ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY SONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO S NEST AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By DedhyApriantoPamungkas Student Number: 084214105 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AS SEEN THROUGHTHE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY SONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO S NEST AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas Student Number: 084214105 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015 i
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama: Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas Nomor Mahasiswa: 084214105 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY S ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO S NEST Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 30 Januari 2015 Yang menyatakan, (Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas) iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate contains no material previously written by any other person except due reference is made in the context of the undergraduate thesis. Yogyakarta, January 30, 2015 Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas v
IT ALWAYS SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE UNTIL IT'S DONE -Nelson Mandela- vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the last few years there are have been many people who have helped me in my life and within the process of accomplishment of this study. I would like to thank to Jesus Christ who gives me in this life, blessing, health, strength and spirit to finish this study. I would like to express my gratitude to my undergraduate thesis advisor, Dr. F.X.Siswadi, M.A. who has willingly spent the time guiding me in this research and also for all of the advice, corrections, and encouragements toward myself for all of this time. I also would like to thank my co-advisor Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari,S.S.,M.Ed. for the correcting this thesis carefully and for giving me meaningful advice. My thanks go to my dear parents, Mom and Dad, who give me prayer and unlimited support, my brothers Drajat and Andreas who also give me support morally and materially and my lovely nephew Dika, I hope only the best for them.to my besties Matias Mamet, Yoga Gaplek, Ianno Akhmenrah, Artantya TJ, Dimas Dimdir, I am thankful for the companion, advice, sincerity, courtesy and countless favors through all these years. I am more than lucky to have them in my life. Friends of English Letters Class 2008 and friends from other various classes also Lens Club LC, thanks for all of the knowledge and togetherness through these years, Hog Bless. May God protect and bless them all! vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE... APPROVAL PAGE... ACCEPTANCE PAGE... LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI... STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY... MOTTO PAGE... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... TABLE OF CONTENTS... ABSTRACT... ABSTRAK... i ii iii iv v vi vii viii x xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION... 1 A. Background of the Study... 1 B. Problem Formulation... 5 C. Objectives of the Study... 5 D. Definition of Terms... 5 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW... 7 A. Review of Related Studies... 7 B. Review of Related Theories... 9 1. Theory of Character and Characterization... 9 2. Relation between Literature and Psychology... 12 3. Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder... 14 C. Theoretical Framework... 18 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY... 19 A. Object of The Study... 19 B. Approach of The Study... 20 C. Method of The Study... 22 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS... 23 A. The Characteristic of Randle McMurphy... 23 1. Ruthless... 24 2. Rebellious... 28 3. Ambitious... 31 4. Persuasive... 32 5. Deceitful... 34 6. Remorseless... 37 B. The Antisocial Personality Disorder reflected through Randle McMurphy... 39 1. Failure to Conform to Social Norms... 39 2. Deceitfulness... 42 3. Irritability and Aggressiveness... 43 viii
4. Lack of Remorse... 45 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION... 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY... 50 ix
ABSTRACT DEDHY APRIANTO PAMUNGKAS. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY S ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO S NEST. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015. Each person has the need to socialize and build harmonic relationship with others. If someone cannot build a harmonic social relationship with others, that person might have a personality disorder. In this research, the personality disorder becomes the object for the researcher to get the understanding about personality disorder of the main character in the novel. In this novel the main character named Randle Patrick McMurphy is identified with symptoms of antisocial personality disorder. There are two problems in this research, first is to find the characteristics of Randle Patrick McMurphy in the novel, while second is to find how the antisocial personality disorder is reflected through Randle McMurphy in the novel. In this study, the researcher uses library research in order to complete this study. The researcher uses library research because the study uses a novel as the main data and some psychological books as the sources of theories. The researcher uses some theories to support this study, they are the theory of character and characterization, the relation between literature and psychology, and thetheory of anti-social personality disorder. The researcher applies the theories to analyze the data and then the conclusion is formulated. After analyzing the data, the researcher finds out the answer of the problems. Firstly, the characteristics of the main character are presented in six points, which are ruthless, rebellious, ambitious, persuasive, deceitful and remorseless. Secondly, the characteristic of the main character then matched into the features of antisocial personality disorder. The result is that the main character fulfilled four out of seven features of antisocial personality disorder. The results indicate that Randle McMurphy is indeed having the antisocial personality disorder. x
