Detailed Contents List of Illustrations and Photos List of Figures and Tables About the Authors Preface xvi xix xxii xxiii 1. Introduction 1 WHAT Is Sociological Theory? 2 WHO Are Sociology s Core Theorists? 6 HOW Can We Navigate Sociological Theory? 10 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 18 PART I. FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY 19 2. Karl Marx (1818 1883) 20 A Biographical Sketch 21 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 23 Significant Others Thorstein Veblen (1857 1929): The Leisure Class and Conspicuous Consumption 25 Marx s Theoretical Orientation 28 Significant Others Antonio Gramsci (1891 1937): Hegemony and the Ruling Ideas 30 READINGS 32 Introduction to The German Ideology 32 From The German Ideology (1845 1846) 34 Introduction to Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 41 From Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 42 Alienated Labour 42 The Power of Money in Bourgeois Society 47 Introduction to The Communist Manifesto 50 From The Communist Manifesto (1848) 53 Bourgeois and Proletarians 53 Proletarians and Communists 59 Introduction to Capital 63
From Capital (1867) 67 Commodities 67 The General Formula for Capital 73 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 76 3. Émile Durkheim (1858 1917) 77 A Biographical Sketch 78 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 80 Significant Others Auguste Comte (1798 1857): The Father of Social Physics 80 Significant Others Herbert Spencer (1820 1903): Survival of the Fittest 81 Durkheim s Theoretical Orientation 83 READINGS 85 Introduction to The Rules of Sociological Method 85 From The Rules of Sociological Method (1895) 86 What Is a Social Fact? 86 The Normal and the Pathological 90 Introduction to The Division of Labor in Society 92 From The Division of Labor in Society (1893) 94 Introduction to Suicide 100 From Suicide: A Study in Sociology (1897) 103 Anomic Suicide 103 Individual Forms of the Different Types of Suicide 112 Introduction to The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 114 From The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912) 116 Origins of These Beliefs 116 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 124 4. Max Weber (1864 1920) 125 A Biographical Sketch 126 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 127 Significant Others Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 1900): Is God Dead? 132 Significant Others Robert Michels (1876 1936): The Iron Law of Oligarchy 133 Weber s Theoretical Orientation 135 READINGS 137 Introduction to The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 137 From The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904) 140 The Spirit of Capitalism 140 Asceticism and the Spirit of Capitalism 144 Introduction to The Social Psychology of World Religions 150 From The Social Psychology of World Religions (1915) 151 Introduction to The Distribution of Power Within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party 159 The Distribution of Power Within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party (1925) 161 Introduction to The Types of Legitimate Domination 168 From The Types of Legitimate Domination (1925) 170
Introduction to Bureaucracy 175 From Bureaucracy (1925) 177 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 184 PART II. CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY: EXPANDING THE FOUNDATION 185 5. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860 1935) 186 A Biographical Sketch 187 Significant Others Harriet Martineau (1802 1876): The First Woman Sociologist 188 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 189 Gilman s Theoretical Orientation 192 READING 195 Introduction to Women and Economics 195 From Women and Economics (1898) 198 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 217 6. Georg Simmel (1858 1918) 218 A Biographical Sketch 219 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 220 Significant Others Ferdinand Tönnies (1855 1936): Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 228 Simmel s Theoretical Orientation 231 READINGS 232 Introduction to Exchange 232 Exchange, From The Philosophy of Money (1907) 233 Introduction to The Stranger 241 The Stranger, From Sociology (1908) 242 Introduction to The Metropolis and Mental Life 245 The Metropolis and Mental Life (1903) 248 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 255 7. W. E. B. Du Bois (1868 1963) 256 Significant Others Anna Julia Cooper (1858 1974): A Voice From the South 259 A Biographical Sketch 260 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 264 Du Bois s Theoretical Orientation 265 READINGS 268 Introduction to The Souls of Black Folk 268 From The Souls of Black Folk (1903) 271 Introduction to The Souls of White Folk 284 The Souls of White Folk, From Darkwater: Voices From Within the Veil (1920) 285 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 288
