1 Chapter15:AgeofReason ScientificDiscoveries principalauthoritiesforunderstandingtheuniverseinmiddleages 1. 2. inchurchteachings Philosophers ScientificMethod Usesthefollowingsteps: 1.Recognizingthe ofexistingknowledgetoexplainagivenquestion 2.Gathering inanattempttofindpossibleanswers 3.Seekingtofind inobservations 4.Drawing & 5.Choosingthemostappropriate toexplain 6. derived Science Canexplain somethinghappensbutcannotexplain ithappens Cannotmake Islimitedtowhatmen aboutthe world Scientificknowledgeisconstantly ScientificRevolution Increasedman s ofthephysicaluniverse Old discarded NicolausCopernicus QuestionedPtolemy s theoryoftheuniverse Presented theoryoftheuniverse JohannesKepler Disagreedwith beliefof orbitsofplanets Discoveredthatorbitsare ( ) GalileoGalilei Suggesteduseofthe tomeasure Improvedthe Confirmed theory Triedfor bythe Telescopes IsaacNewton Demonstratedwiththe that lightisactuallycomposedofmanydifferent. Discoveredlawof AndreasVesalius Examinedactual ofthe Called Paracelsus Suggestedthatsincethe is innature,chemicalsshouldbeused totreat WilliamHarvey Discoveredthatthe aloneactsasa,pushingbloodthroughthearteries andtheveins;thus,bloodisnot butconstantly. EdwardJenner Developedmethodof called RobertBoyle Firsttopublishthe JosephPriestley Discovered,,,,and AntoineLavoisier Used ratherthan terminologyforchemicals
2 Formulatedthe AntonvanLeeuwenhoek Greatlyimprovedthe GerhardusMercator Devisedawayto the onaflatsurface Itisstillthestandardpatternfor Emphasisplacedonpowerof Philosopherslookedto as foralloflife sproblems viewing astheonlysourceofknowledge SirFrancisBacon Advocated Specificcasestoageneralconclusion Questionall knowledge Careful and beforearrivingataconclusion RenéDescartes Every ideaand hadtobe Mancouldbedeceivedbyhis Reliedon aidedby Simplepremisetomorecomplextruth(logic) BaruchSpinoza Didnotrecognize asa Everythinginthe,whetherphysicalorspiritualispartof called JohnLocke Advocated Allknowledgecomesthrough RejectedtheideathatGodhas certaintruthswithineachpersonfrombirth. Ababyislikea Rejectedideaof Manisbasically Montesquieu Inspiredby Believe wasthesymbolofpoliticalfreedom ConcludedthatthelibertyoftheEnglishresultedfromthe ofthe ofgovt.:,,and WroteTheSpiritofLaws Voltaire Outspokencriticof abuseand organizedreligion Advocatedareligionruledby Wasnotan buta DenisDiderot Editedthe Contributedseveralhundredarticleshimself JeanJacquesRousseau II.IntellectualAttitudes Strongemphasisonpowerof insearchfortruth Philosopherslookedtohumanreasonassolutionforallof Rationalism viewing asthe sourceofknowledge God semotions Grief Genesis6:6 Laughter Psalm2:4 Love John3:16 Matthew23:37 Joy Nehemiah8:10 Revivalsin17 th CenturyGermany PhilippSpener minister Sawneedforclose forconverts
3 Organizedspecialmeetingsforprayer&Biblestudyinhishome Published AugustFrancke ProfessorattheUniversityofHalle Helpedestablish&superviseanorphanage,elementary&secondaryschools&aBible printingorganization. Emphasized and NikolausvonZinzendorf Studiedunder LeftLutheranChurch&becameleaderof Moraviansexalt above &movementdeclines Revivalsin18 th CenturyEngland JohnWesley Preachedabout sermons Ordainedasan ministerin1728 JoinedclubbrotherhelpedestablishatOxfordU. HeandCharlesreferredtoas Missionaryto colonyof in1735 Actuallyconvertedby in1738 Consideredtobefounderof GeorgeWhitfield Convertedin1735&ordainedanAnglicanministerayearlater. Preachedthroughout &inthe colonies Effortshelpedfurther inamerica(1740 42) Revivalsin18 th CenturyAmerica JonathanEdwards1703 58 Advocatedneedfor conversion Oftenstudied /day Mostfamoussermon: BenefitsofGreatAwakening 1. 2. 3. NewEngland: Between & peopleconverted newchurchesestablished Moreconcernfor work Renewedeffortstoreach Schoolsestablishedtotrain ArtisticReflection Thevalues,attitudesandconcernsreflectedin,,,. Mannerism Didnotstrivefor and Worksfilledwith and ElGreco1541 1614 DomenikosTheotokopoulos whosettledin Figureshave bodiesandlimbs atmospherewith,& colors ElGreco Baroque Probablyoriginatedfrom wordmeaning. Referstoperiodin historyfrom
4 Styleis,,,,,,and. GiovanniBernini Designedbeautiful forromanplazasand outsidest.peter sbasilica Accomplished and Sculpturecapturedsubjectsin PeterPaulRubens1577 1640 Popularizedbaroquestyleinpainting StudiedworksofItalianmasterpaintersofHighRenaissance. Dramatic,richlandscapes&robustfigures RembrandtvanRijn1606 69 Perhapsgreatest painterofalltime tonesand Bycontrasting and ( )hecreatedsubtlemoodsoncanvas Themesinspiredby RococoStyle NeoclassicalArt BaroqueAgeinMusic 1.Composersgraduallyturnedfrom (musicwithseveralmelodylines)to (musicwithonebasicmelodyline&severalsupporting ) 2.Trendtoward musiccommissionedbyroyalty&aristocracy 3.Newtypesofcompositions: 4. musicbecamemoreimportant 5.Instrumentalistsusuallyaccompanied numbers 6.Manyoftheearliest composerswere Italian markingsbecamestandardthroughouteurope (slowly) (loudly) ClaudioMontverdi1567 1643 Especiallyfamousforhis Firstoperawas GeorgeFredrickHandel1685 1759 immigrant Spentearlyyearscomposing operas Best knownmusicalcompositionisthe JohhannSebastianBach1685 1750 Camefromaverymusicalfamily Strong influence Personal andknowledgeofthe shineinhis music FranzJosephHaydn1732 1809 Wrotealargeamountofmusic, 104 83 50 Several 2 WolfgangAmadeusMotzart1756 91 Childprodigy Learnedtoplay at Composedpiecesattheageof Diedinpovertyat inunmarkedgrave LudwigVanBeethoven1770 1827 Earlyworksreflect style Laterworksreflect LiteratureintheAgeofReason
Molière1622 73 Bestrememberedforhis inwhichhepokesfunatthe and insociety AlexanderPope1688 1744 Foremost Quotes: Toerrishuman,toforgiveisdivine. Alittlelearningisadangerousthing. Steepedin philosophyofthe JonathanSwift1667 1745 Masterof Greatestworkwas Intendedtobea onhumanbehavior Becameafavorite story. DanielDefoe EdwardGibbon1737 94 Wrote Claimedthat reawakenedthe spiritoftheromansandcausedreligious whichbroughtaboutinternal withintheempire 5