ABSTRAK DEDHY APRIANTO PAMUNGKAS. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY S ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO S NEST. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015. Setiap orang mempunyai kebutuhan untuk bersosialisasi serta membangun hubungan yang harmonis dengan sesama. Apabila seseorang tidak sanggup untuk membangun hubungan sosial yang harmonis dengan sesamanya maka kemungkinan orang tersebut memiliki gangguan kepribadian. Dalam penelitian ini, gangguan kepribadian menjadi objek penelitian untuk memahami tentang gangguan kepribadian antisosial yang dialami karakter utama pada novel. Dalam novel ini, karakter utama, yang bernama Randle Patrick McMurphy, diidentifikasikan memiliki gejala gangguan kepribadian antisosial. Terdapat dua pertanyaan dalam penelitian ini, pertama adalah menemukan karakteristik apa saja yang dapat diidentifikasikan dari Randle Patrick McMurphy pada novel, kemudian yang kedua adalah menemukan bagaimana gangguan kepribadian antisosial tercermin melalui karakter utama pada novel. Pada penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka untuk merampungkan penelitian ini. Peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka oleh karena penggunaan sebuah novel sebagai data utama dan beberapa buku mengenai psikologi sebagai sumber beberapa teori yang digunakan. Peneliti menggunakan beberapa teori untuk mendukung penelitian ini, yakni teori karakter dan karakterisasi, hubungan antara sastra dengan psikologi dan teori gangguan kepribadian antisosial. Peneliti mengaplikasikan teori-teori tersebut untuk menganalisis data kemudian pembuatan formulasi kesimpulan. Setelah menganalisis data, peneliti menemukan jawaban dari permasalahan diatas. Pertama adalah karakteristik dari karakter utama dipresentasikan dalam enam poin, yakni kejam atau tidak kenal belas kasih, suka memberontak, ambisius, persuasif atau suka menghasut, suka berbohong dan tidak mempunyai rasa bersalah. Kemudian yang kedua adalah karakteristik dari karakter utama kemudian dicocokkan kedalam fitur-fitur gangguan kepribadian antisosial. Hasil dari penelitian tersebut adalah si karakter utama memenuhi empat dari tujuh fitur gangguan kepribadian antisosial. Hasil dari penelitian tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa Randle McMurphy memang memiliki gangguan kepribadian antisosial. xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study A literary work is a medium for people to express their ideas and feelings. What is pictured there is generally based on the fact and experience which happened in the past or the dreams about the future. The literary work is a door in one s consciousness, an opportunity to see the world, to see life as it might appear. Through literary work people have the opportunity to see human experience from a different perspective, not only from psychological research. Literary work also can be the medium to reveal human characters from another person's point of view or the author. Literature is human creation in certain time to say something or events in certain period or year. It is intended to share some idea or issue to other human beings, because the greatness of the literature work is brought out by the wisest and the most sensitive mind in the form of information, experience, knowledge or non-aesthetic values (Guerin, 1979:18) Literature and psychology are subjects that explore human s life. The relationship between the two studies has one common purpose which is to describe the human condition. In a literary work, the author depicts the human condition into a dramatic story while in psychology, the researcher studies human characteristic scientifically. Jonathan Culler stated in Literary Theory; A Very Short Introduction, The literary work is a linguistic event which projects a fictional world that includes speaker, actors, events, and an implied audience (an audience that takes shape 1
2 through the work s decisions about what must be explained and what the audience is presumed to know) (2000:29). Hudson stated in An Introduction to the Study of Literature that instead of their function of giving emotional and intellectual pleasure to its reader, literature through their medium of languanges, is also a media to represent some aspects of human life such as history, social, moral, psychology and so on (1960:10). When reading a literary work such as novel, poetry, prose or play, the reader not only create imagination of what happened in the novel, but also they will have the chance to explore human life and problems throughout human history. Literature can reveal the morality of a person or society and some particular social issues in human life at a particular time. Literature is the representation of the reality of human life, it reflects the social reality, confront us with life varieties, problems, attitude, feelings and relationship among others. The novel is the author's work during his shift at mental health facility in California. The setting of the novel takes place at the end of the 1950s, when many of the America s younger generation began to challenge conformity. The novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest was included in 100 Best English Language Novel from 1923-2005 list by Time Magazine. However, Leon Mann in his book Social Psychology states that through the process of socialization the individual becomes the member of society, endowed with the social attitudes and role behaviors appropriate to his particular society and his place in it. The individual adjusts himself to the society by learning behavior which meets with society s approval. At any age a person in the society
