Barwick, Linda, Birch, Bruce, & Evans, Nicholas. (2007). Iwaidja Jurtbirrk songs: bringing language and music together. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2007(2), 6-34.
Iwaidja Jurtbirrk songs: bringing language and music together Abstract - Jurtbirrk i 1. Introduction Jurtbirrk - Jurtbirrk - 1-2 -Jurtbirrk - Jurtbirrk - Jurtbirrk - 6
- - - - - 2. Diversity of language, diversity of song - - - 7
Figure 1: - - - - almanbam Milyarryarr Yanajanak Ngarnarru Inyjalarrku -
Table 1- - Language Song genre Song-sets ldalha Jurtbirrk Kalajbari Murrwa Alabanja Manbam *Weleb Milyarryarr wardyad Yanajanak Marrwakani *Ldungun Ulurrunbu Mirrijpu kurrula Ngarnarru Lumbuk Itpi-itpi Inyjalarrku Nginji Milyarryarr i Ulurrunbu, Mirrijpu Ngarnarru - manyardi ldalha kurrula wardyad Jurtbirrk - Itpi-itpi -- -Kun-nalk Yiwarruj ldalha/kurrula wardyad
6 Jurtbirrk ldalha Jurtbirrk - kun-borrk wangga lirrga Jurtbirrk wangga lirrga kun-borrk 3. The Jurtbirrk song-set Jurtbirrk - Table 2: Jurtbirrk Composer Number of songs composed 2 TOTAL 32 Jurtbirrk -
Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk 7 Table 3 -- yawara yakunyulakan -wara - - - yawara yakunyula -wara - - - yawara yakunyula -wara - - - yangkumarranyi yangkuwilbarrjiny - - - - Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk ldalha - Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk - Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk who Jurtbirrk - - jarrarta yilpinji Jurtbirrk 11
- Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk 4. Musical analysis of Jurtbirrk 4.1. Musical conventions of Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk Table 4: -- kudnayanjing baraka dayibabu baraka -- - - 11 kudnayanjing baraka dayibabu baraka -- - - kudnayanjing baraka yabangkarrajangka -- - - - - yabangkarrajangka - - 12
- Table 5: Rhythmic mode DM RC RW RoCu - - - 1 - - - - 7 6 2-2 - - - TOTAL 20 6 4 2 - Jurtbirrk 12 wangga wangga Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk -
Figure 2: Musical notation of robert cunningham s song Kartbirljuju (Ju_0, third verse of item 200_0_2_BBv_-0_-Ju_0) (Barwick et al. 200_, track 2) Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk 4.2. Musical expression of the rhetorical structures of Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk - Jurtbirrk
Figure 3 Jurtbirrk Rhythmic setting - - a)rdalbardalba yuwuldakbalkba a- -balkba rdalbardalba yuwuldak- - Jurtbirrk Melodic setting -
LINE 1 musical setting morphemes ardalbardalba yuw-a-ldakbalkba gloss - - free translation quick, tell me what you re thinking LINE 1 (REPEAT) (a)rdalbardalba yuw-a-ldak(balkba) - - quick, tell me what you re thinking LINE 2 imalda (a-)rakbalmalkba kurrana[-yi] - before the moon comes up VOCABLE TEXT [ri ri ri ri ri] Figure 4: -21- kurrana - wangga 4.3. Versification processes in Jurtbirrk songs Partial reduplication ngaldalmalangkaj ldalmalangka-yangka Jurtbirrk Lirrga 16
Elision of syllables Jurtbirrk ardalbardalba yuldakbalkba / rdalbardalba yulda Vocable insertion ya ya yu yi kudnuka kudnuka-ya jumung mana jumung mana-ya angkad birta angkad birta-ya angkiju rdangkiju-yi yarukung yaruku-ya anayanjing rranayanji-ya abanajukun yabanajuku-yu kirrimul irrimul-aya ngaldalmaldangkayangkaj ldalmaldangkayangka-yiya ya jawina jawinya-ya Vocables as melodic carriers over whole metrical unit ayaya nganbaldakani ayaya rrijumarludbu angakakayaya ri ri... ayangakayaya ri ri uuu... Vocable insertion in David Minyimak's 3/4 songs (JU22 32) Jurtbirrk 17
Figure 5: -12- aa aa uu ii - - - - - -- - - - - 4.4. Rhythmic setting of words in Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk -
- Matching of words to metrical units in David Minyimak s 3/4 songs Table 6: syllables rhythm example 2 6 qh ryh rysq.. dtg sq. dgy sq. dffg sq.. nyarang wularrud kanayanjing angmarranguldiny janamirrakbun rrayunbaldakinngurn - angmarranguldiny janamirrakbun - ngm- angmarranguldiny - - yabaninga Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk 5. Jurtbirrk songs: linguistics 5.1. Phonology of Jurtbirrk Syllable Structure - - Table 7: - Rhythmic setting of Example Singer/composer four-syllable word eq eq_q. rdalbardalba rty-eq _q. yabaninga r.y.eq_q. Yarrkbanaka
warrkbi - - - Alignment of clapstick beats with consonant-vowel transitions of metrically strong syllables - ang-mana-warlkbarrakany-mi-kbi - --- a[ŋ]manawaɭkpaɾakaɲmikpin - bu-ma-ngung bumaŋu - - yang-man-ara - - ang-mana-min jaŋmanaɻamanamin - - warrkbi waɾəɡ w i yang-man-ara ang-mana-min jaŋmanaɻaɾamanamin - - - - nganbaldakaniny ngalbaldakani alan ala wurruwarr wurruwa kirrimul irrimu wularrud wularru
