a single-author book, but replace the author with the translator, editor or compiler. Include the abbreviation trans. for translator, ed. for editor or comp. for compiler after the translator, editor or compiler s name. For example: 1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91 92. Abbreviate the citation as you would for a book with a single author every other time a book is cited in a footnote: 2. Lattimore, Iliad, 24. In the bibliography, use the same format as for a single-author book, but replace the author with the translator, editor or compiler. Include the abbreviation trans. for translator, ed. for editor or comp. for compiler after the translator, editor or compiler s name. For example: Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951. What if the book has an author and a translator, editor or compiler? In the first note, include the translator, editor or compiler s name, preceded by the appropriate abbreviation, after the title. For example: 1. Julio Cortázar, Hopscotch, trans. Gregory Rabassa (New York: Pantheon Books, 1966), 165. In the bibliography, Include the translator, editor or compiler s name, preceded by their role ( translated by, edited by, compiled by ) after the title. For example: Cortázar, Julio. Hopscotch. Translated by Gregory Rabassa. New York: Pantheon Books, 1966. What if I read a book online? Use the same format as you would for a print book, but list a URL and include an access date if possible. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number. Examples of First Footnotes: 1. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), Kindle edition. 2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), accessed February 28, 2010, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. Bibliography Examples: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle edition. Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. 2
What if I m using a chapter in an edited volume that was original published somewhere else (as in primary sources)? You ll need to provide citation information for both sources. Chapter Author s First and Last Name, Title of Chapter in Quotation Marks in Title of The Original Publication, ed. Editor s or Original Book s First and Last Name, Title of the Book You Read, Editors of the Book You Read s First and Last Name (Publication City: Publisher, Year of Publication), relevant page number. For example: 1. Quintus Tullius Cicero, Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship, in Rome: Late Republic and Principate, ed. Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 35. Every other time the book is cited, the footnote should be abbreviated like the following example: 2. Cicero, Canvassing for the Consulship, 35. In the bibliography, the book should be listed like the following example: Cicero, Quintus Tullius. Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship. In Rome: Late Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 33 46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908). Note: In this instance, you are basically providing two citations in one, the source from which you obtained a text, and the source from which the first source s editor obtained it. Periodicals Periodicals include printed journals, electronic journals, magazines, and newspapers. Because of their variety, citing periodicals is a bit more complicated than citing books. Different periodicals will provide different kinds and amounts of publication information. Citations for these sources should include enough information for the reader to find the resource in a library or a database. Thus, dates are essential (month, day, and year for magazines and newspapers and volume and year plus month or issue number for journals). In notes, the major elements are separated by commas; in the bibliography, these elements are separated by periods. Journals Notes and bibliographic entries for a journal include the following: author s name, article title, journal title and issue information. Issue information refers to volume, issue number, month, year, and page numbers. For online works, retrieval information and the date of access are also included. Author s Name: Notes include the author s name as listed in the article. Bibliographic entries, however, invert the author s name. Article Title: Both notes and bibliographies use quotation marks to set off the titles of articles within the journal. Journal Title: Journal titles may omit an initial The but should otherwise be given in full, capitalized (headline-style), and italicized. Issue Information: The volume number follows the journal title with no punctuation and is not italicized. The issue number (if it is given) is separated from the volume number with a comma and is preceded by no. The year appears in parenthesis after the volume number (or issue number if given). The year should be preceded by a specific date, month, or 3
season if given. Page information follows the year. For notes, page number(s) refer only to the cited material; the bibliography includes the first and last pages of the article. Page Numbers: Citations for magazine articles may include a specific page number. Inclusive page numbers for the entire article are often omitted in bibliographical entries, however, because the pages of the article are often separated by many pages of unrelated material. If page numbers are included, they should follow the date and be preceded by a colon. 1. Susan Peck MacDonald, The Erasure of Language, College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 619. Example of Subsequent Notes: 2. MacDonald, The Erasure of Language, 619. MacDonald, Susan Peck. The Erasure of Language. College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625. Electronic Journals Most of the Journals that you might cite will be electronic. Citing electronic journals generally follows the same format for printed periodicals, which is explained in the Journals section. In the first note, entries include the DOI or URL (DOIs are preferred). The access date may be included immediately prior to the DOI or URL and, if included, should be separated by commas in notes or periods in bibliographical entries. 