3 expected to acquire the values in his society. Hence, the aim of socialization is to induce person to conform willingly to the ways of the society to which he belongs (1969:6) Besides the above issues the novel presented, the novel is interesting to be analyzed because the author Ken Kesey presents the main character, Randle McMurphy, with the characteristic of a person with the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder. As a charming and friendly man, Randle McMurphy was also impulsive, irritable, violent, lack of responsibility, lack of guilt, and disregard for laws in other side. Through the characteristic of Randal McMurphy above, the researcher can see that Randle McMurphy is qualified to be considered as a person with the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder. According to Abnormal Psychology, the types of personality disorder are paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic (historical) personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Among many of the personality disorders mentioned above, the main character of the novel, Randle McMurphy is included into a person with the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder show an almost total disregard for the rights and well-being of others. In addition, they demonstrate several characteristics that make them dangerous to others. Rules and regulations are not for them, so they often have a history of antisocial behavior. They are often
4 irritable and aggressive, highly impulse, seemingly fearless in the face of danger, and highly deceitful - they will lie to anyone, anytime, if they perceive this as advantageous. And after performing actions that harm others, they typically show no remorse (Davidson and Neale, 1986:233) One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest tells about the story of an outlaw named Randle McMurphy, who was convicted of rape and sentenced to work at the Pendleton Work Farm but he requested to be transferred to the mental institution to avoid the drudgery at the farm. While Randle McMurphy stayed in the mental institution he incited rebellion among the patients who suffered under the overbearing Nurse Ratched, the head nurse at the mental institution. She had a complete control over every aspect of the mental institution. Randle McMurphy tried to fight the oppressive power that Nurse Ratched had with rebellion and disobedience toward the rules of the mental institution. The personality disorder which Randle McMurphy has is interesting to be analyzed in order to get a better understanding and knowledge about the antisocial personality disorder and also there are still few who have discussed the topic antisocial personality disorder. Hence the researcher collects the data from the novel entitled One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest by Ken Kesey and use the psychological approach as the ground to build the analysis and reveal the antisocial personality disorder through the main character s reactions, saying and behavior toward another person in the society.
5 B. Problem Formulation In order to get the understanding and explanation of the topic, the researcher formulated two questions to be answered: 1. What are the characteristics of Randle McMurphy in One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest? 2. How is the antisocial personality disorder reflected through Randle McMurphy in the novel? C. Objectives of The Study The aim of this study is to answer the research questions above. The analysis is aimed at discovering the personality of Randle McMurphy and how the antisocial personality disorder of the main character is reflected in the novel. Since the research questions above are formulated into two parts, the analysis is divided into two parts also. The first part is to find out the description of Randle McMurphy as the main character of the novel, and in the second part is to identify how the main character can be said to have antisocial personality disorder. D. Definition of Terms 1. Character According to Abrams & Harpham in A Glossary of Literary Terms, Ninth Edition, character is the person represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral, intellectual,
6 and emotional qualities by inferences from what the person say and his or her distinctive ways of saying it-the dialogue-and from what they do-the action. Being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in their dialogue and their action. (2009:42) 2. Antisocial Personality Disorder According to Robert A. Baron in Psychology, Third Edition defines that antisocial personality disorder as a personality disorder involving a lack of conscience and sense of responsibility, impulsive behavior, irritability, and aggressiveness. (1995:569)