Jurtbirrk aˈɽalpaˈɽalpa ˈjuw-a-l ɾ akˈpalkpa - - ɽal aˈɽalpaˈɽalpa palk ˈjuwal ɾ akˈpalkpa - - Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk - Figure 6. 21
- - Jurtbirrk 16 - Word boundaries marked by melodic (F0) turning points - 17 Jurtbirrk jaŋ-ˈman-aɻa aŋ-ˈmana-min ˈɟumuŋ - - - - jaŋˈmanaɻa aŋˈmanamin - aŋˈmanamin Vowel modification a 22
Figure 7: ŋ ŋ Jurtbirrk ɛə a Jurtbirrk ɛ, air. ɟumuŋ ɟumuŋ, a
Figure 8: aŋˈmanaɻa aŋˈmanamin ˈɟumuŋ aŋˈmanamin ŋ Figure 9. ˈŋ
aˈɽalpaˈɽalpa - ɡ əˈɽalpəˈɽalpa ɽalpəˈɽalpa. - - 5.2. Grammar of Jurtbirrk songs Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk directional sets- a-ra - ijb-ara - ayuw-ara - -rni/-rnu -rra Figure 10: ɟumuŋ Yangmanara
paradigm jarrubana- jarrubanawilimang, wilimang - -- Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk Table 8: neutral prefix away prefix away morpheme they a- - - you (singular) - - you mob, you plural - - - I - - she > him,her,it ka- - - 26
talking away Jurtbirrk toward location to toward towards loss going over going to over to absent away along along off to away on side away off away along on yuwukbanukan ijuwumarludbang Jurtbirrk yungkurrum- 21 ngaran duwa yungkurrumburrwung nga-ldalmaldangkaj -- -- - 27
- - 4.3 Lexicon of Jurtbirrk: intimate vocabulary lexicon Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk -abiny Jumung kukung wularrud kungmawiny, kukung ba warrkbi kamurtbang, karlu kamiyardmangung. --afraid want/like 22 Barda abiny janad wiyu, nganduka nganamin? Kurldingka nganangijan ambij. said to himself Ralarrikban manuk kayang mardarraj, Yirrwartbart kawudban kamiyardmang manuk. spoiled took him as her lover wanted
Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk aldakani Malany maju nganbaldakaniny ngara baraka, ngaldalmalangkajangkaj. make sorry ldalmaldangkaj Ngaran duwa yungkurrumburrwung, ngaldalmaldangkaj. angmarranguldi Kanayanjing akartalwan Wungarndurl angmarranguldiny kirrimul baraka, janamirrakbun. fills with longing ldakbalkba Ardalbardalba yuwuldakbalkba, imalda arakbalmalkbang kurrana. tell what thinking ldak dak malkba malkba balmalkba imalda 6. Conclusion ldakbalkba Jurtbirrk
Acknowledgements Jurtbirrk Appendix 1: Abbreviations - Appendix 2: Bilabial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Stop p t k Nasal ŋ Approximant w Fricative Tap Trill Lateral l Flapped Lateral l
- - Appendix 2: Jurtbirrk - Jurtbirrk ID Title Song and track number(s) on CD Composer
References Australasian Music research ---- Musicology Australia 1 ---- Language Documentation and Description Jurtbirrk love songs of northwestern Arnhem Land Stress and non-stress accent Grove Music Online Lovesongs of Arnhem Land ---- Songs of Aboriginal Australia Sexual behavior in Western Arnhem Land ---- ---- -- - - Praat: doing phonetics by computer International Journal of the Sociology of Language When your way gets dark: A rhetoric of the blues Dyirbal song poetry Aboriginal music making: a study of Central Australian music - Linguistic Typology Musicology Australia - Musicology Australia ---- Wurrurrumi kun-borrk: songs from Western Arnhem Land by Kevin Djimarr -1--61- The essence of singing and the substance of song: recent responses to the Aboriginal performing arts and other essays in honour of Catherine Ellis ---- Aboriginal history Linguistics Journal of Music and Meaning The Art of the Didjeridu- ---- Studies in Music -Phonology - Perception and Psychophysics Songs, dreamings and ghosts: the wangga of North Australia Rak Badjalarr: Wangga songs by Bobby Lane, Northern Australia - - -
American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land 1948 Songs from the Northern Territory, volume 1 - ---- - Anthropological Linguistics Aboriginal languages of Australia : a preliminary classification Grove Music Online Papers on Iwaidja phonology and grammar Language and Speech For Roman Jakobson Groote Eylandt song words, translated by Judith Stokes and Aboriginal advisers from recordings by Alice Moyle with permission Songs of Central Australia - Oceania Language Atlas of the Pacific Area, 1 Arnhem Land popular classics - Yirrwartbart Language Documentation and Description Author Biographies - - - 1 2 - - -
Itpi-itpi - - - 6 mamurrng 7 Jurtbirrk Jurtbirrk -wangga lirrga 11 Dayibabu 12 Jurtbirrk - ja ˈjuwalɾakˈpalkpa 16-17 - - - ci vi 21 yungkurrun- 22 miyardmang