8. George Herbert Mead (1863 1931) 289 A Biographical Sketch 290 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 291 Significant Others Charles Horton Cooley (1864 1929): The Looking-Glass Self 293 Significant Others William James (1842 1910): Consciousness and the Self 296 Mead s Theoretical Orientation 296 READINGS 299 Introduction to Mind 299 Mind, From Mind, Self, and Society (1934) 300 Introduction to Self 307 Self, From Mind, Self, and Society (1934) 311 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 321 PART III. TWENTIETH-CENTURY SOCIOLOGICAL TRADITIONS 323 9. Structural Functionalism 324 Significant Others C. Wright Mills (1916 1962): An American Critic 326 Talcott C. Parsons (1902 1979): A Biographical Sketch 327 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 328 Parsons s Theoretical Orientation 337 READINGS 338 Introduction to Categories of the Orientation and Organization of Action 339 From Categories of the Orientation and Organization of Action (1951) 339 Introduction to Sex Roles in the American Kinship System 352 From Sex Roles in the American Kinship System (1943) 352 Robert K. Merton (1910 2003): A Biographical Sketch 355 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 356 Merton s Theoretical Orientation 359 READINGS 360 Introduction to Manifest and Latent Functions 360 From Manifest and Latent Functions (1949) 360 Introduction to Social Structure and Anomie 366 From Social Structure and Anomie (1967) 366 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 374 10. Critical Theory 375 Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse: Biographical Sketches 376 Horkheimer s, Adorno s, and Marcuse s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 380
Significant Others Walter Benjamin (1892 1940): Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction 386 Horkheimer s, Adorno s, and Marcuse s Theoretical Orientation 392 READINGS 393 Introduction to Max Horkheimer s Eclipse of Reason 394 From Eclipse of Reason (1947) 394 Introduction to Theodor Adorno s The Culture Industry Reconsidered 400 From The Culture Industry Reconsidered (1975) 400 Introduction to Herbert Marcuse s One-Dimensional Man 404 From One-Dimensional Man (1964) 405 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 412 11. Exchange and Rational Choice Theories 413 George C. Homans (1910 1989): A Biographical Sketch 414 Homan s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 415 Homans s Theoretical Orientation 419 READING 420 Introduction to Social Behavior as Exchange 420 From Social Behavior as Exchange (1958) 421 Peter M. Blau (1918 2002): A Biographical Sketch 428 Blau s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 429 Blau s Theoretical Orientation 431 READING 434 Introduction to Exchange and Power in Social Life 434 From Exchange and Power in Social Life (1964) 435 James S. Coleman (1926 1995): A Biographical Sketch 444 Coleman s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 445 Significant Others Michael Hechter (1943 ): Rational Choice and Group Solidarity 449 Coleman s Theoretical Orientation 450 READING 452 Introduction to Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital 452 From Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital (1988) 452 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 462 12. Symbolic Interactionism and Dramaturgy 463 Symbolic Interactionism: An Overview 464 Significant Others Sheldon Stryker and Identity Theory 466 Erving Goffman (1922 1982): A Biographical Sketch 467
Goffman s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 468 Goffman s Theoretical Orientation 476 READINGS 478 Introduction to The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 479 From The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959) 479 Introduction to Asylums 492 From Asylums (1961) 493 Arlie Russell Hochschild (1940 ): A Biographical Sketch 502 Hochschild s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 503 Hochschild s Theoretical Orientation 507 READING 509 Introduction to The Managed Heart 509 From The Managed Heart (1983) 509 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 517 13. Phenomenology 518 Alfred Schutz (1899 1959): A Biographical Sketch 519 Schutz s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 520 Schutz s Theoretical Orientation 524 READING 526 Introduction to The Phenomenology of the Social World 526 From The Phenomenology of the Social World (1967) 526 Peter Berger (1929 ) and Thomas Luckmann (1927 ): Biographical Sketches 533 Berger and Luckmann s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 534 Berger and Luckmann s Theoretical Orientation 538 READING 539 Introduction to The Social Construction of Reality 539 From The Social Construction of Reality (1966) 539 Ethnomethodology: An Overview 550 Significant Others Harold Garfinkel (1917 2011): The Father of Ethnomethodology 551 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 554 PART IV. BROADENING SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY 555 14. Feminist and Gender Theories 556 Dorothy E. Smith (1926 ): A Biographical Sketch 560 Smith s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 561 Smith s Theoretical Orientation 564