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies In this chapter the researcher discusses on related studies on the same novel. The related studies from other work gives more understanding of the novel from the other point of view. Through the review of related studies, the other study will complete the understanding of the novel. An article from the website www.thenation.com states as follows; Randle P. McMurphy, a bright and impetuous jailbird, feigns lunacy and gets himself transferred to a state hospital, where, he hopes, living conditions will be more to his liking. He is assigned to a minimum security ward that is presided over by Nurse Ratched (http://www.thenation.com/article/one-flew-overcuckoos-nest) The quotation from online article www.thenation.com shows that Randle McMurphy is a smart, spontaneus ex-criminal who fake his lunacy in order to get himself transferred into a state mental institution expecting to get a better living condition than he had before. The article also described McMurphy as a man who has a rebellious spirit and has a serious problem with the authority or in this case is the character of Nurse Ratched or Big Nurse. The statement from the online article above gives the understanding of the main character as a man who was a criminal and has personality issue which then asked to be transferred to the mental asylum by the authority of the Pendleton Work farm. 7
8 The essay from Thomas H.Fick, The Hipster, the Hero, and the Psychic Frontier in One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest described McMurphy as follows; A footloose westerner, he ostentatiously transgresses the limits of society, much like Kesey himself, whose destination Furthur [sic] was emblazoned on the Pranksters bus. McMurphy teaches the inmates of the insane asylum to create their own truths and identities, but to do so he must share himself and inevitably compromise his own.(p.138) The previous quotation shows that McMurphy disapproved and tried to break the limitation of society by taking over the bus and went fishing with friends from the mental institution. He also teaches his friends in the mental institution to find themselves, their true identity. Eventually, because of Randle McMurphy s kindness and wisdom toward his friends in the mental institution, there will be something that McMurphy has to sacrifice, which is his sanity ripped off by the authority or the mental institution officer. The above quotation also shows that McMurphy committed a rebellious act toward society and law in particular. The study from Thomas H. Fick described the main character,randle McMurphy as follows; Committed to the asylum as a psychopath, McMurphy is a downhome hipster who vitalizes the sterile ward with the energy of his language. some thief in the night boosted my clothes, he explains to Nurse Ratched when he appears the first morning wrapped in a towel (with his white whale undershorts beneath). The Nurse s confusion inspires McMurphy to more elaborate jive, a burst of verbal energy that cuts through the inert institutional vocabulary: Pinched. Jobbed. Swiped. Stole, he says happily. You know, man, like somebody boosted my threads. saying this tickles him so he goes into a little barefooted dance before her. (p.138).
9 The quotation above from Thomas H. Fick mentioned the term down-home hipster which is meant as simple and informal person who value independent thinking, counter culture, intelligence and witty banter. The spirit of counter culture is the most recognized idea of hipster, they conform the idea of mainstream culture. This idea of conform also shows up in the character of Randle McMurphy, his love of struggle toward the rules and conflicts shows his conformist spirit of the hipster. The study from Thomas H. Fick gives the researcher insight of how McMurphy has the conformist spirit. This research tries to prove that Randle McMurphy has symptoms of antisocial personality disorder by observing his characteristic and behavior based on the novel. The previous studies give a brief explanation about the main character and can be used as references. The researcher chooses this topic to get understanding on how the main character is described and the symptoms of antisocial disorder reflected through the main character, and also through this research aim that the readers able to see the motives of the main character in the novel, Randle McMurphy, behaves in such way and the impact toward the society. A. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Character and Characterization Characters are defined as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in their dialogue and their action (Abrams, 2009:20). The grounds in character s temperament and moral nature of his speech and actions constitute his motivation. A character may remain
10 essentially stable or unchanged in his outlook and dispositions from the beginning to the end of the work, or he may undergo a radical change, either through a gradual development or as a result of an extreme crisis. Abrams states that character can be interpreted by the reader through what they say, the dialogue, and what they do and from the action (2009:21). From this, a character can be known by the reader through their attitudes and language. The reader also plays an important role to decide whether he or she in the novel is good or bad. Furthermore, Sylan Barnet explained in Literature for Composition that the character can be understood as follows: 1. What the character (the figure) says. 2. What the character does. 3. What other characters (including the narrator of the story) say about the main character. 4. What other characters do (others may illuminate the figure you are writing about in the work, figures who do or do not engage in actions resembling the actions of your figure) (1988:71-72). In the book, Understanding Unseen (1972:161-173) by M.J Murphy also explain the method to define the character, Murphy said that there were Nine Ways to Present the Character 1. Personal description: The author can describe a person s appearance and clothes.