1. Henry E. Bent, Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree, College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 141, accessed December 5, 2008, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286. Example of Subsequent Notes: Bent, Professionalization, 141. Bibliographic Entry: Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree. College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 0-145. Accessed December 5, 2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286. Magazines Notes and bibliographic entries for magazines include the: author s name, article title, magazine title, date. 1. Emily Macel, Beijing s Modern Movement, Dance Magazine, February 2009, 35. Macel, Emily. Beijing s Modern Movement. Dance Magazine, February 2009. Online Magazines Notes and bibliographic entries for online magazines should follow the same format as for printed magazines. Additionally, online magazine entries should also contain the DOI or URL. Note: In the examples below, Green Room is not placed in quotation marks because it is the department title rather than the article title. Access Date: If an access date is necessary, the access date should be included in parentheses at the end of the citation. Access dates are used for time-sensitive details and may be required by certain publishers or disciplines. 4
1. Barron Young-Smith, Green Room, Slate, February 4, 2009, http://www.slate.com/id/2202431/. Bibliographic Entry: Young-Smith, Barron. Green Room. Slate, February 4, 2009. http://www.slate.com/id/2202431/. Newspapers Notes and bibliographic entries for newspapers should include the name of the author (if listed), headline or column heading, newspaper name, month (often abbreviated), day, and year. Since issues may include several editions, page numbers are usually omitted. If an online edition of a newspaper is consulted, the URL should be added at the end of the citation. Names of Newspapers: If the name of a newspaper begins with The, this word is omitted. For American newspapers that are not wellknown, a city name should be added along with the newspaper title (see below). Additionally, a state abbreviation may be added in parenthesis after the city name. News Services: News services, such as the Associated Press or the United Press International, are capitalized but not italicized and often appear in the author position of the citation. Headlines: Headlines may be capitalized using headline style, in which all major words are capitalized, or sentence style, in which only the first word and other proper nouns are capitalized. Although many major newspapers prefer sentence style,the CMS recommends headline style for consistency among various types of cited sources. Regular Columns: If a regular column is cited, the column name may be included with the article title or, to save space, the column name may replace the article title. Citing in Text: Newspapers are more often cited in text or in notes than in bibliographies. If newspaper sources are carefully documented in the text, they need not be cited in the bibliography. 1. Nisha Deo, Visiting Professor Lectures on Photographer, Exponent (West Lafayette, IN), Feb. 13, 2009. Deo, Nisha. Visiting Professor Lectures on Photographer. Exponent(West Lafayette, IN), Feb. 13, 2009. Webpages Webpages can be difficult to cite because they provide varying amounts of bibliographic information and many sites aggregate material from elsewhere. For this reason, citing a webpage is simple. You only need to provide the author s name (if it s available), the title of the webpage, a URL and an access date. Remember to distinguish between a web source and an online publication. Do not cite periodicals published online using the format for a webpage. Format for citing a webpage in a note: Author s First Name Author s Last Name, Title of Web Page, Publishing Organization or Name of Website in Italics, publication date and/or access date if available, URL. 5
First Note Example: 1. John Smith. Obama Inaugurated as President. CNN.Com. http://www.cnn.com/politics/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.html (accessed February 1, 2009). Format for listing a webpage in a bibliography: Author s Last Name, Author s First Name. Title of Web Page. Publishing Organization or Name of Website in Italics. Publication date and/or access date if available. URL. Bibliography Example: Smith, John. Obama Inaugurated as President. CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/politics/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.html (accessed February 1, 2009). What if I m reading a document on a webpage that was originally published somewhere else (like a primary source)? For the Bibliography, this is simple. You ll provide citation information for both sources, connected by the word from. Author s Last name, Author s First Name, Title of Document, Document Format (letter, manuscript, pamphlet ), Publication City: Publishing Company, Publication Date (if given). From Your Source, Collection Name. Medium (software requirement needed to access source). URL. (Accessed Date). Keller, Helen. Helen Keller to John Hitz, August 29, 1893. Letter. From Library of Congress, The Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers, 1862-1939. http://www.loc.gov/item/magbellbib004020 (accessed January 11, 2006). For the first note, just include the author, document title, document date, title of the website, reference URL, and date accessed. For example: First Note Example: 1. Helen Keller, Helen Keller to John Hitz, August 29, 1893, Library of Congress, The Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers, 1862-1939. http://www.loc.gov/item/magbellbib004020 (accessed January 11, 2006). Note: The guidelines above were adapted from the Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html) and the Perdue University Online Writing Lab (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/) 6