READINGS 566 Introduction to Institutional Ethnography 566 From Institutional Ethnography (2005) 566 Introduction to The Everyday World as Problematic 570 From The Everyday World as Problematic (1987) 570 Patricia Hill Collins (1948 ): A Biographical Sketch 573 Collins s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 574 Collins s Theoretical Orientation 576 READING 577 Introduction to Black Feminist Thought 577 From Black Feminist Thought ([1990] 2000) 578 Significant Others Nancy Chodorow (1944 ): Turning Freud on His Head 586 Raewyn Connell (1944 ): A Biographical Sketch 587 Connell s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 588 Connell s Theoretical Orientation 589 READING 589 Introduction to Change Among the Gatekeepers 589 Change Among the Gatekeepers: Men, Masculinities, and Gender Equality in the Global Arena (2005) 590 Judith Butler (1957 ): A Biographical Sketch 598 Butler s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 598 Butler s Theoretical Orientation 600 READING 601 Introduction to Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire 601 From Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire (1990) 602 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 605 15. Poststructural and Postmodern Theories 607 Defining Poststructuralism 609 Significant Others Jean-François Lyotard (1924 1998): The Postmodern Condition 611 Defining Postmodernism 612 Michel Foucault (1926 1984): A Biographical Sketch 616 Foucault s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 617 Foucault s Theoretical Orientation 620 READING 622 Introduction to Discipline and Punish 622 From Discipline and Punish (1975) 622
Jean Baudrillard (1929 2007): A Biographical Sketch 636 Baudrillard s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 637 Baudrillard s Theoretical Orientation 641 READING 642 Introduction to Simulacra and Simulations 642 From Simulacra and Simulations (1981) 643 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 650 16. Contemporary Theoretical Syntheses 651 Pierre Bourdieu (1930 2002): A Biographical Sketch 652 Bourdieu s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 653 Significant Others Randall Collins (1941 ): Bridging the Micro and Macro 662 Bourdieu s Theoretical Orientation 663 READINGS 665 Introduction to Social Space and the Genesis of Groups 665 From Social Space and the Genesis of Groups (1982) 665 Introduction to Outline of a Sociological Theory of Art Perception 676 From Outline of a Sociological Theory of Art Perception (1968) 677 Jürgen Habermas (1929 ): A Biographical Sketch 685 Habermas s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 685 Habermas s Theoretical Orientation 693 READINGS 695 Introduction to Civil Society, Public Opinion, and Communicative Power 695 From Civil Society, Public Opinion, and Communicative Power (1996) 696 Introduction to The Tasks of a Critical Theory of Society 707 From The Tasks of a Critical Theory of Society (1987) 708 Anthony Giddens (1938 ): A Biographical Sketch 716 Giddens s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 717 Giddens s Theoretical Orientation 723 READINGS 725 Introduction to The Constitution of Society 725 From The Constitution of Society (1984) 725 Introduction to The Consequences of Modernity 734 From The Consequences of Modernity (1990) 735 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 746 17. The Global Society 747 Defining Globalization 749 Immanuel Wallerstein (1930 ): A Biographical Sketch 756
Wallerstein s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 757 Wallerstein s Theoretical Orientation 763 READING 764 Introduction to The Modern World-System as a Capitalist World-Economy 764 From The Modern World-System as a Capitalist World-Economy: Production, Surplus, Value, and Polarization (2004) 765 George Ritzer (1940 ): A Biographical Sketch 774 Ritzer s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 775 Ritzer s Theoretical Orientation 777 READING 779 Introduction to Rethinking Globalization 779 From Rethinking Globalization: Glocalization/Grobalization and Something/Nothing (2003) 779 Edward Said (1935 2003): A Biographical Sketch 790 Said s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 791 Significant Others Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (1942 ): Can the Subaltern Speak? 793 Significant Others Frantz Fanon (1925 1961): The Father of Postcolonial Studies 795 Said s Theoretical Orientation 800 READING 801 Introduction to Orientalism 801 From Orientalism (1978) 802 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 811 Glossary and Terminology 812 References 821 Photo Credits 832 Index 835