11 2. Character as seen by another: Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another. The readers get, as it were, a reflected image. 3. Speech: The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clue to his character. 4. Past life: By letting the reader learn something about a person s past life, the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person s thought, his conversation or the medium of another person. 5. Conversation of other: The author can also give us clues to a person s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give us a clue to the character of the character spoken about. 6. Reaction: The author gives us a clue to a person s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events. 7. Direct comment: The author describes or comments on a person s character directly. 8. Thoughts: The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel the researcher is able to
12 accept this. The reader then is in a privileged position: he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged-in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel. 9. Mannerism: The author can describe a person s mannerism, habits, and idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about the character. 2. Relation between Literature and Psychology Literature and psychology are two different fields of study, what makes them can be related is that in both fields of study explore human s life. Both field of studies have one common purpose which is to describe the human condition. In a literary work, the author depicts the human condition into drama while in psychology, the researcher studies human characteristic systematically and scientifically. Psychological approach is perfect for analyzing the topic since the researcher talks about the motives behind every act and saying about the main character. In the book, The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism: Volume II) stated about the relation between the two studies as follows, These connections arise from the fact that the practice of art is a psychological activity and as such, can be approached from a psychological angle. Considered in this light, art like any other human activity deriving from physic motives is a proper subject for psychology. The term art in the above quotation refers to the literary work since literature from the basic is inspired from daily human activity, behavior and thought. In that way psychological approach can be applied to analyze literary
13 work and in particular to the analysis of the intrinsic element of the novel such as the character in the novel or even the author. By using psychological approach, the researcher tries to understand the motives of Randle McMurphy s behavior, and then collecting the fact that the main character in the novel matches to the figure of anti-social personality disorder. Psychology is the science that attempts to understand, describe, predict, and influence particularly human behavior. (Kalish.1974:4) The quotation above from Kalish explains the general term of psychology which can be related to the literature. Since literature also observes the human behavior as well, the field of psychology also can be used to analyze literary works especially the author and the characters in the novel. While the contribution literature can give to psychology is that through literary works, the author describes humans in the present time and also to predict the human characteristic and motives in the future. Since human characteristic is complex and developed along the time, the relation and contribution of literary work to the field of psychology is to predict human motives and characteristic in the future. Using the psychological approach, the researcher tries to reveal the main character s personality and get a clear explanation about how the personality disorder is reflected through the main character. In literature, the researcher is not studying literature only, but also another field of study, in this case the researcher also learns about psychology as well.
14 3. Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder According to James C. Coleman in Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life said that their outstanding characteristic is a marked lack of ethical or moral development, with an inability to follow approved modes of behavior (1964:361). In other words the characteristic of a person with anti social personality disorder can be seen through their unusual or abnormal behavior. An explanation about abnormal behavior, according to Anne Anastasi and John P. Foley, Jr in Differential Psychology: Individual and Groups Differences in Behavior are as follows; Abnormality is the normal consequence of certain stimulating conditions and structural characteristics. Behavior is abnormal only in the sense that it deviates from a norm. This norm is determined by the specific conditions of life within a given group. Thus it follows that behavior which considered abnormal in one culture may be normal in another. (Anne Anastasi & John P. Foley.1956:566) From the quotation above, the term abnormality here depends on the norms of the related society or group. When a person is said to have abnormal behavior in a certain group or society, another group may say it as normal for it depends on the cultures adopted he or she lives in. In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition, text revision by Frances Allen as editor (2000:706). A person is said to have antisocial personality disorder when the person at least at the age of 18 years old, and has shown a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three or more of the following indications:
15 1. Failure to Conform to Social Norms People with anti-social personality disorder lack respect for other persons. They often disregard the feelings, rights, and welfare of others and extreme egocentricity, these people also included as tough mindedness and arrogance. They disregard or disobeyed the rules created by society instead they often break the social norms and the result of their acts they are frequently arrested. 2. Deceitfulness People whose diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder often lie, cheat, con, defraud, and manipulate others for particular intention, which basically only they get the benefit, in other words they always keep the truth hidden. This item describes an individual for whom lying is a typical part of everyday discourse.individuals at the extreme are characteristically deceptive, unscrupulous, manipulative and dishonest. 3. Impulsivity or Failure to Plan Ahead They often act spontaneously without considering the risk and they are not able to think about something to do in the future.this item refers to the tendency to act without premeditation or forethought, corresponds to the impulsiveness facet of neuroticism. However, neurotic impulsiveness has more to do with the experience of strong cravings and an inability to resist temptations, frustrations, and urges. The symptoms also indicate that they lack life plan, fails to learn from experience, and also they have poor judgement toward value.
