RESEARCH PROJECT PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS & INTEGRATING QUOTES Smith English 4
MLA FORMAT Times New Roman 12 point font Double Space Remember Word defaults the paragraph settings (change before and after to zero) Only print on one side of the paper. 1 inch margins
MLA FORMAT Heading and Title: DO NOT NEED TITLE PAGE Header Top right, last name and page number Title centered (font and size exactly the same, no underline) Heading top left Your Name Teacher Class/Period Due Date
SOURCES General Rules: Your research paper should mostly be cited sources. The research should back up the side you are proving. Paraphrase as much as you can. Use direct quotations when citing numerical data such as statistics. Use an author s words if they capture a point exactly.
SOURCES When to put the source in your paper: A direct quote A statistic An idea that is not your own Someone else s opinion Concrete facts, not considered common knowledge Knowledge not considered common
WHY USE PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS? It is important to give credit to the sources you use. When you copy words and ideas that are not yours and use them without giving credit, it is called plagiarism.
PARAPHRASING & SUMMARIZING Even if you paraphrase or summarize YOU STILL MUST ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCE!!
SIGNAL PHRASES Example Signal Phrases: In the words of researchers Long and McKenzie As Paul Rudnick has noted Melinda Stuart, mother of a drunk driver, points out, writes Michelle Moore, Verbs in Signal Phrases: acknowledges agrees believes comments contends denies emphasizes grants implies observes reasons suggests admits asserts claims confirms declares disputes endorses illustrates notes points out refutes writes
PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS OR IN-TEXT CITATIONS A system in which you give your source in parenthesis immediately after you give the information. The first word of your citation MUST match the corresponding entry on your Works Cited page.
CITING SOURCES WHEN YOU HAVE ALL THE INFORMATION The most common type of credit (citation) lists the author s last name and the page number in parentheses (before the period). In 1900, the worst hurricane in the United States history hit Galveston, Texas. A storm surge almost two stories high broke over the city, causing 20- foot (6.1 meter) floods and more than 8,000 deaths (Skelton 4). If you have named the author in your sentence, just include the page number in parentheses. In Hurricane Force, Michael Miles explains that cool air draws heat and moisture from warm bodies of water to form a storm (22).
CITING SOURCES WHEN SOME OF THE INFORMATION IS MISSING Some sources do not list an author. In those cases, use the title and page number. The winds of a hurricane are most violent around the eye ( Hurricane Season 7). Some sources do not use page numbers. In those cases, list just the author. Hurricanes in the Indian Ocean are called cyclones (Nealy). If a source does not list the author or page number, use the title. In Southeast Asia, they are called typhoons ( Big Wind ).
PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS How Often to Give Citations: When several facts in a row within one paragraph all come from the same page of a source. Use one citation to cover them all. Place the citation after the last bit of information.
REMEMBER As long as the idea/information is not yours you must cite your source. Even if you put the idea in your own words (paraphrase).
INCORPORATING QUOTES What is a quote? Quotes are one way of adding concrete details to your paper. When you quote a text, you use the EXACT words of the writer. You do not change them in any way. What should a quote accomplish? A quote is a way for you to illustrate your point in your writing. If it doesn t back up what you are saying, don t use it.
INTEGRATING QUOTES 1. Introduce the quotation with a complete sentence and a colon. Thoreau ends his essay with a metaphor: "Time is but the stream I go a-fishing in. This is an easy rule to remember: if you use a complete sentence to introduce a quotation, you need a colon after the sentence. Be careful not to confuse a colon (:) with a semicolon (;). 2. Use an introductory or explanatory phrase, but not a complete sentence, separated from the quotation with a comma. Thoreau asks, "Why should we live with such hurry and waste of life?" According to Thoreau, "We do not ride on the railroad; it rides upon us."
INTEGRATING QUOTES 3. Make the quotation a part of your own sentence without any punctuation between your own words and the words you are quoting. Thoreau argues that "shams and delusions are esteemed for soundest truths, while reality is fabulous." According to Thoreau, people are too often "thrown off the track by every nutshell and mosquito's wing that falls on the rails." Notice when the word "that" is used it replaces the comma which would be necessary without "that" in the sentence.
INTEGRATING QUOTES 4. Use short quotations--only a few words--as part of your own sentence. In "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For," Thoreau states that his retreat to the woods around Walden Pond was motivated by his desire "to live deliberately" and to face only "the essential facts of life." Thoreau argues that people blindly accept "shams and delusions" as the "soundest truths," while regarding reality as "fabulous." Although Thoreau "drink[s] at" the stream of Time, he can "detect how shallow it is. All of the methods above for integrating quotations are correct, but you should avoid relying too much on just one method. You should instead use a variety of methods.
QUOTES IN YOUR WRITING Quotes should be Brief Relevant to your point Introduced Discussed Reader s need to know Who is speaking When or in what situation the speaker said this Why this quote is important and how it fits in with your argument
INCORPORATING QUOTES/PARAPHRASES Suggested Sentence Starters: In the article The text states According to the author One example from the book The author states
INCORPORATING QUOTES/PARAPHRASES Commentary: the response should end with you explaining or interpreting the significance of the evidence. This shows This demonstrates This proves A constructed response requires multiple supporting details from sources: The author also states According to the passage A second example from the article The book also states Another article that proves this
USE VIVID VERBS TO INTRODUCE QUOTES/PARAPHRASES Some alternatives to said or says All in the present tense describes assesses admits shows reports illustrates finds concedes sees complains notes predicts concurs thinks comments observes insists grants bemoans argues points out maintains laments condemns states relates suggests warns supposes speculates
TASK 3 RESEARCH PAPER Length: 3-4 pages YOU MUST USE ALL OF YOUR SOURCES IN YOUR PAPER If you cite a source it MUST be included on your Works Cited page Make sure to put your Works Cited page at the end of your paper MLA format