Five Forms of Literature

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Five Forms of Literature

Forms of Literature Short Story Nonfiction Drama Poetry Folk Literature

Short Story: brief work of fiction Click for a list of short stories

Elements of a short story Plot-Sequence of events (the events that make up the story) Characters- people or animals who participate in the action Setting- time and place of the action Point of View-Point from which the story is told Theme-Central message or insight into life revealed through the work.

Elements of a Short Story Characters- people or animals who participate in the action

Characters Protagonist: the main character; the character who occupies the majority of the story and whose struggle is the most important element of the conflict and plot. Examples: The Hunger Games, Katniss Everdeen

Character Antagonist: The obstacle or enemy to the main character; the second most important character who influences the plot. Examples: President Snow in The Hunger Games

Characters Flat Characters: minor characters who help advance the plot but who are not truly important; they may lack detailed characterization. Mrs. Everdeen (Katniss Mother)

Characters Foils: minor or lesser characters opposite the main characters who do not serve as obstacles but who do influence the plot. Example: Peeta Hunger Games

Stereotypical Characters Stereotypes: typical characters who traits are easily recognizable. (politicians, pro athletes, teachers)

Characterization the way a writer reveals a character s personality traits

Characterization Direct Characterization- writers directly state a character s personality traits. Indirect Characterization- a writer uses a character s actions, thoughts, and feelings to suggest a character s traits

Character Types Dynamic Character-one who develops and grows during the course of a story Static Character-Does not change

Characters Round Character Foil Character -A character who exhibits many traits, including faults as well as virtues -Not obstacles -Influence the plot

Characters Flat Character A character who seems to have only a single surface or aspect to his or her personality. Lack details characterization

10 Ways A Character is Revealed Ten (Direct or Indirect) Ways in which a Character Can Be Revealed a. By psychological description. b. By physical description. c. By probing what s/he thinks. d. By what s/he says. e. By how s/he says it. f. By what s/he does. g. By what others say about him or her. h. By his or her environment. i. By her reaction to others. 16

5 Elements of the Setting Place-geographical location (Portland, Oregon; Classroom; Portland Adventist Academy) Time-When is the story taking place? (3:00 pm; Medieval Time; 1920 s; 1960 s) Weather Conditions-Rainy? Stormy? Hot? Social Conditions-What is the daily life of the characters like?(speech, customs, mannerisms, dress) Mood or atmosphere-what feeling is created at the beginning of the story?

Plot: Events that make up a story

What is CONFLICT? Conflict is a clash or struggle between opposing forces. It is also the opposition of forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot move.

Internal Conflict 1. Man vs. Himself A struggle that takes place in a person s mind is called internal conflict.

Examples of Internal Conflict A character may have a dilemma: wrestle with one s conscience, decide between right and wrong, make a choice in a lose- lose situation, or struggle with two solutions to a problem (Should I stick up for my best friend who is getting teased?) A character has mixed emotions, such as feeling relieved but disappointed at the same time (I m disappointed the concert was cancelled, but relieved because I had stage fright.)

Examples of Internal Conflict A character s fear prevents him/her from reaching a goal (I want to camp out with the club, but I am secretly terrified of the dark.) A character feels guilt or shame about a past wrongdoing (I can t believe I stole the radio...how can I redeem myself?) A character struggles with self-image or conflicting identities (I don t like the way I look, and I want to hide; I want to be American instead of Martian.) A character struggles with breaking a bad habit (I just can t stop lying.)

Man vs. Self Examples Jessica thinks the sweater Grandmother made for her is ugly. Grandmother is looking forward to seeing her wear it to her middle school graduation. Todd, the boy she likes, will be there. She doesn t want to hurt Grandmother s feelings, but she will feel embarrassed in front of Todd on the last day before summer. Martin s family just moved here from France. He values his culture, but wants to be Americanized.

External Conflict A struggle between a character and an outside force is an external conflict.

Outside Forces Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature Man vs. Society

Man vs. Man This is mostly seen in the form of two characters against each other. It can also be represented by a group of people. It does not have to be a physical confrontation; it can be a battle between two ideas.

Man vs. Man Examples Jill vs. the bully Max vs. his parents The Blazers vs. the Lakers

Man vs. Nature/Environment Environment is defined as anything surrounding a person. This can include weather, objects, activities. It is basically anything external EXCEPT people.

Man vs. Nature/Environment Examples The hiker vs. the slippery slope The captain of the ship vs. a hurricane Laura vs. the raging dog

Man vs. Society Society is defined as the customs, beliefs, or actions of the community. This can include a community unfairly treating a character based on his/her race, nationality, gender, language, religion, social status (rich/poor), disability, etc.

Man vs. Society Examples Miss Jones vs. the inability to vote (1872) Jesse, an African American child, vs. segregation (1958) The Rosens vs. the Nazi government (Number the Stars)

Theme 32 Theme is the central idea or message in a literary work. It is not the subject of the work. It is a perception about human life. Themes are rarely stated directly. They usually must be inferred. The theme is revealed by the way characters change in a story, conflicts in the story, and statements made by the narrator or characters. Understanding theme involves understanding plot, characters, and setting.

Examples of Themes The theme may be the author's thoughts about a topic or view of human nature. - Things are not always as they appear to be - Love is blind - Believe in yourself - People are afraid of change - Don't judge a book by its cover 33

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