16 4. Irritability and Aggressiveness These people often attack people physically or emotionally. Concerned with the expression of irritability, annoyance, impatience, threats, and aggression, this symptom reflects poor behavioral control. A person with this symptom often act spontaneously and unprovoked that lead to the reflection of the person which failure to consider future consequences, acting hastily, or acting first and thinking later. 5. Reckless Disregard for safety of Self or Others People with the symptom of antisocial personality disorder do not posses the ability to feel remorse after committing something bad, in fact they are not aware or even do not care that they are in danger after commiting their action. They do not worry to think about their own safety or others, their disregard act about safeness can dangered people s lives. 6. Consistent Irresponsibility They are usually unemployment for long periods, and do not have a realistic plan for getting another job. Hare (1991) described the irresponsible individual as one who has little sense of duty or loyalty to family, friends, or employers and who habitually fails to fulfill obligations in a variety of areas. Low scores on dutifulness are described as casual about ethical principles, undependable, and unreliable. 7. Lack of remorse It can be said that these people have lost their compassion. They rarely feel regret for what they have done, either having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from
17 another. This item represents an explicit assessment of the psychopath s lack of concern for the losses, pain, and suffering of his or her victims. This item would seem to describe the extreme variant of tough mindedness, as described above. The indications above are seven criteria of anti-social personality disorder to analyze the main character. A person is claimed to suffer from anti-social personality disorder when he or she is indicated by three or four of the above indications and are at least 18 years old. A source from Abnormal Psychology by Davidson and Neale, stated as follows; The adult antisocial personality disorder shows iresponsible and antisocial behavior, by not working consistently, breaking laws, lying, being irritable, and physically aggressive, defaulting on debt and being reckless. He or she is impulsive and fails to plan ahead. In addition, he or she shows no regard for truth nor remorse for misdeeds. (Davidson and Neale.1993:271) According to Personality Disorder and The Five-Factor Model of Personality, the diagnostic criteria for anti social personality disorder essentially provide a set of behavorial examples of excessively low conscientousnesss (e.g, irresponsible and delinquent acts, inability to sustain consistent work behavior, failure to honor obligations, failure to plan ahead) and low agreableness (eg, deceitfulness, failure to conform to the law, fights and assaults, disregard for the safety and welfare of others, and lack of remorse). The antisocial personality disorder person, however, is also manipulative, exploitative, vengeful, criminal, and ruthless. They display more tendencies to be tough minded and ruthlessly exploitative, vengeful, criminal, and ruthless, which are aspects of antagonism.
18 D. Theoretical Framework In order to answer the problem of this study, some applicable theories are provided. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of the relation between psychology and literature and also the theory of anti-social personality disorder. Theory of character and characterization used to answer problem number one. By using this theory, the researcher is able to identify what kind of character Randle McMurphy is by seeing through his attitude, speeches, behavior and his way of thinking. Theory of the relation between psychology is used to give deeper comprehension that literature is related with another field of study, such as psychology. Since the study is about revealing main character s anti-social disorder, psychological approach is the best approach to be used to solve the problem formulation. Theory of anti-social personality disorder is used to answer the second research question, how the antisocial personality disorder is reflected through the main character. The indications of anti-social personality disorder are matched to the Randle McMurphy characteristics and behaviors. By using this theory, the researcher has the capability to know whether the main character fulfills the requirement of having anti-social behavior or not.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of The Study One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest is a novel by Ken Kesey, an American writer. He was born in La Junta, Colorado and raised in Springfield, Oregon. He graduated from the University of Oregon and later studied at Stanford. In 1959, at work on a novel but in need of cash, he became a subject in government sponsored studies of LSD, mescaline, and other drugs being conducted at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He later worked as a night attendant in the hospital s psychiatric ward, an experience that led to the writing of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest (1962), his acclaimed first novel. His second novel, Sometimes A Great Notion, followed in 1964. By this time, Kesey was the leader of a group friends called the Merry Pranksters, who embraced LSD and gave it to the people at both private parties and public events (sometimes without their knowledge) to observe their reactions. He set out across the country in a psychedelically painted bus with the Beat hero Neal Cassady at the wheel, evens later chronicled by Tom Wolfe in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. Kesey himself described, in words and pictures, his experiences in the counterculture movement in Kesey s Garage Sale (1973). Other books by him include the novels Demon Box (1987), Sailor Song (1992) and Last Go Round (1994). 19
20 One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest tells about a man called Randle McMurphy, he was convicted of rape and sentenced to work at Pendleton Work Farm but he requested to be transferred to the mental institution to avoid the hard work at the farm. Because the character of McMurphy incited rebellion among the fellow patients who suffered under the overbearing Nurse Ratched, the head nurse at the mental institution. Randle McMurphy tries to fight the oppressive power that Nurse Ratched had with his basic instinct which was rebellion and disobedience toward the rules of the mental institution. B. Approach of the Study To get the understanding of the main character and his motives behind his behaviours in One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest, the researcher uses psychological approach as the tool to analyze the character of Randle McMurphy. David Daiches states in Critical Approaches to Literature that, Such a use of psychology is appropriate to critics who believe that the function of literature is to provide a just and lively image of human nature or at least who agree on the general proposition that the end of literature is some kind of illumination of the human situation (1981:338) The application of psychological approach to analyzing literary work is appropriate because the results of the application of the approach is to find out human psychological condition. According to Richard Kalish in The Psychology of Human Behaviour, Psychology is the science that attempts to understand, describe, predict, and influence particularly human behavior. (1974:4). The statement from Richard
21 Kalish explains the general understanding of psychology which can be related to literature. Since literature is also observing the human behavior as well, psychology is able to be used to analyze literary works, especially in analyzing the author and the characters in the novel. Another addition from The Norton Anthology of Theory an Criticism: Volume II states that, These connections arise from the fact that the practice of art is a psychological activity and as such, can be approached from a psychological angle. Considered in this light, art like any other human activity deriving from physic motives is a proper subject for psychology.(p:990). The term art here refers to the literature work since literature from the basic is inspired from human activity, behavior and thought. The above quotation supports the idea of analyzing work of fiction using psychological approach. Psychological approach is appropriate to be used to analyze the topic for the researcher will talk about the character, the motives behind every act and saying of the main character. Therefore the use of this approach supports the researcher s aim to get the understanding of the motives behind Randle McMurphy s behaviours and thoughts. The researcher uses theory of antisocial personality disorder to analyse the symptom that Randle McMurphy shows through his behaviours and thoughts toward other people and then the symptom must fulfilled at least three out of seven criteria of being antisocial.
22 C. Method of the Study In this study, the researcher used library research in order to complete this study. Library research is used because the study was using novel as the main data and some psychological books as the source of theories used in this study. The primary data used in this study were the novel by Ken Kesey entitled One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest. Some theoretical books were used such as Abnormal Psychology, Critical Approaches to Literature, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Theory of Literature, Social Psychology and A Glossary of Literary Terms. Some more web based references are also used to give additional information about the novel. Few steps were taken to analyze the data. Firstly, the primary data were read to get the understanding of the story and to get more information about the story and then the researcher decided what the issue that worth analyze is. From here, the researcher decided to present the main character s personality disorder as the problem formulation. Secondly, the researcher reads some theoretical books about literature and psychology. Since the problem formulation is about personality disorder, the theory of antisocial personality disorder was used to analyze. Last but not least, the researcher applied theory of character and also the theory of antisocial personality disorder to analyze the main character and then the conclusion of the research was formulated.
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS In this chapter the researcher discusses on the analysis of the primary data. The main issues formulated in the previous chapter are analyzed in this chapter using the psychological theory. The problem formulations being discussed in this chapter are how the portrayal or the characterization of Randle McMurphy in the novel and how the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder are being portrayed through the main character. A. The characteristics of Randle McMurphy Firstly, the researcher tries to find the characteristics of the main character based on his action, saying and the other character s description about Randle McMurphy. The researcher uses the theory from A Glossary of Literary Term;Ninth Edition by M.H Abrams and G.G Harphams as the main tool to analyze the characteristic of McMurphy in the novel. Specifically, in order to get evidence of McMurphy characteristic, the researcher uses the showing method from M.H Abrams and G.G Harpham. The researcher uses the method from M.H.Abrams to analyze the characteristic of the main character. The showing method is the author simply presents the character talking and acting and also the character s inner thoughts, feelings, and responsiveness to events while in telling mode, the author intervenes authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives 23
24 and dispositional qualities of the character. As the tool to analyze the main character of the novel the researcher uses showing method. 1. Ruthless Randle McMurphy is a person who has activities such as drinking, gambling and using prostitute service in his list of daily activities. These kind of activities McMurphy has included as harmful activities, whether to individual or to the society. The ideas of theft, rape, assault and battery are forbidden and punishable by law and included into crime. To be classified as a crime, the act of doing something bad must be usually accompanied by the intention to do something bad. Because of these abnormal and harmful activities he did, Randle McMurphy is categorized as a ruthless person. Since ruthless characteristic that Randle McMurphy has, a lot of his activities which is considered hard and cruel and not caring of hurting other people can be classified as criminal activities because these activities are against the law or rules in the society. Before McMurphy gets transferred to the mental institution, he went to many prisons for his criminal activities, one of which is fighting: Ever since I found my callin I done time in so many small-town jails I could write a brochure. They say I m a habitual hassle. Like I fight some. Sheeut [p.16]. Applying the method showing by Abrams and Harpham in the book A Glossary of Literary Terms Ninth Edition, the researcher is able to know that McMurphy is a person whose fighting becomes his daily routine and then end up into many prisons.
25 McMurphy also committed assault and battery in the past before he went to Pendleton Farm: But that was just for a period of time. I learned the ropes. To tell the truth, this sault and battery I was doing in Pendleton was the first hitch in close to a year. That s why I got busted. I was outta practice; this guy was able to get up off the floor and get to the cops before I left town. A very tough individual.. [p.16]. Randle McMurphy often show his ruthlesness such as assault and battery which make him end up in the jail. One day he gets caught and sent to the prison because he attack and smack someone down back in the Pendleton Farm which unfortunately that person able to call the police. Before McMurphy able to run away from the town the police succeed arrested and sent him to the prison. Other event related to his criminal activity is when the staff of the mental institution read the past record folder about Randle McMurphy and find out the criminal activity he committed. McMurry, Randle Patrick. Committed by the State of Pendleton Farm for Correction. For diagnosis and possible treatment. Thirtyfive years old. Never married. Distinguished Service Cross in Korea, for leading an escape from a Communist prison camp. A dishonourable discharge, afterward for insubordination. Followed by a history of street brawls and barroom fights and a series of arrests for Drunkenness, Assault and Battery, Disturbing the Peace, repeated gambling, and one arrest-for Rape. [p.28] Randle McMurphy s achievement in the military, the Distinguished Service Cross gives an evidence for his extreme courageous behavior and risk of life in combat. Even though he achieved such high honors in military, McMurphy has a bad record for acts of indiscipline and then discharged from military service. Later on McMurphy involved in many fights, gamble, arrested for drunkenness, assault
26 and battery, disturbing the peace and also for raped a fifteen year old girl. The researcher applies the theory by Abrams, showing method on how the other character in the novel present McMurphy s record and the result is that he performed many criminal activities in the past. There is also an event when Randle McMurphy and the group from consist of nine patients, a doctor and a girl having a trip to go deep-sea fishing, he is the one who has the idea to steal a boat. Don t you think, Randle, we d better wait until the captain McMurphy caught him by the lapels and lifted him clear of the dock into the boat like he was a small boy. Yeah, Doc, he said, wait till the captain what? He commenced to laugh like he was drunk, talking in an excited, nervous way. Wait till the captain comes out and tells us that the phone number I gave him is a flophouse up in Portland? You bet. Here, George, damn your eyes; take hold of this thing and get us out of here! Sefelt! Get that rope loose and get on, George,come on. [p.136] The idea to go rent a boat and fishing at sea is Randle McMurphy s idea and he also persuades fellow patients and the doctor in the mental institution to join the trip. At first the group wants rent the ship because McMurphy already paid the captain of the ship for some amount of money beforehand. Knowing that the passengers is a group of patients and doctor from the mental asylum and that they do not have the signed paper with proper authorities, the captain cancels the trip due to risk of having sued if something gone wrong during the trip. McMurphy does not want to cancel the trip and lose his money so he takes the chance to steal the ship while the captain at the bar and keep his plan going. At first the doctor hesitates before climbing aboard but McMurphy insists to keep going and sail the ship. The showing method applied in this analysis, the result is
27 that McMurphy is the one who has the idea to steal the boat. Stealing or theft is included in the act of criminal activity and therefore include McMurphy as a criminal. Another evidence is that McMurphy raped an underage girl in the past. Rape? The doctor perks up. Statutory, with a girl of- Whoa. Couldn t make that stick, McMurphy say to the doctor. Girl wouldn t testify. With a child of fifteen. Said she was seventeen, Doc, and she was plenty willin. A court doctor examination of the child proved entry, repeated entry, the record states- So willin, in fact, I took to sewing my pants shut. The child refused to testify in spite of the doctor s findings. [p.28] The previous quotation shows that McMurphy committed the rape of an underage girl, according to the report from the doctor. However, McMurphy insists that he did not rape the girl and state that the girl willingly makes love with McMurphy. But the report from the court prove different fact, that the girl was raped many times and she did not want to testify in the court about what happened to her because of the presumption of intimidation she gets. This rape case proves one of many criminal record committed by McMurphy and also prove that Randle McMurphy is indeed a ruthless person. Using the showing method by Abrams, the result is that McMurphy committed rape as prove of his cruelty to others. The researcher finds out that through McMurphy s past record in military and events happened while in the mental institution he often committed criminal activity such as theft, fighting, assault and battery, rape and went to many prisons become the proves that Randle McMurphy is a ruthless person.